Growing season dry matter and macroelement accumulations in Willamette red raspberry and related soil-extractable macroelement measurements

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Kowalenko
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Aboveground Growth ◽  
Precise Time

Aboveground growth of Willamette red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) was destructively sampled and partitioned monthly in four growing seasons in 1980–1984 in south coastal British Columbia. This, together with chemical analyses of the plant parts and soil samples, was used to examine general macroelement dynamics. In each of the 4 yr, the plants (floricanes plus new canes) accumulated dry matter, N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na rapidly during May to June and more slowly in September and October. Floricanes grew early in the season, with dry matter and macroelement uptake nearly complete by mid-summer then senesced after mid-summer with dry matter and nutrient loss. Most of this loss was leaves. New canes began to grow and take up macroelements later in the spring than floricanes and continued growth and uptake later into the fall. Growth and macroelement uptake patterns were inconsistent between years. A calculation, using October measurements, showed moderate quantities of N, P, K, Ca and Mg uptake by the plant on a unit area basis (107, 11, 102, 48 and 20 kg ha−1, respectively). Since maximum cane growth and macroelement uptake occurred at two different times, a minimum of two samplings (mid-summer for floricanes and autumn for new canes) are required to more accurately measure total aboveground biomass production and macroelement uptake. The precise time of sampling should match the growth stage of the plant and not calendar date as growth patterns differed from year to year. Key words: Nutrient uptake, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, Rubus idaeus

Growing season changes in the concentration and distribution of macroelements in Willamette red raspberry plant parts

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 833-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Kowalenko
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Tissue Analysis ◽  
Plant Analysis ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Fertilizer Recommendations ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus ◽  
Key Words Nitrogen

Nitrogen, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na concentrations and accumulations in Willamette red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) plant parts were measured in a field study to identify a potential plant-analysis-based method for evaluating site-specific fertilizer requirements. Dry matter and macroelements accumulated steadily in new canes over the season, increased early to a stable amount in floricane laterals and ripe berries, increased and then decreased in leaves and remained stable in stems. Macroelement accumulation patterns were generally similar to dry matter accumulations. The amounts of N and K that accumulated in ripe berries were similar and about eight times greater than P, Ca and Mg. Macroelement concentrations of floricane stems, laterals and berries were more stable than in leaves, making them potentially more suitable than leaves for developing tissue analysis for fertilizer recommendations. Key words: Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, Rubus idaeus

Accumulation and distribution of micronutrients in Willamette red raspberry plants

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Kowalenko
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Sampling Procedures

Willamette red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) plants were sampled monthly to determine the accumulation and distribution of copper (Cu), boron (B), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) over the growing seasons of four different years. The soil (Marble Hill series) was typical of that commonly used for commercial raspberry production in the area. No micronutrients were applied. The micronutrients generally accumulated as the season progressed in a manner similar to the accumulation of dry matter. Maximum accumulation of micronutrients in the aboveground portion of the plants did not necessarily occur at the end of the growing season because of different growth patterns of the floricanes and primocanes. The ripe berries, which would be removed by harvesting, contained a significant proportion of the total accumulation of micronutrients: Cu (18–26%), Zn (15–25%), B (3–16%), Fe (5–8%) and Mn (4–7%). However, concentrations of the micronutrients in the various parts of the plant varied considerably from month to month and year to year. There was no obvious relationship between weather conditions and the variations in micronutrient concentrations. Extreme variations within and between growing seasons suggest concentrations of micronutrients in leaves cannot readily be used to develop tissue-analysis-based fertility recommendations. Floricane stem micronutrient concentrations were more stable but the relationship between these concentrations and the overall nutrient status of the plants needs to be determined before they can be used for diagnostic purposes. Before accumulation and distribution patterns of micronutrients in raspberry can be used as a basis for development of fertilizer management strategies, additional measurements from other locations are needed. The results from this study should serve as guidelines for developing sampling procedures and their practical applications. Key words: Copper, boron, zinc, manganese, iron, Rubus idaeus L.

scholarly journals Dry Matter Partitioning, Carbohydrate Composition, Protein Reserves, and Fruiting in ‘Autumn Bliss’ Red Raspberry Vary in Response to Pruning Date and Cane Density

HortScience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Brás de Oliveira ◽  
Maria José Silva ◽  
Ricardo B. Ferreira ◽  
Cristina M. Oliveira ◽  
António A. Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Dry Matter Distribution ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration

In a 2-year experiment (1994 and 1995), plants of primocane-fruiting red raspberry cultivar ‘Autumn Bliss’ grown in a plastic greenhouse were destructively harvested at different growth stages to determine the effect of pruning date and cane density on dry matter distribution, carbohydrate concentration, and soluble protein concentration in different plant parts. Three summer-pruning dates (early, mid, and late July) and four cane densities (8, 16, 24, and 32 canes/m row) were imposed. Relative root biomass decreased from pruning to first flower stage and remained constant thereafter for all pruning dates. Earlier pruning dates corresponded to earlier fruit production, but yield was significantly reduced on later pruning dates and higher cane densities. Sucrose concentration was higher in fine roots than in suberized roots and had a slight decrease during flowering and the beginning of harvest. Soluble protein concentrations did not differ significantly between pruning dates. Reserve carbohydrates in the root system were unaffected by pruning and cane density, and were rapidly used during active vegetative growth, began to recover just after bloom, and were fully recovered at the end of the season. Our experiment suggested that in red raspberry plants grown under poor environmental conditions, current yield is reduced but there is enough carbohydrate accumulation to support next year's growth.

scholarly journals Performance of Tissue-cultured Primocane-fruiting Red Raspberries Following Chilling

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 590-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Privé ◽  
J. Alan Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Individual Component ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Total Plant

Growth rates for two types of tissue-cultured plant stock for `Heritage', `Ruby', and `Redwing' red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) were examined. Actively growing plantlets from the greenhouse (G) were compared to cold-treated (CT) plantlets from cold storage. The greatest differences between these two occurred during the first 6 weeks after planting. At 4 weeks, CT plants for all cultivars had longer canes and internodes, sometimes twice that of G plants. Although `Heritage' had greater total plant dry weights following chilling, `Ruby' and `Redwing' had less. Chilling had no effect on `Heritage' root growth but did reduce root dry weight for `Redwing' and `Ruby'. Relative growth rate (RGR) and leaf area ratio (L-AR) were more effective variables for analyzing growth as they considered differences in initial biomass and cane number and provided a better representation of the data during the initial 6 weeks of growth. All cultivars showed a greater total plant RGR and LAR for the CT plants at 6 weeks. During the first 4 weeks, the G plants were more efficient producers of root dry matter while the CT plants were more efficient producers of cane dry matter. By 6 weeks, the G plants had partitioned a greater percentage of their assimilates into cane growth while the leaves, canes, and roots of the CT plants contributed equally to total RGR. No difference in total or individual component RGR was observed after 6 weeks.

scholarly journals Uptake and Partitioning of Nutrients in Blackberry and Raspberry and Evaluating Plant Nutrient Status for Accurate Assessment of Fertilizer Requirements

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 452-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadine C. Strik ◽  
David R. Bryla
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Sampling Time ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Plant Nutrient ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Plant Parts

Raspberry and blackberry (Rubus sp.) plantings have a relatively low nutrient requirement compared with many other perennial fruit crops. Knowledge of annual accumulation of nutrients and periods of rapid uptake allows for better management of fertilization programs. Annual total nitrogen (N) accumulation in the aboveground plant ranged from 62 to 110 and 33 to 39 lb/acre in field-grown red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) and blackberry (Rubus ssp. rubus), respectively. Research on the fate of applied 15N (a naturally occurring istope of N) has shown that primocanes rely primarily on fertilizer N for growth, whereas floricane growth is highly dependent on stored N in the over-wintering primocanes, crown, and roots; from 30% to 40% of stored N was allocated to new growth. Plants receiving higher rates of N fertilizer took up more N, often leading to higher N concentrations in the tissues, including the fruit. Reallocation of N from senescing floricanes and primocane leaves to canes, crown, and roots has been documented. Accumulation of other macro- and micronutrients in plant parts usually preceded growth. Primocanes generally contained the highest concentration of most nutrients during the growing season, except calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn), which often were more concentrated in roots. Roots typically contained the highest concentration of all nutrients during winter dormancy. Nutrient partitioning varied considerably among elements due to different nutrient concentrations and requirements in each raspberry and blackberry plant part. This difference not only affected the proportion of each nutrient allocated to plant parts, but also the relative amount of each nutrient lost or removed during harvest, leaf senescence, and pruning. Macro- and micronutrient concentrations are similar for raspberry and blackberry fruit, resulting in a similar quantity of nutrient removed with each ton of fruit at harvest; however, yield may differ among cultivars and production systems. Nutrient removal in harvested red raspberry and blackberry fruit ranged from 11 to 18 lb/acre N, 10 to 19 lb/acre potassium (K), 2 to 4 lb/acre phosphorus (P), 1 to 2 lb/acre Ca, and 1 to 4 lb/acre magnesium (Mg). Pruning senescing floricanes in August led to greater plant nutrient losses than pruning in autumn. Primocane leaf nutrient status is often used in nutrient management programs. Leaf nutrient concentrations differ with primocane leaf sampling time and cultivar. In Oregon, the present recommended sampling time of late July to early August is acceptable for floricane-fruiting raspberry and blackberry types, and primocane-fruiting raspberry, but not for primocane-fruiting blackberry, where sampling leaves on primocane branches during the green fruit stage is recommended. Presently published leaf tissue standards appear to be too high for K in primocane-fruiting raspberry and blackberry, which is not surprising since the primocanes are producing fruit at the time of sampling and fruit contain a substantial amount of K.

Reproductive strategies and growth patterns in four legumes

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Turkington ◽  
P. B. Cavers
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Strategies ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Density Dependent ◽  
Selection Theory ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Medicago Lupulina ◽  
Density Dependent Regulation

The partitioning of dry matter into component plant parts has been traced for four legumes. The four species were chosen to represent different positions along the r-K continuum. Three of the species, Medicago lupulina, M. sativa, and Trifolium pratense, behaved essentially as predicted by r- and K-selection theory. However, the stolons of T. repens are formed within 7 weeks of germination and thus permit this species to reproduce sooner than Medicago lupulina can reproduce by seed. In this way, T. repens can behave as an r strategist in an environment imposing density-dependent regulation (a ‘K' type environment).

scholarly journals Vegetative Growth and Flowering of Primocane Raspberry ‘Ariadne’ as Affected by Prohexadione–calcium Treatments

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 529-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauliina Palonen ◽  
Katriina Mouhu
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium

Maintaining an appropriate balance between vegetative and generative growth is a prerequisite for profitable raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) production. The objective of our study was to test the effect of prohexadione–calcium (ProCa) on vegetative growth and flowering of primocane fruiting red raspberry ‘Ariadne’ in greenhouse conditions. ProCa was applied either once or twice in a concentration of 100 ppm or 200 ppm. Double applications of ProCa reduced cane height by 33 cm (100 ppm) or by 46 cm (200 ppm). Growth reduction was the result of shortening of the internodes, because total node number in plants was unaffected. Furthermore, cane diameter was reduced in plants treated with 200 ppm ProCa. ProCa treatments reduced the total aboveground dry weight by 32% to 55% but did not affect the allocation of dry weight into different plant parts. All ProCa treatments reduced the number of flowers by 22% to 42%. In conclusion, ProCa proved effective in controlling vegetative growth of red raspberry. However, because the number of flowers was reduced, ProCa cannot be recommended for growth regulation of primocane fruiting raspberry without further studies.

Sward growth of monocultures and binary mixtures of phalaris, lucerne, white clover and subterranean clover under two defoliation regimes

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Hill
Keyword(s):  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
New South ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Supplementary Irrigation

Sirosa phalaris, WL5 15 lucerne, Haifa white clover and Seaton Park subterranean clover were grown in monocultures and binary mixtures on a cracking clay soil and cut at 4- and 8-week intervals over 3 growing seasons at Scone, New South Wales (32�S.). The plots were given supplementary irrigation between mid April and November to prevent water deficits. The deep-rooted perennials dominated mixtures under infrequent cutting, with cumulative dry matter yields for the growing season reaching 11 t/ha for lucerne-based mixtures. Frequent defoliation increased the contribution of the clovers in mixtures, and mixtures and monocultures containing clovers were more productive than other plots in winter, 1986. Frequent defoliation reduced the vigour and density of lucerne, resulting in balanced mixtures with phalaris and subterranean clover in the third year. Only lucerne plots contributed large amounts of dry matter yield (up to 4 t/ha) between December and April. Regeneration of subterranean clover from seedlings, and white clover from seedlings or stolons, was better in clover-only plots than in mixtures with phalaris. The growth of mixtures in response to mean daily air temperature in spring could be divided into 2 distinct patterns, with growth peaking at about 15�C for determinate (annual or dormant) mixtures, and at about 18�C for lucerne mixtures and pure white clover. In autumn, growth patterns were determined by the method of regeneration (i.e. by seedings or dormant crowns).

Impact of an Open Trellis on Canopy Growth, Light Interception, Yield, and Leaf Physiology of Red Raspberry (Rubus idaeus)

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 468b-468
Author(s):  
Stephen F. Klauer ◽  
J. Scott Cameron ◽  
Chuhe Chen
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Leaf Physiology ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Upper Third

After promising results were obtained with an open-style split trellis (two top wires) in its initial year, two new trials were established in 1997 in northwest (Lynden) and southwest (Woodland) Washington. For the split trellis, actual yields were 33% (machine-picked 1/2 season) and 17% (hand-picked) greater, respectively, for the two locations compared to the conventional trellis (one top wire). In Woodland, canes from the split trellis had 33% more berries, 55% more laterals, 69% more leaves, and 25% greater leaf area compared with the conventional trellis. Greatest enhancement of these components was in the upper third of the canopy. Laterals were also shorter in this area of the split canopy, but there was no difference in average total length of lateral/cane between trellis types. Total dry weight/cane was 22% greater in the split trellis, but component partitioning/cane was consistent between the two systems with fruit + laterals (43%) having the greatest above-ground biomass, followed by the stem (30% to 33%) and the leaves (21% to 22%). Measurement of canopy width, circumference, and light interception showed that the split-trellis canopy filled in more quickly, and was larger from preanthesis through postharvest. Light interception near the top of the split canopy was 30% greater 1 month before harvest with 98% interception near the top and middle of that canopy. There was no difference between the trellis types in leaf CO2 assimilation, spectra, or fluorescence through the fruiting season, or in total nitrogen of postharvest primocane leaves.

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