Reproductive strategies and growth patterns in four legumes

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Turkington ◽  
P. B. Cavers
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Strategies ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Density Dependent ◽  
Selection Theory ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Medicago Lupulina ◽  
Density Dependent Regulation

The partitioning of dry matter into component plant parts has been traced for four legumes. The four species were chosen to represent different positions along the r-K continuum. Three of the species, Medicago lupulina, M. sativa, and Trifolium pratense, behaved essentially as predicted by r- and K-selection theory. However, the stolons of T. repens are formed within 7 weeks of germination and thus permit this species to reproduce sooner than Medicago lupulina can reproduce by seed. In this way, T. repens can behave as an r strategist in an environment imposing density-dependent regulation (a ‘K' type environment).

scholarly journals Studies on Medicago lupulina saponins. 4. Variation in the saponin content of M. lupulina

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr M. Górski ◽  
Marian Jurzysta ◽  
Stanisław Burda ◽  
Wiesław A. Oleszek ◽  
Michał Płoszyński
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Vegetation Season ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Medicago Lupulina ◽  
Total Saponin ◽  
Saponin Content ◽  
Selection For

The saponin content in the tops of black medic trefoil cv. Renata as well as in some botanical and breeding lines of <em>M. lupulina</em> was analysed. It was found that the concentration of biologically active (hemolytically active) saponins in the tops of <em>M. lupulina</em> cv. Renata was 2.5% of dry matter. Total saponin content was 3.5% of dry matter. Among 500 individually analysed plants of the Renata variety, the saponin contents ranged from 0.07 to 0.5% in the leaf sap. No saponin-free plant was found. The saponin content was additionally analysed in 300 breeding and 11 botanical lines of <em>M. lupulina</em>. Great differences in that material were found but no saponin-free line was present. The saponin content in the particular plant parts as well as in the whole tops of <em>M. lupulina</em> throughout the vegetation season was also measured. The possibility and necessity of the selection for a low saponin population of <em>M. lupulina</em> is discussed.

Growing season dry matter and macroelement accumulations in Willamette red raspberry and related soil-extractable macroelement measurements

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Kowalenko
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Aboveground Growth ◽  
Precise Time

Aboveground growth of Willamette red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) was destructively sampled and partitioned monthly in four growing seasons in 1980–1984 in south coastal British Columbia. This, together with chemical analyses of the plant parts and soil samples, was used to examine general macroelement dynamics. In each of the 4 yr, the plants (floricanes plus new canes) accumulated dry matter, N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na rapidly during May to June and more slowly in September and October. Floricanes grew early in the season, with dry matter and macroelement uptake nearly complete by mid-summer then senesced after mid-summer with dry matter and nutrient loss. Most of this loss was leaves. New canes began to grow and take up macroelements later in the spring than floricanes and continued growth and uptake later into the fall. Growth and macroelement uptake patterns were inconsistent between years. A calculation, using October measurements, showed moderate quantities of N, P, K, Ca and Mg uptake by the plant on a unit area basis (107, 11, 102, 48 and 20 kg ha−1, respectively). Since maximum cane growth and macroelement uptake occurred at two different times, a minimum of two samplings (mid-summer for floricanes and autumn for new canes) are required to more accurately measure total aboveground biomass production and macroelement uptake. The precise time of sampling should match the growth stage of the plant and not calendar date as growth patterns differed from year to year. Key words: Nutrient uptake, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, Rubus idaeus

Long-term fertilization experiments on a natural grassland on calcareous meadow soil

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-268
Author(s):  
István Harmati
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Festuca Pratensis ◽  
Meadow Soil ◽  
Medicago Lupulina ◽  
Arrhenatherum Elatius ◽  
Natural Grassland ◽  
Fertilization Experiments ◽  
Agropyron Repens

Sekély humuszos szintű, erősen karbonátos réti talajon kialakult természetes (Achilleo-Festucetum pseudovinae) gyepen beállított tartamkísérletekben vizsgáltuk a műtrágyázás kérdéseit a gyep növényi összetételének megjavítása, termésének növelése és minősége javítása céljából. A kísérlet humuszban gazdag, nitrogénnel és káliummal igen jól ellátott, de foszforban szegény talaján az N- és P-műtrágya 2-2 adagját szólóban és kombinációikban alkalmaztuk. Az öntözetlen kísérletet 28, az öntözöttet 14 éven át folyamatosan, széleskörűen vizsgáltuk. Megállapításainkat a következőkben foglaljuk össze. – A gyep növényi összetételét a N- és a P-műtrágyák adagjaiktól és kombinációiktól függően megváltoztatták. A nitrogén a füvek, a foszfor a pillangósok versenyképességét fokozta és segítette elő növekedését. Az önmagában alkalmazott N-műtrágya a talaj nagyfokú P-szegénysége miatt nem gyakorolt pozitív hatást a gyepre. A P-műtrágya viszont kedvező változásokat okozott: a füvek fejlődésének elősegítése mellett nagymértékben növelte a pillangósok borítási értékét és tömegarányát, különösen az öntözött parcellákon. Öntözetlen viszonyok között a réti perje (Poa pratensis), a sovány csenkesz (Festuca pseudovina) és a komlós lucerna (Medicago lupulina) alkotta a gyep termésének túlnyomó részét, néhány egyéb fű- és pillangósvirágú komponens társaságában. Az öntözött kísérletben a pillangósok abszolút uralma mellett gyakran a réti perje jutott vezető szerephez. A pillangósok közül az eperhere (Trifolium fragiferum), a komlós lucerna (Medicago lupulina) és a vörös here (Trifolium pratense) váltakozva jutott uralomra. Az időjárás nagyban befolyásolta a gyep pillangós komponenseinek tömegarányát. Az NP kombinációkban a pillangósok tömegaránya erősen lecsökkent, különösen a nagyobb N-adag használata esetén. Öntözetlen területen a sovány csenkesz és a réti perje változó arányban alkotta a gyep termésének túlnyomó részét. Az öntözött parcellákon azonban a réti perje abszolút uralkodóvá vált és az egyre jobban előretörő tarackbúza (Agropyron repens) is jelentősen részt vett a termés kialakításában, elsősorban a nagyobb N-dózisú kombinációkban. A kísérlet 3. évtizedében a csapadékos években megjelent a francia perje (Arrhenatherum elatius) és a réti csenkesz (Festuca pratensis) is. – A gyep termését az önmagában alkalmazott N-műtrágya nem növelte jelentősen. Ezzel szemben a P-műtrágya nagy hatékonysággal 2–4-szeresére (3–5 t·ha–1-ra) növelte a gyep szénatermését, elsősorban a pillangósok nagyarányú térhódítása révén. 1 kg P2O5 öntözetlen körülmények között 43, míg öntözöttben 68 kg szénaterméstöbbletet eredményezett, sokévi átlagban. A 90 kg P2O5·ha–1 adag néhány év után soknak bizonyult. A legjobb eredményt a 200 kg N·ha–1 + 60 kg P2O5·ha–1 adaggal értük el, amellyel az öntözetlen területen – 28 év átlagában – 7,87, öntözötten – 14 év átlagában – 7,12 t·ha–1 szénatermést kaptunk. Az időjárás nagymértékben befolyásolta a termés mennyiségét és minőségét, legfőképpen a pillangósok tömegarányának változása révén, különösen az öntözetlen kísérletben. A három növedék tömegének aránya 7 évi átlagban, az öntözetlen kísérletben a szóló foszforkezeléseknél 48:37:15%, míg az NP kombinációknál 56:35:9% volt. Az öntözött területen ezek az arányok az előbbi sorrendben: 39:49:12, illetve 43:41:16%. A nitrogénből számított nyersfehérjehozam sokévi átlagban az öntözetlen kísérletben 428–550, míg az öntözöttben 560–760 kg·ha–1 volt. – A talaj felvehető tápanyagtartalma az évek során jelentősen megváltozott, különösen a talaj 0–10 cm-es rétegében. A P-trágyázás önmagában, de az NP kombinációiban is az adagoktól, illetve az ezek hatására kialakult termések mennyiségétől függő mértékben növelte a talaj P-tartalmát. A legjobbnak a 200 kg N·ha–1 + 60 kg P2O5·ha–1 kezelésű parcellákban bizonyult: a kísérlet 22. évében a talaj 0–10 cm-es rétegében a P-tartalom 260 mg P2O5·kg–1 lett, ami az erősen karbonátos talajok esetében igen jó P-ellátottságnak mondható. A K-ellátottság azonban az NP-kezeléseknél az optimális szint alá csökkent (172 mg K2O·kg–1) a termések nagyarányú K-kivonása következtében. Ezért néhány évi NP-trágyázás után K-pótlásra is szükség van.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF MINERAL DEFICIENCY ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND ON SHOOT AND ROOT MINERAL PARTITIONING IN THREE SUNFLOWER VARIETIES / EFECTO DE LA FALTA DE ELEMENTOS MINERALAS SOBRE LOS PARAMENTROS MORFOLOGICOS Y FISIOLOGICOS Y REPARTICION DE ELEMENTOS MINERALES DE LA PARTE SOBRE EL SUELO Y DE LA RAIZ EN TRES VARIEDADES / INFLUENCE DE LA CARENCE D’ÉLÉMENTS MINÉRAUX SUR LES PARAMÈTRES MORPHOLOGIQUES ET PHYSIOLOGIQUES ET SUR LA DISTRIBUTION DES ÉLÉMENTS MINÉRAUX ENTRE LA PARTIE AÉRIENNE ET LA RACINE POUR TROIS SORTES DE TOURNESOL

Helia ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (35) ◽  
pp. 135-148
Author(s):  
Mohammed El Midaoui ◽  
Ahmed Talouizte ◽  
Benbella Mohamed ◽  
Serieys Hervé ◽  
Ait Houssa Abdelhadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mineral Deficiency ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
Matter Effect

SUMMARYAn experiment has been carried out in order to study the behaviour under mineral deficiency of three sunflower genotypes, a population variety (Oro 9) and two hybrids (Mirasol and Albena). Sunflower seedlings were submitted to five treatments: N deficiency (N0), P deficiency (P0), K deficiency (K0), N and K deficiency (N0K0) and a control. Plants were harvested when they reached 3-4 true pairs of leaves. Growth parameters measured (height, total leaf area, root length, root and shoot dry mater) were all significantly reduced by mineral deficiency. Leaf area was most reduced by N0 (-61%) and P0 (-56%). Total dry matter was most affected by N0 (-63%) and by N0K0 (-66%). Genotype comparisons showed that Oro 9 had the highest shoot dry matter while Albena had the lowest root dry matter. Effect of mineral deficiency on content and partitioning of N, P, K, Ca and Na was significant and varied according to treatments and among plant parts. Shoot dry weight was significantly correlated with root N content (r2=0.81) and root K content (r2=-0.61) for N0 and K0.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Macronutrient Uptake and Removal by Modern Peanut Cultivars

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2167
Author(s):  
Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol ◽  
José Roberto Portugal ◽  
João William Bossolani ◽  
Luiz Gustavo Moretti ◽  
Adalton Mazetti Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Biological Cycle ◽  
Fertilizer Recommendation ◽  
Nutritional Recommendations ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Productive Potential ◽  
Peanut Cultivars ◽  
Experimental Plots

The productive potential of new peanut cultivars has increased over the years in relation to old cultivars, especially when compared with ones with upright growth habit. Thus, the requirement for macronutrients for these new cultivars may also have increased, making the existing fertilizer recommendation tables obsolete, thus increasing the need for further studies measuring the real macronutrient requirements of these new peanut cultivars. Our study aimed to evaluate the growth patterns and the macronutrient absorption rate throughout the biological cycle of three modern runner peanut cultivars, as well as the potential for producing dry matter, pods, and kernels, and their respective macronutrient accumulations. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with split-plots and nine replications. The experimental plots consisted of three peanut cultivars (IAC Runner 886, IAC 505, and IAC OL3), and subplots consisted of nine plant samplings (14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 105, 126, and 147 days after emergence (DAE)). Our results showed that modern peanut cultivars presented nutrient accumulation around 30 to 40 days earlier than older cultivars, as well as increasing the uptake by K and Ca. IAC 505 absorbed higher amounts of macronutrients and resulted in greater dry matter production compared with IAC OL3 and IAC Runner 886. Our study demonstrated that the most appropriate time for plants to find greater availability of nutrients in the soil is 70 to 84 DAE, in addition to highlighting the need for updates on nutritional recommendations for higher yields of modern peanut cultivars.

scholarly journals Acúmulo e partição de biomassa e macronutrientes de cultivares de feijão-vagemem cultivo protegido fertirrigado

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Natalia Fernandes Carr ◽  
Renan Ribeiro Barzan ◽  
Luiz Henrique Campos de Almeida ◽  
Gustavo Adolfo de Freitas Fregonezi ◽  
Hideaki Wilson Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Snap Beans

For a better management of fertigation in protected cultivationof vegetables such as snap beans, it is important to know the nutritional requirements of the plants. Thus, weaimedto characterize the biomass and macronutrients accumulation ofbush snap beansgenotypes. For that, an experiment was carried out in greenhouse, where the genotypesUEL-1 and Alessaweregrown in plastic pots with coarse sandas substrateand fertigation by micro sprinklers. Each ten days, plants were sampled and measured the dry matter and the concentrations of elements such asnitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S)for different plant parts, adjusting their accumulation over timeby the gaussian model.The fresh pods yield (kg m-2) was also evaluated. The accumulation of biomass and macronutrients wasintensified from 20 days after emergence (DAE), reaching maximumvaluesnear 50 DAE. The genotype Alessa presented a higher overall accumulation, while UEL-1 was more productive regarding fresh pods, characterizing suchgenotypeas more efficient for using the macronutrients. For both genotypes, N hadthe highest accumulation, followed by K, Ca, P, S and Mg.

scholarly journals Relación entre el peso freco y el peso seco del rastrojo de maíz en diferentes estados fenológicos del cultivo.

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bänziger ◽  
G. O. Edmeades ◽  
J. Bolaños
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Maturity Period ◽  
Area Unit ◽  
Drying Conditions ◽  
The Relationship

The amount of dry matter produced during various stages of corn growth is a important variable to be taken into consideration. However, the lack of drying facilities makes its measurement a difficult task in the fields. A simple method to convert the fresh weight of a crop in the field into dry weight, could be an answer to that problem. In this study, we calculated the relationship between fresh and dry weight of corn stovers, over several, growth, stages of eight corn cultivars of different vigour and maturity period, at two Mexican locations. The differences between cultivars were for percent stover dry weight (%SDW) most evident in the second half of the grain growth stage, when late cultivars showed less humidity than the early ones. The % SDW was regressed against the phenological developmental stage and expressed as a ratio against antesis (R, days to sampling /days to 50% antesis). The equations (R2 = 0.97 - 0.99) with best results were: Early maturing cultivars: %SDW = 12.6 + 0.94R2 + 1.68R4; Late: %SDW = 16.1 - 4.00 R2 + 3.36R4. There were no consistant differences among cultivars with different vigour levels, even though certain differences were noted among the locations and they were attributed to differences in relative humidity. We describe a protocol for determining the dry weight of corn stover by area unit (t/ha) when drying conditions are not available, by utilizing only a scale and a ruler.We also suggest a method to calculate percent dry matter for a real plant parts (including grain).

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