Will low-glucosinolate cultivars of the mustards Brassica juncea and Sinapis alba be vulnerable to insect pests?

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Bodnaryk
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Juncea ◽  
Plutella Xylostella ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Sinapis Alba ◽  
Mamestra Configurata ◽  
Phyllotreta Cruciferae ◽  
Pest Status ◽  
Flea Beetles ◽  
Bertha Armyworm

Foliar concentrations of the predominant glucosinolates in the mustards B. juncea (allyl glucosinolate, sinigrin) and S. alba (p-hydroxybenzyl glucosinolate, sinalbin) were determined in lines that had been selected in breeding programs for low levels of glucosinolates in their seeds for the oilseed market. The glucosinolate concentrations found in the cotyledons and leaves of the selected lines were also low, often by three or more orders of magnitude, compared with the unselected parent. The flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze, and the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), (both crucifer specialists) fed at equal rates on B. juncea and its low-glucosinolate lines, indicating that these species are insensitive to sinigrin and suggesting that their pest status on low-glucosinolate lines of B. juncea will likely remain unchanged. By contrast, the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Wlk. (a generalist) fed up to fivefold more on the leaves of low-glucosinolate lines, suggesting that its pest status on low-glucosinolate B. juncea is likely to worsen relative to the mustard B. juncea. Flea beetles, diamondback moth, and the bertha armyworm fed at equal rates on the mustard S. alba and a low-glucosinolate line indicating that the status of these pests on low-glucosinolate S. alba will unlikely be much different from the mustard S. alba.Lines of S. alba differing in their sinalbin concentration by 1000-fold had equal levels of antixenosis resistance in their cotyledons against flea beetles, leaving little doubt that this resistance is independent of glucosinolates. Flea beetle resistance was also detected in the cotyledons of a low-glucosinolate line of B. juncea. The resistance was not detected in the parental line or in another low-glucosinolate line and appears to have arisen fortuitously during crossing and selection. Since resistance occurs in a line with concentrations of sinigrin three or more orders of magnitude lower than non-resistant lines, this resistance is also unlikely to be glucosinolate based. The mustards S. alba and B. juncea are a useful source of cotyledon resistance against flea beetles that is compatible with the aims of oilseed breeding. Key words: Glucosinolate, Brassica juncea, Sinapis alba, Phyllotreta cruciferae, Plutella xylostella, Mamestra configurata, resistance, mustard, canola, insect

PREDATION ON ADULTS OF THE FLEA BEETLE PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE BY LACEWING LARVAE (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE)

1980 ◽  
Vol 112 (7) ◽  
pp. 745-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Plutella Xylostella ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Canadian Prairie ◽  
Phyllotreta Cruciferae ◽  
Flea Beetles ◽  
Insect Predators ◽  
Sweep Net ◽  
Adult Flea ◽  
Prairie Provinces

Several instances of predation by lacewing larvae on adults of the flea beetle Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) have been observed in Saskatchewan. Other reported insect predators of rapeseed-crop-infesting flea beetles in the Canadian prairie provinces are the beetle Collops vittatus Say (Gerber and Osgood 1975), and one of the big-eyed bugs, Geocoris bullatus (Say) (Burgess 1977).The first observation of an attack on an adult flea beetle by a lacewing larva was in August 1972, when some lacewing larvae, adult flea beetles, diamondback moth larvae (Plutella xylostella (L.)) and unidentified aphids and midges were swept from maturing rapeseed near Aberdeen, Saskatchewan. One of these lacewing larvae attacked an adult of P. cruczferae in a glass collecting-vial and carried the flea beetle around in its jaws. Other lacewing larvae attacked aphids, midges, and diamondback moth larvae. Further evidence for lacewing larvae feeding on adult flea beetles was obtained in August 1979, when a sizeable population of lacewing larvae in a rapeseed crop was encountered near St. Gregor, Saskatchewan. One of the larvae swept from this crop had an adult of P. cruciferae in its jaws when it was first seen in the sweep net. Later the same day, another lacewing larva, swept from a nearby rapeseed field, attacked an adult of P. cruciferae in a collecting vial. In the laboratory both lacewing larvae, still carrying their prey, were quick-frozen, preserved in 70% ethanol and later photographed.

WOUND-INDUCED ANTIXENOTIC RESISTANCE TO FLEA BEETLES, PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE (GOEZE) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), IN CRUCIFERS

1993 ◽  
Vol 125 (5) ◽  
pp. 903-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Palaniswamy ◽  
R.J. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Sinapis Alba ◽  
Plastic Film ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Similar Extent ◽  
Mechanical Wounding ◽  
Phyllotreta Cruciferae ◽  
Flea Beetles ◽  
Beetle Damage

AbstractLaboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effect of wounding the cotyledons of Sinapis alba L. cv. Ochre, Brassica napus L. cv. Westar, B. rapa L. cv. Tobin, and C8711, a selection from Tobin, on subsequent feeding damage by the flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze). Cotyledons of 7-day-old seedlings were wounded either by puncturing them with needles (mechanical wounding) or by exposing them to flea beetles. One, 2, or 9 days following wounding, the wounded and unwounded seedlings were exposed to flea beetles and the feeding damage was estimated as a measure of antixenosis. Mechanical wounding of one of the cotyledons with 96 needle punctures induced a significant reduction in the damage of the unwounded cotyledons of S. alba, 1 or 2 days following wounding. True leaves of the wounded seedlings also showed consistently less damage than unwounded controls, 9 days following wounding. In S. alba, all three levels of mechanical wounding (i.e. 6, 24, or 96 punctures per cotyledon) reduced subsequent flea beetle damage to a similar extent. Wrapping a cotyledon of S. alba with a plastic film produced an effect similar to wounding it with needles. As with mechanical wounding, flea beetle wounding also reduced subsequent flea beetle damage in S. alba. Other plant species (B. napus and B. rapa) tested showed no measurable induced effects on subsequent feeding damage.

Influence of seed size in canola, Brassica napus L. and mustard, Sinapis alba L., on seedling resistance against flea beetles, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze)

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 397-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Bodnaryk ◽  
R. J. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Sinapis Alba ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Seedling Resistance ◽  
Phyllotreta Cruciferae ◽  
Flea Beetles ◽  
Sinapis Alba L

Seedlings of Brassica napus L. 'Westar' or Sinapis alba L. 'Ochre' grown from seeds of various size were offered to flea beetles, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) in feeding tests for damage assessment. The proportion of cotyledon area damaged in both species was highest for seedlings grown from small seeds in choice and no-choice feeding tests. The proportion of seedlings killed by flea beetle feeding was also highest in seedlings from small seeds, an effect that was especially pronounced at high beetle densities (10/seedling) where 100% of seedlings from small seeds of B. napus were killed compared to 28.3% of seedlings from big seeds. For S. alba, at 20 beetles/seedling, 45.4% of seedlings from small seeds were killed compared to only 9.1% of seedlings from big seeds. Seedlings grown from big seeds of S. alba tolerated low levels of damage caused by flea beetle feeding or by scissors. No evidence for tolerance was obtained for seedlings from small seeds of S. alba or for seedlings from big or small seeds of B. napus. "Big seeds" appears to be a desirable trait that enhances crucifer seedling resistance to flea beetle attack and results in increased seedling survival. Key words: Brassica napus 'Westar', Sinapis alba 'Ochre', Phyllotreta cruciferae, flea beetle, seed size, resistance

SCREENING FOR ANTIXENOSIS RESISTANCE TO FLEA BEETLES, PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE (GOEZE) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), IN RAPESEED AND RELATED CRUCIFERS

1992 ◽  
Vol 124 (5) ◽  
pp. 895-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Palaniswamy ◽  
R.J. Lamb ◽  
P.B.E. McVetty
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Sinapis Alba ◽  
Laboratory Method ◽  
Initial Screening ◽  
Phyllotreta Cruciferae ◽  
Visual Rating ◽  
Flea Beetles ◽  
Visual Rating Scale

AbstractA laboratory method to screen crucifer seedlings for antixenosis resistance to flea beetles, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze), is described. The method utilizes a plexiglass arena with a foam base to hold 30- by 50-mm vials containing individual seedlings of 10 entries (10 seedlings per entry) in a 10 × 10 layout. In each arena, nine test entries and a standard entry are compared in a Latin square design. Flea beetles are allowed to feed on seedlings for about 30 h, and then the damage to individual seedlings is estimated using a visual rating scale. A rating of one arena can be completed in about 15 min. Seedlings at the arena edge often suffer more damage than those in the centre of the arena, but the effect of this variability in damage is minimized by the Latin square design. Use of border (guard) rows and columns does not eliminate the edge effects. The use of arenas without borders, and a single damage rating where the damage to the standard entry is about 50% of the cotyledon area, are considered ideal for initial screening to identify sources of flea beetle resistance. The method detects entries that differ by as little as 18% damage using a single arena with 10 replicate seedlings per entry. No significant antixenosis was found among 19 cultivars of Brassica napus L. and B. campestris L., but one accession of B. carinata L. and two accessions of Sinapis alba (L.) exhibited antixenosis.

Identification and evaluation of flea beetle (Phyllotreta cruciferae) resistance within Brassicaceae

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 881-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Gavloski ◽  
U. Ekuere ◽  
A. Keddie ◽  
L. Dosdall ◽  
L. Kott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Sinapis Alba ◽  
Hybrid Line ◽  
Repeated Testing ◽  
Genetic Trait ◽  
Phyllotreta Cruciferae ◽  
Thlaspi Arvense ◽  
Flea Beetles

All currently registered varieties of canola/oilseed rape, Brassica napus and B. rapa, are susceptible to attack by flea beetles, although to varying degrees. The development of resistant cultivars would be an environmentally acceptable means to reduce the damage caused by flea beetles. Seedlings from 10 species of Brassicaceae were evaluated for levels of antixenosis resistance to flea beetles in the laboratory, along with 308 Sinapis alba/B. napus hybrids. Thlaspi arvense and 11 cultivars of S. alba were resistant to feeding by flea beetles. In addition, 34 S. alba/B. napus hybrids were resistant to feeding by flea beetle in at least one test, although many of these failed to demonstrate resistance with repeated testing. One hybrid line was resistant to feeding by flea beetles each of the four times it was tested, while another was resistant in three out of four tests. These data indicate that resistance to flea beetles within the Brassicaceae is a genetic trait and can be transferred by interspecific hybridization. This information is the first step towards introgression of genetic sources of flea beetle resistance from resistant relatives into canola varieties. Key words: Flea beetles, Phyllotreta cruciferae, Brassica, resistance, antixenosis, introgression

Effects of modifying the phytosterol profile of canola, Brassica napus L., on growth, development, and survival of the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), the flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and the aphids, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae)

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 677-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Bodnaryk ◽  
Ma Luo ◽  
Lubomir Kudryk
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Adult Development ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Lipaphis Erysimi ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Mamestra Configurata ◽  
Phyllotreta Cruciferae ◽  
Sterol Profile ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Bertha Armyworm

The sterol profile of canola, Brassica napus, was altered by treatment with 5 ppm of the systemic fungicides fenpropimorph and tridemorph. The usual Δ5-phytosterols sistosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol were depleted in leaves and roots and replaced by unusual 4-alpha-methyl and 4-desmethyl sterols that were never observed in untreated plants. Growth, development, and survival of the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata, fed leaves of treated canola in the laboratory were affected adversely at specific stages in the life cycle. Larval survival was high and not significantly different in treated and control groups. Most of the mortality in the treated group occurred at pupation and during pupal-adult development. At ecolosion a high proportion of adults were deformed (crumpled wings, failure to exit the pupal case). The adverse effects of feeding on fenpropimorph-treated canola were not attributable to the fungicide itself because larvae fed an artificial diet containing a 10-fold higher concentration of fenpropimorph had normal growth, development, and survival.Although larvae of M. configurata fed canola with a modified sterol profile showed no obvious physiological symptoms, the larvae were more susceptible to the insecticide methomyl (Lannate). Phytosterol modification of the plant in combination with insecticide application may lead to a synergistic interaction in the pest insect.Fewer larvae, prepupae and pupae of the flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae, were recovered from soil samples in field plots with canola treated with fenpropimorph or tridemorph in the laboratory. Adult beetles began to emerge from the soil later, emergence progressed more slowly and fewer were trapped in plots with treated canola.Fewer larvae and adults (up to 50% reduction) of the aphids M. persicae and Lipaphis erysimi, were produced on canola treated with tridemorph. Since aphids harbour sterol-synthesizing mycetocyte-symbionts and are not dependent on a dietary source of sterols, factors other than a deficiency of Δ5-phytosterols must be responsible for the reduction in aphid numbers on treated plants. Key words: Brassica, sterol, fungicide, insecta, development, survival

Importance of tolerance and growth rate in the resistance of oilseed rapes and mustards to flea beetles, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. Brandt ◽  
R. J. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Brassica Juncea ◽  
Brassica Rapa ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Phyllotreta Cruciferae ◽  
Flea Beetles

The resistance of oilseed rapes and mustards to crucifer flea beetles, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze), is known to vary, and tolerance to feeding damage may be a factor in the resistance shown by two of the species. The tolerance of Brassica juncea L., Brassica napus L., Brassica rapa L. and Sinapis alba L. was compared in field and laboratory studies. The growth rates of damaged and undamaged plants were measured at four early growth stages, and the level of antixenosis was determined to ascertain the relative importance of tolerance and antixenosis and the relationship between tolerance and growth rate. Antixenosis was confirmed to be a factor in the resistance of S. alba, but this species also proved to be most tolerant of feeding damage and showed rapid compensatory growth at three early growth stages. Brassica juncea showed no antixenosis, but it was tolerant of damage particularly at germination, the cotyledon stage, and the first true leaf stages, which probably accounts for its resistance to moderate flea beetle damage. Brassica rapa showed only a very low level of tolerance, and B. napus was intolerant of damage at all four growth stages. The level of tolerance was species specific and growth-stage specific and was not related to the rates of growth of the species. Key words: Insecta, antixenosis, canola, crucifer flea beetles

ANTIBIOSIS OF PREFERRED AND NON-PREFERRED HOST-PLANTS FOR THE FLEA BEETLE, PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE (GOEZE) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)

1997 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Palaniswamy ◽  
R.J. Lamb ◽  
R.P. Bodnaryk
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sinapis Alba ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Phyllotreta Cruciferae ◽  
Thlaspi Arvense ◽  
Flea Beetles ◽  
Adult Flea ◽  
Promising Type

AbstractThe antibiosis of crucifers to flea beetles, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze), was compared for Brassica juncea L., B. napus L., and B. rapa L. with low antixenosis, B. carinata L. and Sinapis alba L. with moderate antixenosis, and Thlaspi arvense L. with high antixenosis. Adult flea beetles collected from the field in early spring fed actively on intact or excised leaves of all plants except T. arvense. The beetles survived, and gained weight and fat on the Brassica species and S. alba, but not on intact foliage of T. arvense. No antibiosis was detected in any of the Brassica species or in S. alba. Intact foliage of T. arvense was so antixenotic that beetles probably starved rather than suffered from antibiosis. A low level of antibiosis was detected in excised foliage of T. arvense where the antixenosis was lost. These experiments show that estimates of beetle survival, dry weight, and fat content can be used in the laboratory to test small numbers of candidate plants for antibiosis. However, the level of antibiosis appears to vary less among Brassica species and related plants than does the level of antixenosis, and so the latter is a more promising type of resistance for use against flea beetles in canola.

A SELECTION OF OILSEED RAPE, BRASSICA RAPA L., WITH RESISTANCE TO FLEA BEETLES, PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE (GOEZE) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)

1993 ◽  
Vol 125 (4) ◽  
pp. 703-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Lamb ◽  
P. Palaniswamy ◽  
K.A. Pivnick ◽  
M.A.H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Rapa ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Phyllotreta Cruciferae ◽  
Flea Beetles ◽  
Cotyledon Stage ◽  
Small Seed ◽  
Incomplete Resistance ◽  
Beetle Damage ◽  
Field Plots ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractFive cycles of single-plant and progeny-row selection in lines derived from Brassica rapa L. "Tobin" were used to identify plants with incomplete resistance to flea beetles, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze). This line, called C8711, had higher survival, grew larger, and yielded more seed than Tobin when the two lines were compared in field plots at Glenlea, Manitoba, unprotected by insecticide. C8711 without insecticide yielded more seed than Tobin treated with a lindane seed dressing, but less than Tobin treated with carbofuran granules. With carbofuran, which prevents most flea beetle damage, the yield of C8711 was 35% higher than for Tobin. At Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, the differences between C8711 and Tobin were not statistically significant, although the trends were similar to those at Glenlea. C8711 was late maturing, produced small seed, and was not of canola quality. The resistance in C8711 is attributed to a low level of antixenosis, rapid growth at the cotyledon stage, and tolerance to damage during the first 3–4 weeks of growth.

OBSERVATIONS ON DISTRIBUTION, SEASONAL LIFE HISTORY, AND ABUNDANCE OF FLEA BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) THAT INFEST RAPE CROPS IN MANITOBA

1979 ◽  
Vol 111 (12) ◽  
pp. 1345-1353 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Wylie
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Phyllotreta Cruciferae ◽  
Main Species ◽  
Phyllotreta Striolata ◽  
Flea Beetles ◽  
History Of

AbstractPhyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) was usually the most abundant flea beetle on crops of Argentine rape, Brassica napus L., in Manitoba, followed in order by Phyllotreta striolata (F.) and Psylliodes punctulata Melsh. These three species and small numbers of Phyllotreta bipustulata (F.) were present on volunteer rape in the spring. A few specimens of a fifth rape-eating species, Phyllotreta robusta Lee, were trapped in April after hibernating. The three main species were recorded in all 16 localities in which samples of flea beetles on rape crops and/or volunteer rape were collected. Details of seasonal life history of each species are presented, as well as data on the abundance of the three main species throughout the year on rape crops, in overwintering habitats and on volunteer rape in spring. The relative abundance of P. cruciferae, P. striolata, and Ps. punctulata in different rape-growing areas of Manitoba is discussed.

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