Effect of wounding and jasmonates on the physico-chemical properties and flea beetle defence responses of canola seedlings, Brassica napus L.

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 899-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Bodnaryk ◽  
R. T. Rymerson
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Cysteine Proteinase ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitor ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Phyllotreta Cruciferae ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Defence Responses

Inducible defence responses of seedlings of Brassica napus were investigated after cotyledons were mechanically wounded or treated topically with methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Flea beetles (Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze) fed less (twofold) on wounded or jasmonate-treated seedlings, probably because their cotyledons were tougher (1.4-fold), the protein content was lower (by half), and the level of cysteine proteinase inhibitor was higher (twofold) than in untreated controls. Wound-induced defences in the cotyledons of B. napus appear to be based on multiple mechanisms (all relatively weak) that may be mediated by jasmonates.Remarkable increases (up to 25-fold) were observed in the viscosity of cotyledon extracts after wounding or treatment with MeJA. Altered tissue water content, DNA, sugars or sugar alcohols did not account for the increase in viscosity. Heating extracts at 100 °C, trichloroacetic acid precipitation, chloroform extraction, and anion–cation–exchange chromatography removed protein and greatly lowered viscosity, indicating that jasmonate-induced proteins may be responsible for elevated viscosity. It is uncertain whether the high viscosity of extracts reflects actual physico-chemical conditions within cotyledons or reflects stress, defence or hydraulic responses to wounding and jasmonates. Key words: Wounding, jasmonate, resistance, Insecta, Brassica napus, Phyllotreta cruciferae, plant defence

Influence of seed size in canola, Brassica napus L. and mustard, Sinapis alba L., on seedling resistance against flea beetles, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze)

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 397-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Bodnaryk ◽  
R. J. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Sinapis Alba ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Seedling Resistance ◽  
Phyllotreta Cruciferae ◽  
Flea Beetles ◽  
Sinapis Alba L

Seedlings of Brassica napus L. 'Westar' or Sinapis alba L. 'Ochre' grown from seeds of various size were offered to flea beetles, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) in feeding tests for damage assessment. The proportion of cotyledon area damaged in both species was highest for seedlings grown from small seeds in choice and no-choice feeding tests. The proportion of seedlings killed by flea beetle feeding was also highest in seedlings from small seeds, an effect that was especially pronounced at high beetle densities (10/seedling) where 100% of seedlings from small seeds of B. napus were killed compared to 28.3% of seedlings from big seeds. For S. alba, at 20 beetles/seedling, 45.4% of seedlings from small seeds were killed compared to only 9.1% of seedlings from big seeds. Seedlings grown from big seeds of S. alba tolerated low levels of damage caused by flea beetle feeding or by scissors. No evidence for tolerance was obtained for seedlings from small seeds of S. alba or for seedlings from big or small seeds of B. napus. "Big seeds" appears to be a desirable trait that enhances crucifer seedling resistance to flea beetle attack and results in increased seedling survival. Key words: Brassica napus 'Westar', Sinapis alba 'Ochre', Phyllotreta cruciferae, flea beetle, seed size, resistance

Effects of modifying the phytosterol profile of canola, Brassica napus L., on growth, development, and survival of the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), the flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and the aphids, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae)

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 677-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Bodnaryk ◽  
Ma Luo ◽  
Lubomir Kudryk
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Adult Development ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Lipaphis Erysimi ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Mamestra Configurata ◽  
Phyllotreta Cruciferae ◽  
Sterol Profile ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Bertha Armyworm

The sterol profile of canola, Brassica napus, was altered by treatment with 5 ppm of the systemic fungicides fenpropimorph and tridemorph. The usual Δ5-phytosterols sistosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol were depleted in leaves and roots and replaced by unusual 4-alpha-methyl and 4-desmethyl sterols that were never observed in untreated plants. Growth, development, and survival of the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata, fed leaves of treated canola in the laboratory were affected adversely at specific stages in the life cycle. Larval survival was high and not significantly different in treated and control groups. Most of the mortality in the treated group occurred at pupation and during pupal-adult development. At ecolosion a high proportion of adults were deformed (crumpled wings, failure to exit the pupal case). The adverse effects of feeding on fenpropimorph-treated canola were not attributable to the fungicide itself because larvae fed an artificial diet containing a 10-fold higher concentration of fenpropimorph had normal growth, development, and survival.Although larvae of M. configurata fed canola with a modified sterol profile showed no obvious physiological symptoms, the larvae were more susceptible to the insecticide methomyl (Lannate). Phytosterol modification of the plant in combination with insecticide application may lead to a synergistic interaction in the pest insect.Fewer larvae, prepupae and pupae of the flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae, were recovered from soil samples in field plots with canola treated with fenpropimorph or tridemorph in the laboratory. Adult beetles began to emerge from the soil later, emergence progressed more slowly and fewer were trapped in plots with treated canola.Fewer larvae and adults (up to 50% reduction) of the aphids M. persicae and Lipaphis erysimi, were produced on canola treated with tridemorph. Since aphids harbour sterol-synthesizing mycetocyte-symbionts and are not dependent on a dietary source of sterols, factors other than a deficiency of Δ5-phytosterols must be responsible for the reduction in aphid numbers on treated plants. Key words: Brassica, sterol, fungicide, insecta, development, survival

Susceptibility of inbred lines of oilseed rape, Brassica napus, to feeding damage by the crucifer flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae], and its inheritance

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 615-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Lamb ◽  
P. Palaniswamy ◽  
R. P. Bodnaryk ◽  
P. B. E. McVetty ◽  
S. E. Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Phyllotreta Cruciferae ◽  
Endosperm Proteins ◽  
Damage Level ◽  
Crucifer Flea Beetle ◽  
Resistant Genotypes

Seventy-seven inbred lines of Brassica napus L. were assessed for antixenosis to damage by die crucifer flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze). The resistance was quantified by measuring the level of damage inflicted on seedlings of each line in laboratory tests. One of these lines, M12, was more susceptible than another line, L19, in a series of replicated tests, but individual seedlings could not be identified as resistant or susceptible because inter-seedling variation in the damage level was high. The F3 families from reciprocal crosses between L19 and M12 showed segregation for the resistance, demonstrating that the antixenosis has a genetic basis. Two or more genes probably control the expression of the resistance, but the number could not be estimated. Electrophoresis of seed endosperm proteins revealed a band, P-74, that occurred in M12 and eight cultivars of B. napus, but not in L19. This banding pattern was inherited as a simple recessive allele, but it proved not to be linked with the resistance in the F3 families. Further screening of B. napus for highly resistant genotypes and identification of linked genetic markers are needed to establish agronomically useful levels of flea beetle resistance in this crop. Key words: Insecta, resistance, canola, electrophoresis, endosperm proteins

When is fall feeding by flea beetles (Phyllotreta spp., Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on canola (Brassica napus L.) a problem?

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-107
Author(s):  
Juliana J. Soroka ◽  
Larry F. Grenkow
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Late Season ◽  
The Third ◽  
Flea Beetles ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
Seed Yields

Soroka, J. J. and L. F. Grenkow. 2012. When is fall feeding by flea beetles ( Phyllotreta spp., Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on canola ( Brassica napus L.) a problem? Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 97–107. Two cultivars of Brassica napus canola were seeded in mid-May and early June in three field experiments in each of 3 yr near Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, to determine the effects of late-season flea beetle feeding on seed yields. In the first experiment, canola was sprayed with insecticide late in the summer to eliminate naturally-infesting flea beetles. In the second, 1×1×1.5 m screen cages were placed over early- and late-seeded canola at flowering and infested with flea beetles as canola matured. In the third investigation, sleeve cages were placed over individual plants and infested with 100 flea beetles. Flea beetles had no detrimental effects on early-seeded canola in any experiment, but did affect seed yields of late-seeded plots in some trials. Over two cultivars in 1 year, late-seeded plants in cube cages infested with about 350 flea beetles per plant when lower pods were turning from translucent to green in colour reduced yield by 241 kg ha−1 over control yields. Seed weights in these late-seeded plots were decreased from 2.68 g per 1000 seeds in uninfested cages to 2.44 g per 1000 seeds in infested cages. Populations of 100 flea beetles per plant in sleeve cages had no effect on harvest parameters in any seeding date or year.

OBSERVATIONS ON DISTRIBUTION, SEASONAL LIFE HISTORY, AND ABUNDANCE OF FLEA BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) THAT INFEST RAPE CROPS IN MANITOBA

1979 ◽  
Vol 111 (12) ◽  
pp. 1345-1353 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Wylie
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Phyllotreta Cruciferae ◽  
Main Species ◽  
Phyllotreta Striolata ◽  
Flea Beetles ◽  
History Of

AbstractPhyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) was usually the most abundant flea beetle on crops of Argentine rape, Brassica napus L., in Manitoba, followed in order by Phyllotreta striolata (F.) and Psylliodes punctulata Melsh. These three species and small numbers of Phyllotreta bipustulata (F.) were present on volunteer rape in the spring. A few specimens of a fifth rape-eating species, Phyllotreta robusta Lee, were trapped in April after hibernating. The three main species were recorded in all 16 localities in which samples of flea beetles on rape crops and/or volunteer rape were collected. Details of seasonal life history of each species are presented, as well as data on the abundance of the three main species throughout the year on rape crops, in overwintering habitats and on volunteer rape in spring. The relative abundance of P. cruciferae, P. striolata, and Ps. punctulata in different rape-growing areas of Manitoba is discussed.

Analysis of expressed sequence tags in Brassica napus cotyledons damaged by crucifer flea beetle feeding

Genome ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Gruber ◽  
Limin Wu ◽  
Matthew Links ◽  
Branimir Gjetvaj ◽  
Jonathan Durkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Zinc Finger ◽  
Unknown Function ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Crucifer Flea Beetle

The molecular basis of canola ( Brassica napus L.) susceptibility to the crucifer flea beetle (FB, Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze) was investigated by comparing transcript representation in FB-damaged and undamaged cotyledons. The B. napus cotyledon transcriptome increased and diversified substantially after FB feeding damage. Twenty-two genes encoding proteins with unknown function, six encoding proteins involved in signaling, and a gene encoding a B-box zinc finger transcription factor were moderately or strongly changed in representation with FB feeding damage. Zinc finger and calcium-dependent genes formed the largest portion of transcription factors and signaling factors with changes in representation. Six genes with unknown function, one transcription factor, and one signaling gene specific to the FB-damaged library were co-represented in a FB-damaged leaf library. Out of 188 transcription factor and signaling gene families screened for “early” expression changes, 16 showed changes in expression within 8 h. Four of these early factors were zinc finger genes with representation only in the FB-damaged cotyledon. These genes are now available to test their potential at initiating or specifying cotyledon responses to crucifer FB feeding.

Identification and evaluation of flea beetle (Phyllotreta cruciferae) resistance within Brassicaceae

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 881-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Gavloski ◽  
U. Ekuere ◽  
A. Keddie ◽  
L. Dosdall ◽  
L. Kott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Sinapis Alba ◽  
Hybrid Line ◽  
Repeated Testing ◽  
Genetic Trait ◽  
Phyllotreta Cruciferae ◽  
Thlaspi Arvense ◽  
Flea Beetles

All currently registered varieties of canola/oilseed rape, Brassica napus and B. rapa, are susceptible to attack by flea beetles, although to varying degrees. The development of resistant cultivars would be an environmentally acceptable means to reduce the damage caused by flea beetles. Seedlings from 10 species of Brassicaceae were evaluated for levels of antixenosis resistance to flea beetles in the laboratory, along with 308 Sinapis alba/B. napus hybrids. Thlaspi arvense and 11 cultivars of S. alba were resistant to feeding by flea beetles. In addition, 34 S. alba/B. napus hybrids were resistant to feeding by flea beetle in at least one test, although many of these failed to demonstrate resistance with repeated testing. One hybrid line was resistant to feeding by flea beetles each of the four times it was tested, while another was resistant in three out of four tests. These data indicate that resistance to flea beetles within the Brassicaceae is a genetic trait and can be transferred by interspecific hybridization. This information is the first step towards introgression of genetic sources of flea beetle resistance from resistant relatives into canola varieties. Key words: Flea beetles, Phyllotreta cruciferae, Brassica, resistance, antixenosis, introgression

Response of herbicide-tolerant canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars to four row spacings and three seeding rates in a no-till production system

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 1229-1236 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. Kutcher ◽  
T. K. Turkington ◽  
G. W. Clayton ◽  
K. N. Harker
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Production System ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
No Till ◽  
Herbicide Tolerant

Kutcher, H. R., Turkington, T. K., Clayton, G. W. and Harker, K. N. 2013. Response of herbicide-tolerant canola ( Brassica napus L.) cultivars to four row spacings and three seeding rates in a no-till production system. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 1229–1236. Appropriate management practices are important to reduce input costs and to optimize yield and crop quality. The objective of this study was to determine the optimum row spacing (23, 31, 46 and 61 cm) and seeding rate (3.2, 6.4 and 9.6 kg ha−1, or 87, 173 and 260 seeds planted m−2) for two herbicide-tolerant canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars (an open-pollinated and a hybrid) under a no-till production system. Plant density and yield varied with row spacing, with the effect being linear in both cases. Plant density decreased with wider row spacing, from 112 plants m−2 at the 23-cm row spacing to 83 plants m−2 at the 61-cm row spacing. Yield decreased with wider row spacing, from 2397 kg ha−1 at the 23-cm row spacing to 2138 kg ha−1 at the 61-cm row spacing. Results from this study indicate that herbicide-tolerant cultivars of canola grown in no-till production systems under conditions of adequate soil fertility, effective weed management, minimal disease pressure, and good flea beetle control, produced the highest plant densities and yields at row spacing of 24–31 cm, that seeding rates in the range of 3.2–9.6 kg ha−1 had no effects on yield, and that a hybrid cultivar performed better than open-pollinated cultivars in terms of plant density, earliness and duration of flowering, and seed size. The study helps to better define the response of plant density and seed yield in herbicide-tolerant canola cultivars to changes in row spacing and seeding rate. In particular, the results of this study suggest that plant density may not be a reliable predictor of canola yield, although row spacing is an important consideration.

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