THE EFFECT OF FERTILIZERS AND OSMOTIC PRESSURE ON GERMINATION

1959 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Dubetz ◽  
R. L. Smith ◽  
G. C. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Response Pattern ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Sugar Beets ◽  
Soluble Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments ◽  
Field Beans ◽  
Nitrate Solutions

Results of germination studies with canning corn, field beans, and sugar beets at three soil moisture levels and under five fertilizer treatments, along with the results of germination of sugar beets at iso-osmotic concentrations of mannitol and ammonium nitrate solutions, are reported.The moisture levels alone had no significant effect on the germination of any of the crops. Moisture levels in combination with nitrogen fertilizers reduced germination, and the reduction became progressively pronounced with decreasing moisture. Nitrogen caused a greater reduction than mannitol or P2O5. With only one-quarter of the available moisture in the soil, the nitrogen treatments resulted in virtually no germination of any of the three crops. There were significant differences in response pattern among species, with canning corn being the least sensitive and field beans showing the greatest reduction due to fertilizer damage. Results indicate that no fertilizer should be placed in contact with bean seeds. The highly soluble fertilizer, ammonium nitrate, should not be placed in contact with corn or beet seeds when soil moisture is limiting.Germination of sugar beets was significantly lowered in solutions having osmotic pressures exceeding 4 atmospheres. With increasing osmotic pressure at iso-osmotic concentrations, germination of sugar beets was lower in ammonium nitrate solutions than in mannitol solutions, suggesting toxicity of the nitrate or ammonium ions.

WATER CONSUMPTION OF WINTER TRITICALE DURING SEED PRODUCTIVITY FORMATION DEPENDING ON THE APPLIED FERTILIZER TYPES AND RATES ON THE IRRIGATED LANDS OF THE SOUTHERN STEPPE OF UKRAINE

2019 ◽  
pp. 49-53
Author(s):  
K. S. Fundirat
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Seed Productivity ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Total Water Consumption ◽  
Irrigated Lands

 The irrigated lands of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine determine the level of total water consumption, the coefficient of water consumption, depending on the types and rates of applied fertilizers during the seed productivity formation of winter triticale. Actuality. Winter triticale as a crop is considered to be insufficiently studied under irrigation, and the Bogadarske variety for seed has not been cultivated before. In this regard, studying the water consumption of triticale when cultivated on seeds, as well as the influence of different rates and types of fertilizers on water consumption, is an important task under climate change on irrigated lands of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine, which in future may serve as a starting point for improving the adaptability of the crops in this region. The purpose of the research was to establish the water consumption features of winter triticale crop, depending on the type and rates of fertilizers on irrigated lands in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The research was conducted in 2013-2016 at the Institute of Irrigation Agriculture of the NAAS in the Ingulets Irrigation System. The soil of the experimental field is dark chestnut medium loam, slightly saline with a humus content of 2.3 %, density - 1.3 g/cm3, withering point - 9.8 %, minimum moisture-holding capacity - 22.4 %. Soil moisture at the experimental sites was determined to a depth of 1.0 m by the thermostat-weighted method in two non-adjoining repetitions. Total water consumption for separate periods of vegetation was determined by the method of water balance, taking into account the initial and final moisture reserve and the amount of precipitation during the period of vegetation. The coefficient of water consumption was established by the ratio of total water consumption for the period of vegetation to the seed yield of winter triticale. Irrigation was performed using a sprinkler unit Dual Console Sprinkler, taking into account a meteorological index and maintaining the soil moisture in the layer of 0-50 cm at 70% of the minimum moisture-holding capacity. Results. Based on the study results the total water consumption, depending on the rates and types of fertilizers, ranged from 3121 to 3258 m3/ha. Despite the fact that water consumption increased as a result of applying fertilizers, but due to higher yields, water consumption for the formation of 1 t of seeds was smaller. Thus, the coefficient of water consumption on the control (reference site) was 867 m3/t. On the variants where nitrogen fertilizers were applied in the rates of N30 – 696-699 m3/t and N60– 686-689 m3/t in an early spring period the plants of winter triticale fed with ammonium nitrate or CAMs consumed moisture more efficiently. On average, from 2013 to 2016, at the background of applying N60P60 and other nitrogen fertilizers of various types and in different rates during the cultivation of winter triticale, about 3.86-5.24 t/ha of seed material were received. Conclusions. It was established that the total water consumption depended on fertilizer application rates and ranged from 3121 to 3258 m3/ha. The moisture was used the most effectively (686-689 m3/t) on the variants where against the  background of applying N60P60 an early spring feeding with ammonium nitrate or a carbamide-ammonium mixture (UAM) in a dose of N60 was performed. At the same time, the highest yield of seeds was obtained - 5,19 and 5,24 t/ha, respectively.

ABSORPTION OF FERTILIZER PHOSPHORUS BY SUGAR BEETS AS INFLUENCED BY PLACEMENT OF PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. E. Werkhoven ◽  
M. H. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Band Placement ◽  
Sugar Beets ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments

A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effects of placement of phosphorus and nitrogen on absorption of fertilizer phosphorus by sugar beets. Seven placements of P-32-labelled concentrated superphosphate combined with three nitrogen treatments—ON, 20 lb. N mixed with the soil, and 20 lb. N applied with the phosphorus—were used. The nitrogen source was ammonium nitrate. The phosphorus placements included three band placements, two applications mixed with 2 inches of soil at the 3–5 inch depth with and without a starter, and two applications mixed with 2 inches of soil at the 0–2 inch depth with and without a starter.The placement of nitrogen had a greater influence on the uptake of fertilizer phosphorus than did the placement of phosphorus. Nitrogen applied with the phosphorus generally resulted in greater uptake of fertilizer phosphorus than did nitrogen mixed with the soil. The nitrogen was more effective when the phosphorus was banded than when it was mixed with a volume of soil 2 inches deep. When no nitrogen was added or when nitrogen was mixed with the soil, a shallow band placement or the applications mixed with 2 inches of soil were equally effective in supplying phosphorus to the plant, and were superior to either a deep band or a mixed application with a starter. However, when nitrogen was added with the phosphorus, the shallow and deep bands were equally effective and were superior to the mixed applications with or without a starter.

Fertilisation azotée en forêt de pin gris (Pinusbanksiana). III. Croissance du pin gris

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 433-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Camiré ◽  
B. Bernier
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Height Increase ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments

Six nitrogen fertilizers (urea, sulfur-coated urea, urea-formaldehyde, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and calcium nitrate) were individually applied, either in fall or in spring, at a rate of 224 kg N/ha and compared for their effects on growth distribution along the stem, height increase, basal area increase, and volume increase of an 18-year-old jack pine stand during 5 years after treatment. The response to nitrogen treatments was maximum the 2nd and 3rd years after fertilization and became nil in the fifth season. The distribution of growth along the stem varied with the height considered, the maximum being observed in the first 3 m aboveground. Treatments that responded best in terms of increase in basal area (2 m2/ha or 34% higher than control) and in volume (10 m3/ha or 21% higher than control) were urea and ammonium sulfate applied in fall, and ammonium nitrate applied in spring. Regression analysis on principal components revealed that growth the year before treatment and nutrient concentrations in foliage (N, P, K, Mg, Ca, and Mn) explain at least 80% of the observed growth variations on a 5-year basis.

Viscosity, electrical conductivity and density of the system ammonium nitrate-dimethyl sulphoxide

1984 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 1109-1115
Author(s):  
Jindřich Novák ◽  
Zdeněk Kodejš ◽  
Ivo Sláma
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Transport Properties ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Dimethyl Sulphoxide ◽  
Present System ◽  
Empirical Equations ◽  
Concentrated Solutions ◽  
Nitrate Solutions

The density, viscosity, and electrical conductivity of highly concentrated solutions of ammonium nitrate in dimethyl sulphoxide have been determined over the temperature range 10-60 °C and the concentration range 7-50 mol% of the salt. The variations in the quantities as a function of temperature and concentration have been correlated by empirical equations. A comparison is made between the transport properties for the present system, aqueous solutions of ammonium nitrate, and calcium nitrate solutions in dimethyl sulphoxide.

scholarly journals Life Cycle Assessment and Soil Nitrogen Balance of Different N Fertilizers for Top Dressing Rye as Energy Crop for Electricity Generation

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 844
Author(s):  
Carlos Martín Sastre ◽  
Ruth Barro ◽  
Yolanda González-Arechavala ◽  
Ana Santos-Montes ◽  
Pilar Ciria
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Energy Crops ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Sustainability Criteria ◽  
Ghg Savings

Nitrogen fertilizers have been identified in energy crops LCAs as the main contributors to global warming, as well as to many other environmental impacts. The distinct production process and application emissions of nitrogen fertilizer types for top dressing produce different GHG savings when energy crops value chains are compared to fossil energy alternatives. In this study, three types of fertilizers (calcium ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate) at N top dressing rates of 80 kg N/ha are used to grow rye for electricity generation under the conditions of the Continental Mediterranean climate of central-northern Spain. Complete LCAs for the whole value chain based on real data were performed in conjunction with soil nitrogen balances (SNBs) to assess the accomplishment of European Union (EU) GHG savings sustainability criteria, as well as the sustainability of fertilization practices for soil nitrogen stocks. The results obtained can provide interesting insights for policy making, since calcium ammonium nitrate, the most common fertilizer for rye crops, led to 66% GHG savings, as opposed to the 69% achieved when applying urea and 77% when ammonium sulphate was used. Nevertheless, the three fertilizers produced annual soil deficits greater than 50 kg N/ha. In order to ensure savings above 80%, as required by the EU sustainability criteria, and sustainable SNBs, additional optimization measures should be taken at key points of the value chain.

scholarly journals Calcium nitrate and ammonium nitrate limestone as sources of nitrogen for oats and barley

1961 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-168
Author(s):  
Pentti Hänninen ◽  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Malting Barley ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cent Level

Calcium nitrate and ammonium nitrate limestone (»Oulunsalpietari») were compared as the nitrogen fertilizer for oats in 15 field trials and for barley in one trial. The trials were carried out in summers 1959 and 1960 in various places in Finland. The split plot technique was employed in order to reduce the variation as much as possible. In 1959 the amounts of nitrogen applied as these two fertilizers to the corresponding halves of the plots were 25 and 50 kg/ha. In 1960 also higher applications were used: 75 and 100 kg/ha of N. In three trials these fertilizers were compared both as a surface dressing and worked in. Visual observations suggested about 5—6 weeks after sowing a darker green colour in the stands treated with calcium nitrate as compared with the other half treated with ammonium nitrate limestone. These differences later disappeared. In some trials a higher nitrogen content of the plants from the calcium nitrate stands could be demonstrated during this period. The uptake of nitrogen by plants was regularly followed throughout the growing period. Owing to the large variation, usually, no statistically significant difference between the effect of the fertilizers could be detected. In a few cases the superiority of calcium nitrate could be demonstrated. No differences in the ripening could be found. In most trials there was a fairly regular tendency to higher yields and higher nitrogen content in the grain and straw produced by calcium nitrate. Yet, only in a few cases were the differences statistically significant at the five per cent level. Thus, it was concluded that on the basis of the results of these trials ammonium nitrate limestone and calcium nitrate may be considered practically equal as nitrogen fertilizers for oats. There was no difference in the yields of barley produced by these two fertilizers, but the nitrogen content of grains was significantly lower with ammonium nitrate limestone than with calcium nitrate. This may be worth further study in connection with the production of malting barley.

scholarly journals Physico-chemical characteristics and productivity of tomato plants in function of nitrogen sources and doses

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natália Silva Assunção ◽  
Natalia Oliveira Silva ◽  
Flávio Lemes Fernandes ◽  
Leonardo Angelo de Aquino ◽  
Maria Elisa De Sena Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Tomato Plants

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen sources and rates on the physicochemical characteristics and yield of tomato plants. Forty hybrids were cultivated at 100 and 400 kg ha-1 of N, combined with four sources (urea, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and calcium), plus a treatment without N application in a randomized complete block design four replicates. Size, stem diameter, number of leaves, SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development), leaf nitrogen, number of fruits / plants, fruit firmness, bark thickness and average fruit size, ° BRIX, pH, calcium, potassium and sodium in fruits. There was an increase in SPAD index, Brix and longitudinal diameter of fruits as a function of the N dose. The use of ammonium nitrate and calcium provided stronger fruits. Urea and ammonium nitrate provided the highest pH value in tomato fruits. The application of the 100 kg ha-1 dose of N resulted in the highest potassium content in fruits. The highest productivity was obtained with the application of sources containing ammonium and the lowest in the control treatment. Sources and doses of nitrogen fertilizers influenced growth, productivity and parameters related to tomato quality.  

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