Growing season changes in the concentration and distribution of macroelements in Willamette red raspberry plant parts

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 833-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Kowalenko
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Tissue Analysis ◽  
Plant Analysis ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Fertilizer Recommendations ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus ◽  
Key Words Nitrogen

Nitrogen, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na concentrations and accumulations in Willamette red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) plant parts were measured in a field study to identify a potential plant-analysis-based method for evaluating site-specific fertilizer requirements. Dry matter and macroelements accumulated steadily in new canes over the season, increased early to a stable amount in floricane laterals and ripe berries, increased and then decreased in leaves and remained stable in stems. Macroelement accumulation patterns were generally similar to dry matter accumulations. The amounts of N and K that accumulated in ripe berries were similar and about eight times greater than P, Ca and Mg. Macroelement concentrations of floricane stems, laterals and berries were more stable than in leaves, making them potentially more suitable than leaves for developing tissue analysis for fertilizer recommendations. Key words: Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, Rubus idaeus

Growing season dry matter and macroelement accumulations in Willamette red raspberry and related soil-extractable macroelement measurements

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Kowalenko
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Aboveground Growth ◽  
Precise Time

Aboveground growth of Willamette red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) was destructively sampled and partitioned monthly in four growing seasons in 1980–1984 in south coastal British Columbia. This, together with chemical analyses of the plant parts and soil samples, was used to examine general macroelement dynamics. In each of the 4 yr, the plants (floricanes plus new canes) accumulated dry matter, N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na rapidly during May to June and more slowly in September and October. Floricanes grew early in the season, with dry matter and macroelement uptake nearly complete by mid-summer then senesced after mid-summer with dry matter and nutrient loss. Most of this loss was leaves. New canes began to grow and take up macroelements later in the spring than floricanes and continued growth and uptake later into the fall. Growth and macroelement uptake patterns were inconsistent between years. A calculation, using October measurements, showed moderate quantities of N, P, K, Ca and Mg uptake by the plant on a unit area basis (107, 11, 102, 48 and 20 kg ha−1, respectively). Since maximum cane growth and macroelement uptake occurred at two different times, a minimum of two samplings (mid-summer for floricanes and autumn for new canes) are required to more accurately measure total aboveground biomass production and macroelement uptake. The precise time of sampling should match the growth stage of the plant and not calendar date as growth patterns differed from year to year. Key words: Nutrient uptake, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, Rubus idaeus

scholarly journals Effect of black point disease on quality of wheat grain

1970 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
PK Malaker ◽  
IH Mian ◽  
KA Bhuiyan ◽  
MMA Reza ◽  
MA Mannan
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Black Point ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of different levels of black point infection caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana and other fungal pathogens on some quality characters of wheat grain. Wheat grains were graded on a 0-5 scale based on levels of black point infection. Quality characters of grain viz., protein, fat, dry matter, ash and mineral contents under different grades were determined following standard methods. The dry matter and ash contents of grain decreased while the contents of protein and fat increased with the increasing severity of black point infection. The observations on macro and micro nutrient contents of grain indicated that the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sulphur, and boron increased, whereas the contents of potassium, iron, zinc, copper and sodium decreased with the increase of black point infection. However, the reductions in copper content of black point affected grains under different grades of infection were not significant as compared to apparently healthy grains. Key Words: Black point; Bipolaris sorokiniana; grain quality; wheat. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i2.5789Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(2) : 181-187, June 2009

scholarly journals Dry Matter Partitioning, Carbohydrate Composition, Protein Reserves, and Fruiting in ‘Autumn Bliss’ Red Raspberry Vary in Response to Pruning Date and Cane Density

HortScience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Brás de Oliveira ◽  
Maria José Silva ◽  
Ricardo B. Ferreira ◽  
Cristina M. Oliveira ◽  
António A. Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Dry Matter Distribution ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration

In a 2-year experiment (1994 and 1995), plants of primocane-fruiting red raspberry cultivar ‘Autumn Bliss’ grown in a plastic greenhouse were destructively harvested at different growth stages to determine the effect of pruning date and cane density on dry matter distribution, carbohydrate concentration, and soluble protein concentration in different plant parts. Three summer-pruning dates (early, mid, and late July) and four cane densities (8, 16, 24, and 32 canes/m row) were imposed. Relative root biomass decreased from pruning to first flower stage and remained constant thereafter for all pruning dates. Earlier pruning dates corresponded to earlier fruit production, but yield was significantly reduced on later pruning dates and higher cane densities. Sucrose concentration was higher in fine roots than in suberized roots and had a slight decrease during flowering and the beginning of harvest. Soluble protein concentrations did not differ significantly between pruning dates. Reserve carbohydrates in the root system were unaffected by pruning and cane density, and were rapidly used during active vegetative growth, began to recover just after bloom, and were fully recovered at the end of the season. Our experiment suggested that in red raspberry plants grown under poor environmental conditions, current yield is reduced but there is enough carbohydrate accumulation to support next year's growth.

Bioelements and heavy metals in dry and wet depositions at some localities in the morava river basin

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 277-283
Author(s):  
E. Kocková ◽  
M. Palát ◽  
M. Betušová
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Liquid Component ◽  
Nickel Chromium ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Morava River ◽  
Lead Nickel ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus ◽  
Copper Lead ◽  
Morava River Basin

Bioelements contained both in liquid and solid fall-out appear to be one of the potential sources of surface water pollution or effects on the landscape. The aim of the several-year monitoring consists in determining differences in the content of these components in particular localities of our region. To compare results, the methods of taking the samples as well as procedures in their processing were maintained although there are changes in the development and use of the methods. Due to technical reasons, it was not possible to separate liquid and solid components earlier than at two-month intervals. In spite of this, we use terms liquid and solid fall-out in determining the results although some small changes can occur in the liquid component. In comparing results of analyses from particular localities, it is necessary to take into account also the direction of prevailing winds which can help in identifying sources of air-borne components in fall-outs. All the fallout station localities were situated in such a way sources from the immediate vicinity to be eliminated. Sample analyses are aimed at general characteristics, i.e. dry matter, ash, water and macroelements (nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, aluminium, manganese) and microelements (boron, zinc, molybdenum, copper, lead, nickel, chromium, cadmium and mercury). At present, the measurements continue and results obtained are processed.

scholarly journals Performance of Tissue-cultured Primocane-fruiting Red Raspberries Following Chilling

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 590-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Privé ◽  
J. Alan Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Individual Component ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Total Plant

Growth rates for two types of tissue-cultured plant stock for `Heritage', `Ruby', and `Redwing' red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) were examined. Actively growing plantlets from the greenhouse (G) were compared to cold-treated (CT) plantlets from cold storage. The greatest differences between these two occurred during the first 6 weeks after planting. At 4 weeks, CT plants for all cultivars had longer canes and internodes, sometimes twice that of G plants. Although `Heritage' had greater total plant dry weights following chilling, `Ruby' and `Redwing' had less. Chilling had no effect on `Heritage' root growth but did reduce root dry weight for `Redwing' and `Ruby'. Relative growth rate (RGR) and leaf area ratio (L-AR) were more effective variables for analyzing growth as they considered differences in initial biomass and cane number and provided a better representation of the data during the initial 6 weeks of growth. All cultivars showed a greater total plant RGR and LAR for the CT plants at 6 weeks. During the first 4 weeks, the G plants were more efficient producers of root dry matter while the CT plants were more efficient producers of cane dry matter. By 6 weeks, the G plants had partitioned a greater percentage of their assimilates into cane growth while the leaves, canes, and roots of the CT plants contributed equally to total RGR. No difference in total or individual component RGR was observed after 6 weeks.

scholarly journals Uptake and Partitioning of Nutrients in Blackberry and Raspberry and Evaluating Plant Nutrient Status for Accurate Assessment of Fertilizer Requirements

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 452-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadine C. Strik ◽  
David R. Bryla
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Sampling Time ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Plant Nutrient ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Plant Parts

Raspberry and blackberry (Rubus sp.) plantings have a relatively low nutrient requirement compared with many other perennial fruit crops. Knowledge of annual accumulation of nutrients and periods of rapid uptake allows for better management of fertilization programs. Annual total nitrogen (N) accumulation in the aboveground plant ranged from 62 to 110 and 33 to 39 lb/acre in field-grown red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) and blackberry (Rubus ssp. rubus), respectively. Research on the fate of applied 15N (a naturally occurring istope of N) has shown that primocanes rely primarily on fertilizer N for growth, whereas floricane growth is highly dependent on stored N in the over-wintering primocanes, crown, and roots; from 30% to 40% of stored N was allocated to new growth. Plants receiving higher rates of N fertilizer took up more N, often leading to higher N concentrations in the tissues, including the fruit. Reallocation of N from senescing floricanes and primocane leaves to canes, crown, and roots has been documented. Accumulation of other macro- and micronutrients in plant parts usually preceded growth. Primocanes generally contained the highest concentration of most nutrients during the growing season, except calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn), which often were more concentrated in roots. Roots typically contained the highest concentration of all nutrients during winter dormancy. Nutrient partitioning varied considerably among elements due to different nutrient concentrations and requirements in each raspberry and blackberry plant part. This difference not only affected the proportion of each nutrient allocated to plant parts, but also the relative amount of each nutrient lost or removed during harvest, leaf senescence, and pruning. Macro- and micronutrient concentrations are similar for raspberry and blackberry fruit, resulting in a similar quantity of nutrient removed with each ton of fruit at harvest; however, yield may differ among cultivars and production systems. Nutrient removal in harvested red raspberry and blackberry fruit ranged from 11 to 18 lb/acre N, 10 to 19 lb/acre potassium (K), 2 to 4 lb/acre phosphorus (P), 1 to 2 lb/acre Ca, and 1 to 4 lb/acre magnesium (Mg). Pruning senescing floricanes in August led to greater plant nutrient losses than pruning in autumn. Primocane leaf nutrient status is often used in nutrient management programs. Leaf nutrient concentrations differ with primocane leaf sampling time and cultivar. In Oregon, the present recommended sampling time of late July to early August is acceptable for floricane-fruiting raspberry and blackberry types, and primocane-fruiting raspberry, but not for primocane-fruiting blackberry, where sampling leaves on primocane branches during the green fruit stage is recommended. Presently published leaf tissue standards appear to be too high for K in primocane-fruiting raspberry and blackberry, which is not surprising since the primocanes are producing fruit at the time of sampling and fruit contain a substantial amount of K.

Diagnosis and prognosis of molybdenum deficiency in black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) by plant analysis

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 195 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Jongruaysup ◽  
RW Bell ◽  
B Dell
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
Black Gram ◽  
Plant Analysis ◽  
N Content ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
The Relationship

Diagnosis and prognosis of molybdenum (Mo) deficiencies in black gram crops by plant analysis is difficult because Mo standards have not been set and tested in the field. Therefore, critical Mo concentrations, for the diagnosis of Mo deficiency at early flowering and for diagnosis and prognosis at pod filling in black gram, were determined in two glasshouse experiments by examining the relationship of Mo concentrations in young leaves and nodules to shoot nitrogen content or seed dry matter in plants treated with seven levels of Mo supply on a Mo-deficient sandy loam. In severely Mo-deficient plants, shoot dry matter (DM) and shoot nitrogen (N) content were depressed. Molybdenum concentrations in plant parts increased with increasing Mo supply and were closely related to shoot N content. shoot DM, and seed DM. Critical Mo concentrations for diagnosis of hi0 deficiency were obtained from the relationship between N content and &lo concentrations in leaves and nodules. and for prognosis of Mo deficiency were obtained from the relationship between seed yield and Mo concentrations in plant parts. Critical Mo concentrations were much higher in nodules than in leaves, and among young leaf blades, they increased with decreasing leaf age. For diagnosis of Mo deficiency, blades of the leaf immediately older than the youngest fully expanded leaf (YFEL+lb) and nodules are recommended plant parts. Their respective critical concentrations were 22 and 9600 ng Mo/g DM at flowering, and 22 and 3378 ng Mo/g DM at initial pod set. Molybdenum concentrations in the YFEL+lb and nodules at podding were also related to seed production at maturity. Recommended critical h10 concentrations in the YFELflb and nodules at initial pod set for the prognosis of IbIo deficiency for seed DM were 18 and 3000 ng Mo/g DM respectively.

The effect of field drying on the concentrations of some major elements in herbage

1986 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Wilman ◽  
Nthoana Mzamane
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Maturity Level ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Late Stages ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

SUMMARYHerbage from a grass-white clover sward was dried in the field to the hay stage (≤ 0·33 g moisture/g dry matter) at three times of year in 2 years comparing, in each case, all combinations of two stages of maturity, two levels of applied nitrogen and two thicknesses of swath. Samples taken at intervals during drying were analysed for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sodium.When there was little or no rain during drying, there was no change in the concentration of any of the six elements in the herbage dry matter between cutting and the hay stage, whatever the stage of maturity, level of N applied or swath thickness.The concentrations of potassium and sodium in the crop were greatly reduced by rain in the later stages of drying, but were less affected by rain in the early and middle stages; the concentrations of calcium and magnesium appeared to be reduced by rain as readily in the middle as in the later stages; the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus were relatively little affected by rain, but seemed likely to be more at risk in the later stages. The extent of the reductions in the concentration of elements was not markedly affected by the stage of maturity or level of N applied. There were reductions in the thin but not in the thick swaths when rain fell during the early and middle stages of drying, probably partly or wholly because the herbage in the thin swaths was drier, with a higher proportion of dead cells, at that time than the herbage in the thick swaths. At least 70 kg K/ha was leached out of the crop in the thick swaths by rain in the late stages of drying.

scholarly journals Vegetative Growth and Flowering of Primocane Raspberry ‘Ariadne’ as Affected by Prohexadione–calcium Treatments

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 529-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauliina Palonen ◽  
Katriina Mouhu
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium

Maintaining an appropriate balance between vegetative and generative growth is a prerequisite for profitable raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) production. The objective of our study was to test the effect of prohexadione–calcium (ProCa) on vegetative growth and flowering of primocane fruiting red raspberry ‘Ariadne’ in greenhouse conditions. ProCa was applied either once or twice in a concentration of 100 ppm or 200 ppm. Double applications of ProCa reduced cane height by 33 cm (100 ppm) or by 46 cm (200 ppm). Growth reduction was the result of shortening of the internodes, because total node number in plants was unaffected. Furthermore, cane diameter was reduced in plants treated with 200 ppm ProCa. ProCa treatments reduced the total aboveground dry weight by 32% to 55% but did not affect the allocation of dry weight into different plant parts. All ProCa treatments reduced the number of flowers by 22% to 42%. In conclusion, ProCa proved effective in controlling vegetative growth of red raspberry. However, because the number of flowers was reduced, ProCa cannot be recommended for growth regulation of primocane fruiting raspberry without further studies.

scholarly journals Growth, nutrient concentration, nutrient accumulation and visual symptoms of nutrient deficiencies in cherry tomato plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 585
Author(s):  
Janini Tatiane Lima Souza Maia ◽  
Hermínia Emília Prieto Martinez ◽  
Junia Maria Clemente ◽  
Marilia Contin Ventrella ◽  
Carla do Carmo Milagres
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Cherry Tomato ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Visual Symptoms ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

Tomato is one of the most popular vegetables, with high nutrient demand. The nutrient concentration can vary depending on the development phase, cultivation system, temperature, soil conditions, luminosity, relative humidity and management practices. The aim of this work was to characterize cherry tomato visual symptoms of deficiency, as well as the effect of nutritional restriction on the development and nutrient concentration of plants cultivated in nutrient solution. Plants of the cherry tomato, cultivar Sindy, were grown in green house. We have used eleven treatments, one control with complete nutrient solution and the other ten omitting respectively the nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, boron, copper, zinc and iron. The experiment was performed in randomized design with three repetitions. After 60 days, the plants were removed from the solutions and their main symptoms were photographed and described. The traits evaluated were: total dry matter yield, dry matter of leaves, dry matter of stems and dry matter of roots; number of leaves, number of inflorescences; number of fruits and root volume. The concentration and accumulation of nutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, boron, copper, zinc and iron in leaves, stems and roots were evaluated. Nutrient concentration and accumulation were influenced by the deficiencies imposed. The visual symptoms of deficiency that had appeared firstly were those of phosphorus, boron and iron, respectively. The omissions of the nutrients nitrogen, magnesium and boron were the ones that most compromised the dry matter production of the cherry tomato plants.

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