Importance of tolerance and growth rate in the resistance of oilseed rapes and mustards to flea beetles, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. Brandt ◽  
R. J. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Brassica Juncea ◽  
Brassica Rapa ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Phyllotreta Cruciferae ◽  
Flea Beetles

The resistance of oilseed rapes and mustards to crucifer flea beetles, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze), is known to vary, and tolerance to feeding damage may be a factor in the resistance shown by two of the species. The tolerance of Brassica juncea L., Brassica napus L., Brassica rapa L. and Sinapis alba L. was compared in field and laboratory studies. The growth rates of damaged and undamaged plants were measured at four early growth stages, and the level of antixenosis was determined to ascertain the relative importance of tolerance and antixenosis and the relationship between tolerance and growth rate. Antixenosis was confirmed to be a factor in the resistance of S. alba, but this species also proved to be most tolerant of feeding damage and showed rapid compensatory growth at three early growth stages. Brassica juncea showed no antixenosis, but it was tolerant of damage particularly at germination, the cotyledon stage, and the first true leaf stages, which probably accounts for its resistance to moderate flea beetle damage. Brassica rapa showed only a very low level of tolerance, and B. napus was intolerant of damage at all four growth stages. The level of tolerance was species specific and growth-stage specific and was not related to the rates of growth of the species. Key words: Insecta, antixenosis, canola, crucifer flea beetles

A SELECTION OF OILSEED RAPE, BRASSICA RAPA L., WITH RESISTANCE TO FLEA BEETLES, PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE (GOEZE) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)

1993 ◽  
Vol 125 (4) ◽  
pp. 703-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Lamb ◽  
P. Palaniswamy ◽  
K.A. Pivnick ◽  
M.A.H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Rapa ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Phyllotreta Cruciferae ◽  
Flea Beetles ◽  
Cotyledon Stage ◽  
Small Seed ◽  
Incomplete Resistance ◽  
Beetle Damage ◽  
Field Plots ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractFive cycles of single-plant and progeny-row selection in lines derived from Brassica rapa L. "Tobin" were used to identify plants with incomplete resistance to flea beetles, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze). This line, called C8711, had higher survival, grew larger, and yielded more seed than Tobin when the two lines were compared in field plots at Glenlea, Manitoba, unprotected by insecticide. C8711 without insecticide yielded more seed than Tobin treated with a lindane seed dressing, but less than Tobin treated with carbofuran granules. With carbofuran, which prevents most flea beetle damage, the yield of C8711 was 35% higher than for Tobin. At Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, the differences between C8711 and Tobin were not statistically significant, although the trends were similar to those at Glenlea. C8711 was late maturing, produced small seed, and was not of canola quality. The resistance in C8711 is attributed to a low level of antixenosis, rapid growth at the cotyledon stage, and tolerance to damage during the first 3–4 weeks of growth.

WOUND-INDUCED ANTIXENOTIC RESISTANCE TO FLEA BEETLES, PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE (GOEZE) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), IN CRUCIFERS

1993 ◽  
Vol 125 (5) ◽  
pp. 903-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Palaniswamy ◽  
R.J. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Sinapis Alba ◽  
Plastic Film ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Similar Extent ◽  
Mechanical Wounding ◽  
Phyllotreta Cruciferae ◽  
Flea Beetles ◽  
Beetle Damage

AbstractLaboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effect of wounding the cotyledons of Sinapis alba L. cv. Ochre, Brassica napus L. cv. Westar, B. rapa L. cv. Tobin, and C8711, a selection from Tobin, on subsequent feeding damage by the flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze). Cotyledons of 7-day-old seedlings were wounded either by puncturing them with needles (mechanical wounding) or by exposing them to flea beetles. One, 2, or 9 days following wounding, the wounded and unwounded seedlings were exposed to flea beetles and the feeding damage was estimated as a measure of antixenosis. Mechanical wounding of one of the cotyledons with 96 needle punctures induced a significant reduction in the damage of the unwounded cotyledons of S. alba, 1 or 2 days following wounding. True leaves of the wounded seedlings also showed consistently less damage than unwounded controls, 9 days following wounding. In S. alba, all three levels of mechanical wounding (i.e. 6, 24, or 96 punctures per cotyledon) reduced subsequent flea beetle damage to a similar extent. Wrapping a cotyledon of S. alba with a plastic film produced an effect similar to wounding it with needles. As with mechanical wounding, flea beetle wounding also reduced subsequent flea beetle damage in S. alba. Other plant species (B. napus and B. rapa) tested showed no measurable induced effects on subsequent feeding damage.

Influence of seed size in canola, Brassica napus L. and mustard, Sinapis alba L., on seedling resistance against flea beetles, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze)

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 397-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Bodnaryk ◽  
R. J. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Sinapis Alba ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Seedling Resistance ◽  
Phyllotreta Cruciferae ◽  
Flea Beetles ◽  
Sinapis Alba L

Seedlings of Brassica napus L. 'Westar' or Sinapis alba L. 'Ochre' grown from seeds of various size were offered to flea beetles, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) in feeding tests for damage assessment. The proportion of cotyledon area damaged in both species was highest for seedlings grown from small seeds in choice and no-choice feeding tests. The proportion of seedlings killed by flea beetle feeding was also highest in seedlings from small seeds, an effect that was especially pronounced at high beetle densities (10/seedling) where 100% of seedlings from small seeds of B. napus were killed compared to 28.3% of seedlings from big seeds. For S. alba, at 20 beetles/seedling, 45.4% of seedlings from small seeds were killed compared to only 9.1% of seedlings from big seeds. Seedlings grown from big seeds of S. alba tolerated low levels of damage caused by flea beetle feeding or by scissors. No evidence for tolerance was obtained for seedlings from small seeds of S. alba or for seedlings from big or small seeds of B. napus. "Big seeds" appears to be a desirable trait that enhances crucifer seedling resistance to flea beetle attack and results in increased seedling survival. Key words: Brassica napus 'Westar', Sinapis alba 'Ochre', Phyllotreta cruciferae, flea beetle, seed size, resistance

Will low-glucosinolate cultivars of the mustards Brassica juncea and Sinapis alba be vulnerable to insect pests?

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Bodnaryk
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Juncea ◽  
Plutella Xylostella ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Sinapis Alba ◽  
Mamestra Configurata ◽  
Phyllotreta Cruciferae ◽  
Pest Status ◽  
Flea Beetles ◽  
Bertha Armyworm

Foliar concentrations of the predominant glucosinolates in the mustards B. juncea (allyl glucosinolate, sinigrin) and S. alba (p-hydroxybenzyl glucosinolate, sinalbin) were determined in lines that had been selected in breeding programs for low levels of glucosinolates in their seeds for the oilseed market. The glucosinolate concentrations found in the cotyledons and leaves of the selected lines were also low, often by three or more orders of magnitude, compared with the unselected parent. The flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze, and the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), (both crucifer specialists) fed at equal rates on B. juncea and its low-glucosinolate lines, indicating that these species are insensitive to sinigrin and suggesting that their pest status on low-glucosinolate lines of B. juncea will likely remain unchanged. By contrast, the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Wlk. (a generalist) fed up to fivefold more on the leaves of low-glucosinolate lines, suggesting that its pest status on low-glucosinolate B. juncea is likely to worsen relative to the mustard B. juncea. Flea beetles, diamondback moth, and the bertha armyworm fed at equal rates on the mustard S. alba and a low-glucosinolate line indicating that the status of these pests on low-glucosinolate S. alba will unlikely be much different from the mustard S. alba.Lines of S. alba differing in their sinalbin concentration by 1000-fold had equal levels of antixenosis resistance in their cotyledons against flea beetles, leaving little doubt that this resistance is independent of glucosinolates. Flea beetle resistance was also detected in the cotyledons of a low-glucosinolate line of B. juncea. The resistance was not detected in the parental line or in another low-glucosinolate line and appears to have arisen fortuitously during crossing and selection. Since resistance occurs in a line with concentrations of sinigrin three or more orders of magnitude lower than non-resistant lines, this resistance is also unlikely to be glucosinolate based. The mustards S. alba and B. juncea are a useful source of cotyledon resistance against flea beetles that is compatible with the aims of oilseed breeding. Key words: Glucosinolate, Brassica juncea, Sinapis alba, Phyllotreta cruciferae, Plutella xylostella, Mamestra configurata, resistance, mustard, canola, insect

Laboratory studies of the toxicity of spinosad and deltamethrin to Phyllotreta cruciferae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

2007 ◽  
Vol 139 (4) ◽  
pp. 534-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.H. Elliott ◽  
M.C. Benjamin ◽  
C. Gillott
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Ionic Surfactant ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Phyllotreta Cruciferae ◽  
Flea Beetles ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Crucifer Flea Beetle ◽  
Delayed Mortality

AbstractLaboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the contact and oral toxicity of commercial formulations of spinosad and deltamethrin to adults of the crucifer flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze). Method of exposure had a significant effect on flea beetle mortality and feeding damage to canola seedlings. Topical treatment of flea beetles with deltamethrin or different concentrations of spinosad resulted in significantly lower mortality and higher feeding damage than exposure to treated canola cotyledons. Results indicated that spinosad was more toxic by ingestion than by topical contact. Mortality from treated cotyledons was significantly higher with 60 ppm deltamethrin than with 80 or 120 ppm spinosad after 24 h exposure but not after 120 h exposure. Delayed mortality in the spinosad treatments did not result in high feeding damage; damage after 120 h was not significantly different in the spinosad and deltamethrin treatments. Low concentrations of spinosad (40 ppm) strongly inhibited feeding activity within 24 h after exposure. Mortality from spinosad was higher after beetles were exposed to treated cotyledons for 120 h than for 24 h. Mortality from spinosad, but not deltamethrin, was significantly higher at 25 °C than at 15 °C. An ionic surfactant, polyethylenimine, increased the toxicity of 40 ppm spinosad. Our study suggests that spinosad has potential for use as an insecticide against crucifer flea beetles on canola.

Effects of simulated and flea beetle injury to cotyledons on growth of drought-stressed oilseed rape, Brassica napus L.

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy M. Nowatzki ◽  
Michael J. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Phyllotreta Cruciferae ◽  
Flea Beetles

Simulated injury was compared with flea beetle injury on cotyledons of oilseed rape grown at various soil moistures to determine the effects of injury on seedling growth in the greenhouse. The cotyledons of 7-d-old seedlings were injured at 0, 25, 50, and 75% of the total area with a 0.5-mm mechanical pencil or by flea beetles. The soil moisture was maintained at the field capacity, half field capacity, and the permanent wilting point. The growth response of the seedlings was compared for simulated flea beetle injury and soil moisture 7, 14, and 21 d post-injury, and for simulated and flea beetle injury, and soil moisture 7 d post-injury. Simulated injury had the greatest effect on seedlings grown at the field capacity, at 7 d post-injury. At the reduced soil moistures, increased levels of simulated injury were necessary to cause a significant loss in growth. By 14 and 21 d post-injury, compensation to the simulated injury occurred. Simulated injury caused significantly less growth reduction across all injury levels compared with flea beetle injury. However, at injury levels above 25%, both simulated and flea beetle injury had similar trends in growth reduction. The simulated injury tested in these experiments cannot be used in place of flea beetles for resistance screening studies, but may be useful if incorporated as a preliminary tool. Key words: Phyllotreta cruciferae, canola, oilseed rape, injury, damage response

RESISTANCE TO THE FLEA BEETLE PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) IN FALSE FLAX, CAMELINA SATIVA (BRASSICACEAE)

1998 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Palaniswamy Pachagounder ◽  
Robert J. Lamb ◽  
Robert P. Bodnaryk
Keyword(s):  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Camelina Sativa ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Phyllotreta Cruciferae ◽  
Flea Beetles ◽  
False Flax ◽  
Crucifer Flea Beetle ◽  
Natural Infestation ◽  
High Level

AbstractFeeding damage by the crucifer flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze), was assessed on 51 accessions of false flax, Camelina sativa L., and compared with damage to seven other crucifer species. Three experiments were conducted on seedlings in laboratory arenas infested with field-collected beetles. Feeding damage was estimated visually at daily intervals for up to 7 days. Natural infestation of false flax and other crucifers was observed in the field. Flea beetles fed little (0–10% consumption) on cotyledons or true leaves of any of the false flax accessions, and fed more (59–100% consumption) on the other crucifers. Flea beetles were observed sitting on false flax in the field, sometimes in high numbers, but they did not feed. In the laboratory, beetles eventually fed on cotyledons and leaves and once feeding was initiated, it tended to continue. Resistance in false flax may result from the absence of cues that initiate feeding, rather than a feeding deterrent. The high level of resistance in false flax would likely be economically beneficial if this species is developed as an oilseed crop. False flax could also be useful experimentally for identifying the cues that attract flea beetles to plants and stimulate their feeding.

When is fall feeding by flea beetles (Phyllotreta spp., Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on canola (Brassica napus L.) a problem?

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-107
Author(s):  
Juliana J. Soroka ◽  
Larry F. Grenkow
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Late Season ◽  
The Third ◽  
Flea Beetles ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
Seed Yields

Soroka, J. J. and L. F. Grenkow. 2012. When is fall feeding by flea beetles ( Phyllotreta spp., Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on canola ( Brassica napus L.) a problem? Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 97–107. Two cultivars of Brassica napus canola were seeded in mid-May and early June in three field experiments in each of 3 yr near Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, to determine the effects of late-season flea beetle feeding on seed yields. In the first experiment, canola was sprayed with insecticide late in the summer to eliminate naturally-infesting flea beetles. In the second, 1×1×1.5 m screen cages were placed over early- and late-seeded canola at flowering and infested with flea beetles as canola matured. In the third investigation, sleeve cages were placed over individual plants and infested with 100 flea beetles. Flea beetles had no detrimental effects on early-seeded canola in any experiment, but did affect seed yields of late-seeded plots in some trials. Over two cultivars in 1 year, late-seeded plants in cube cages infested with about 350 flea beetles per plant when lower pods were turning from translucent to green in colour reduced yield by 241 kg ha−1 over control yields. Seed weights in these late-seeded plots were decreased from 2.68 g per 1000 seeds in uninfested cages to 2.44 g per 1000 seeds in infested cages. Populations of 100 flea beetles per plant in sleeve cages had no effect on harvest parameters in any seeding date or year.

Effects of seed size and seed weight on seedling establishment, seedling vigour and tolerance of summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa) to flea beetles, Phyllotreta spp.

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Elliott ◽  
L. W. Mann ◽  
O. O. Olfert
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Brassica Rapa ◽  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Seedling Vigour ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Flea Beetles ◽  
Beetle Damage

A 3-yr study was conducted on three synthetic Brassica rapa L. cultivars to determine the effects of seed size and seed weight on seedling establishment, seedling growth and susceptibility to feeding damage by flea beetles, Phyllotreta spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Seed lots of AC Boreal, Fairview and Hysyn 110 were sieved to obtain small, medium and large seeds (1.4–1.6, 1.6–1.8 and 1.8–2.0 mm, respectively). In the laboratory, seedlings grown from large seeds had the largest cotyledons, highest shoot dry weight and highest biomass. Shoot weights increased as seed size increased. Sized seeds of the three cultivars were grown in the field without insecticides in 1998–2000. Seedlings of small seeds had the highest flea beetle damage and poorest seedling establishment. Shoot dry weight and biomass 14–35 d after planting increased as seed size and seed weight increased. Compared with small seeds, large seeds improved shoot dry weight, biomass and seed yield by 13–43, 25–57 and 12%, respectively. Results indicated that seedlings of medium and large seeds are more vigorous and tolerant to flea beetle damage than seedlings of small seeds. Tolerance was due to a higher initial seedling weight rather than higher relative growth rate. Shoot dry weights, biomass and yield of the three cultivars were more strongly correlated with 1000-seed weight than with seed diameter. Key words: Canola, flea beetles, seed size, seedling vigour, tolerance, seed weight

OBSERVATIONS ON DISTRIBUTION, SEASONAL LIFE HISTORY, AND ABUNDANCE OF FLEA BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) THAT INFEST RAPE CROPS IN MANITOBA

1979 ◽  
Vol 111 (12) ◽  
pp. 1345-1353 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Wylie
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Phyllotreta Cruciferae ◽  
Main Species ◽  
Phyllotreta Striolata ◽  
Flea Beetles ◽  
History Of

AbstractPhyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) was usually the most abundant flea beetle on crops of Argentine rape, Brassica napus L., in Manitoba, followed in order by Phyllotreta striolata (F.) and Psylliodes punctulata Melsh. These three species and small numbers of Phyllotreta bipustulata (F.) were present on volunteer rape in the spring. A few specimens of a fifth rape-eating species, Phyllotreta robusta Lee, were trapped in April after hibernating. The three main species were recorded in all 16 localities in which samples of flea beetles on rape crops and/or volunteer rape were collected. Details of seasonal life history of each species are presented, as well as data on the abundance of the three main species throughout the year on rape crops, in overwintering habitats and on volunteer rape in spring. The relative abundance of P. cruciferae, P. striolata, and Ps. punctulata in different rape-growing areas of Manitoba is discussed.

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