A COMPARISON OF METHODS TO RAISE ZINC CONCENTRATION OF APPLE LEAVES

Billions of peoples are directly affected from the micronutrient malnutrition called hidden hunger affecting one in three people. Micronutrient Iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. Iron (Fe) deficiency leads to maternal mortality, mental damage and lower disease resistant of children. Likely Zinc (Zn) deficiency is responsible for stunting, lower respiratory tract infections, and malaria and diarrhea disease in human beings. Nepalese lentils are in fact rich sources of proteins and micronutrients (Fe, Zn) for human health and straws as a valuable animal feed. It has ability to sequester N and C improves soil nutrient status, which in turn provides sustainable production systems. Twenty five lentil genotypes were evaluated to analyze genotype × environment interaction for iron and zinc concentration in the grains. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that the accessions under study were found varied significantly (P=<0.001) for both seed Fe and Zn concentrations at all the three locations. Pooled analysis of variance over locations displayed highly significant (at P=<0.001) differences between genotypes, locations and genotype × location interaction for Zn micronutrient but insignificant genotype x location interaction was found in Fe micronutrient. Among 25 genotypes, the ranges for seed Fe concentration were 71.81ppm (ILL-2712)-154.03 ppm (PL-4) (mean 103.34 ppm) at Khajura, 79.89 ppm (ILL-3490)-128.14 ppm (PL-4) (mean 95.43 ppm) at Parwanipur, and 83.92 ppm (ILL-7979) -137.63 ppm (ILL-6819) (mean 103.11ppm) at Rampur, while the range across all the three locations was 82.53 ppm (ILL-7979) -133.49 ppm (PL-4) (mean 101.04 ppm). Likely the range for seed Zn concentration was 53.76 ppm (ILL-7723) – 70.15 ppm (ILL-4605) (mean 61.84 ppm) at Khajura, while the ranges for Parwanipur and Rampur were 54.21 ppm (ILL-7723) -91,94 ppm (ILL-4605) (mean 76.55 ppm) and 46.41 ppm (LG-12) – 59.95 ppm (ILL-4605) (mean 54.27 ppm) , respectively. The range across the three environments was 54.03 ppm (ILL-7723) – 75.34 ppm (HUL-57) (mean 64.22 ppm). Although both the micronutrients were influenced by environment, seed Fe was more sensitive to environmental fluctuations in comparison to seed Zn concentration. The G × E study revealed that it was proved that genotypes Sagun, RL-6 and LG-12 were more stable for seed Fe concentration and genotypes WBL-77, ILL-7164, RL-11 were found more stable for seed Zn concentration. In the AMMI analysis employing Gollob’s test, first two PC explained 100% of the G × E variation. PC 1 and PC 2 explained 87.19% and 12.81% of total G × E interactions for Fe concentration and likely for Zn concentration; PC1 and PC2 explained 70.11% and 29.88%, respectively. The critical perusal of biplot revealed that Parawnipur locations was found to discriminating power for Fe concentration while for Zn concentration Khajura location was found to be most discriminative. The critical analysis of pedigree vis-à-vis micronutrient concentration did not reveal any correlation. This is probably the first report on iron and zinc concentration in lentil from Nepal.

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Plant-availability of soil and fertilizer zinc in cultivated soils of Finland

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.23986/afsci.72649 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 197-270

Author(s):

Markku Yli-Halla

Keyword(s):

Soil Ph ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Zinc Concentration ◽

Acid Soils ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Peat Soils ◽

Zn Uptake ◽

Zn Concentration ◽

Mineral Soils ◽

Cultivated Soils

The Zn status of cultivated soils of Finland was investigated by chemical analyses and bioassays. The effect on ryegrass of different Zn fertilizers and Zn rates was studied in pot experiments and their effect on barley and timothy in field experiments. In an uncontaminated surface soil material of 72 mineral soils and 34 organogenic soils, total Zn (Zntot) was 10.3-202 mg kg-1(median 66 mg kg-1). In mineral soils, Zntot correlated positively with clay content (r = 0.81***) and in organogenic soils negatively with organic C (r = -0.53***). Zinc bound by organic matter and sesquioxides was sequentially extracted by 0.1 M K4P2O7 (Znpy) and 0.05 M oxalate at pH 2.9 (Znox), respectively. The sum Znpy + Znox, a measure of secondary Zn potentially available to plants, was 2 - 88% of Zntot and was the lowest in clay (median 5%) and highest in peat soils (median 49%). Water-soluble and exchangeable Zn consisted of0.3 - 37% (median 3%) of Zntot, the percentage being higher in acid soils, particularly in peat soils. Zinc was also extracted by 0.5 M ammonium acetate - 0,5 M acetic acid - 0.02 M Na2-EDTA at pH 4.65 (ZnAC), the method used in soil testing in Finland. The quantities of ZnAC (median 2.9 mg dm-3, range 0.6 - 29.9 mg dm-3) averaged 50% and 75% of Znpy + Znox in mineral and organogenic soils, respectively, and correlated closely with Znpy. In soil profiles, ZnAC was with few exceptions higher in the plough layer (0 - 20 cm) than in the subsoil (30 - 100 cm). In an intensive pot experiment on 107 surface soils, four crops of ryegrass took up 2 - 68% (median 26%)of Znpy + Znox. The plant-available Zn reserves were not exhausted even though in a few peat soils the Zn supply to grass decreased over time. Variation of Zn uptake was quite accurately explained by ZnAC but increasing pH had a negative impact on Zn uptake. Application of Zn (10 mg dm-3 of soil as ZnSO4 * 7 H2O) did not give rise to yield increases. In mineral soils, increase of plant Zn concentration correlated negatively with soil pH while ZnAC was of secondary importance. In those organogenic soils in which the reserves of native Zn were the most effectively utilized, plant Zn concentration also responded most strongly to applied Zn. In two 2-year field experiments, Zn application did not increase timothy or barley yields. Zinc concentration of timothy increased from 30 mg kg-1 to 33 and 36 mg kg-1 when 3 or 6 kg Zn ha-1 was applied, respectively. The efficiency of ZnSO4 * 7 H2O alone did not differ from that of a fertilizer where ZnSO4 * 7H20 was granulated with gypsum. Zinc concentration of barley grains increased by foliar sprays of Na2Zn-EDTA but only a marginal response to soil-applied Zn (4.8 or 5.4 kg ha-1 over three years) was detected in three 3-year experiments. High applications of Zn to soil (15 or 30 kg ha-1 as ZnSO4 * 7H2O) were required to increase Zn concentration of barley markedly. In order to prevent undue accumulation of fertilizer Zn in soil, it is proposed that Zn fertilizer recommendations for field crops should be based on both soil pH and ZnAC. In slightly acid and neutral soils, even if poor in Zn, response of plant Zn concentration to applied Zn remains small while there is a high response in strongly acid soils.

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Soil and foliar zinc application to biofortify broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica L.): effects on the zinc concentration and bioavailability

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/14/2020-pse ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 66 (No. 3) ◽

pp. 113-118

Author(s):

Angelica Rivera-Martin ◽

Martin R Broadley ◽

Maria J Poblaciones

Keyword(s):

Phytic Acid ◽

Acid Concentration ◽

Zinc Concentration ◽

Zn Deficiency ◽

Mineral Concentration ◽

Zn Concentration ◽

Foliar Treatment ◽

Soil Zn ◽

Foliar Zinc Application ◽

Zinc Application

Agronomic zinc (Zn) biofortification of crops could help to alleviate dietary Zn deficiency, which is likely to affect more than one billion people worldwide. To evaluate the efficiency of agronomic Zn biofortification of broccoli, four application treatments were tested: no Zn application (control); soil application of 5 mg/kg ZnSO4·7 H2O (soil); two sprays (15 mL/pot each) of 0.25% (w/v) ZnSO4·7 H2O (foliar); and soil + foliar combination. Soil Zn application increased Zn-DTPA (diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid) concentration by 3.7-times but did not affect plant growth or plant Zn concentration. Foliar Zn application increased stem + leaves and floret Zn concentration by 78 and 23 mg Zn/kg, respectively, with good bioavailability based on phytic acid concentration. Boiling decreased mineral concentration by 19%, but increased bioavailability by decreasing the phytic acid concentration. The entire broccoli could constitute a good nutritional source for animals and humans. An intake of 100 g boiled florets treated with the foliar treatment will cover about 36% of recommended dietary intake (RDI) of Zn, together with 30% of Ca, 94% of K, 32% of Mg, 6% of Na, 55% of P, 60% of S, 10% of Cu, 22% of Fe, 43% of Mn, and 35% of Se RDIs.

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EFFECT OF ZINC FERTILIZATION ON PLANT ZINC CONCENTRATION OF FORAGES AND CEREALS

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/cjss89-049 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 69 (3) ◽

pp. 473-479 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

UMESH C. GUPTA

Keyword(s):

Prince Edward Island ◽

Zinc Sulfate ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Foliar Spray ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Zn Deficiency ◽

Hordeum Vulgare L ◽

Boot Stage ◽

Zn Concentration ◽

Cereal Grain

Field experiments were conducted in Prince Edward Island (P.E.I.) to determine the effects of Zn (zinc sulfate) applied to the soil; applied as a foliar spray; and the effects of chelated Zn applied as a foliar spray on Zn concentration of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Plant tissue Zn levels as low as 12 mg kg−1 in forages, 14 mg kg−1 in cereal boot stage tissue and 19 mg kg−1 in cereal grain were not related to Zn deficiency. Tissue Zn levels as high as 123 mg kg−1 in barley boot stage tissue and 153 mg kg−1 in alfalfa did not result in yield reduction or any Zn toxicity symptoms. Cereal and forage yields were not affected by Zn treatments. In most cases, soil and foliar Zn applications were effective in increasing the Zn concentration in forages and cereals. Should a Zn deficiency be suspected (either from the crop or animal nutrition viewpoint) Zn could be applied to the soil at 20 kg ha−1 or as a foliar spray at 0.5 to 1.0 kg ha−1 to overcome the problem in this region (and in other areas with similar soil and climatic conditions). Key words: Plant Zn, soil and foliar applied Zn, Zn chelate and zinc sulfate, podzol soils

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Effect of Soil Application of Zinc on Growth, Yield and Zinc Concentration in Rice Varieties

European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences ◽

10.24018/ejfood.2021.3.6.425 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (6) ◽

pp. 117-122

Author(s):

M. Rafiqul Islam ◽

Abida Sultana ◽

M. Jahiruddin ◽

Shofiqul Islam

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Zinc Concentration ◽

Rice Variety ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Crop Productivity ◽

Zn Deficiency ◽

Rice Varieties ◽

Zn Concentration ◽

Intensive Cropping ◽

Grain Zn Concentration

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is widespread nutrient disorder in lowland rice growing areas in Asia, especially in Bangladesh. Intensive cropping with modern varieties causes depletion of inherent nutrient reserves in soils. The application of Zn fertilizers results in higher crop productivity and increases Zn concentration in crops. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of Zn application on growth, yield, and grain-Zn concentration in eight varieties of rice. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with a distribution of Zn rates (0 kg ha-1 and 3 kg ha-1 from ZnO) to the main plots and rice varieties (BRRI dhan49, BRRI dhan52, BRRI dhan56, BRRI dhan57, Kalizira, Biroin, Gainja and Khirshapath) to the sub-plots. Zinc application improved effective tillers hill-1, grains panicle-1 and 1000-grain weight which impacted the grain yield of rice. Among the eight rice varieties, a significant increase of grain yield was recorded in BRRI dhan49, BRRI dhan52, BRRI dhan56 and BRRI dhan57 due to application of Zn. Zinc concentration of grain significantly increased in all rice varieties except Biroin. The highest grain-Zn concentration (19.1 mg kg-1) was noted in BRRI dhan57 with 3 kg ha-1 Zn and the lowest value (11.3 mg kg-1) was observed in BRRI dhan52 without Zn application. The highest percent increase of grain Zn concentration over control was obtained in high yielding rice variety BRRI dhan49 and the lowest Zn concentration was found in local rice variety Biroin.

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Zinc application enhances grain zinc density in genetically-zinc-biofortified wheat grown on a low-zinc calcareous soil

Journal of Scientific Agriculture ◽

10.25081/jsa.2018.v2.20181512 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 107-110 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Calcareous Soil ◽

Zn Deficiency ◽

Target Level ◽

Zn Concentration ◽

Grain Zinc ◽

Zn Availability ◽

Zinc Application ◽

Grain Zn Concentration

Human zinc (Zn) deficiency is a worldwide problem, especially in developing countries due to the prevalence of cereals in the diet. Among different alleviation strategies, genetic Zn biofortification is considered a sustainable approach. However, it may depend on Zn availability from soils. We grew Zincol-16 (genetically-Zn-biofortified wheat) and Faisalabad-08 (widely grown standard wheat) in pots with (8 mg kg−1) or without Zn application. The cultivars were grown in a low-Zn calcareous soil. The grain yield of both cultivars was significantly (P≤0.05) increased with that without Zn application. As compared to Faisalabad-08, Zincol-16 had 23 and 41% more grain Zn concentration respectively at control and applied rate of Zn. Faisalabad-08 accumulated about 18% more grain Zn concentration with Zn than Zincol-16 without Zn application. A near target level of grain Zn concentration (36 mg kg−1) was achieved in Zincol-16 only with Zn fertilisation. Over all, the findings clearly signify the importance of agronomic Zn biofortification of genetically Zn-biofortified wheat grown on a low-Zn calcareous soil.

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Evidence for improved pollen viability as the mechanism for film antitranspirant mitigation of drought damage to wheat yield

Crop and Pasture Science ◽

10.1071/cp15356 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 67 (2) ◽

pp. 137 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Minuka M. Weerasinghe ◽

Peter S. Kettlewell ◽

Ivan G. Grove ◽

Martin C. Hare

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Pollen Viability ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Spray Application ◽

Grain Number ◽

Climatic Zones ◽

Boot Stage ◽

Wide Range ◽

Drought Damage

Application of film antitranspirant to wheat during late stem extension reduces drought damage to yield, but the mechanism is unknown. Field experiments under rain shelters were conducted over 3 years to test the hypothesis that film antitranspirant applied before meiosis alleviates drought-induced losses of pollen viability, grain number and yield. The film antitranspirant di-1-p-menthene was applied at third-node stage, and meiosis occurred at the early boot stage, with a range of 11–16 days after spray application in different years. Irrigated, unsprayed plots were included under the rain-shelters, and pollen viability, measured in 2 years in these plots, averaged 95.3%. Drought reduced pollen viability to 80.1% in unirrigated, unsprayed plots, but only to 88.6% in unirrigated plots treated with film antitranspirant. Grain number and yield of irrigated plots, measured in all years, were 16 529 m–2 and 9.55 t ha–1, respectively, on average. These were reduced by drought to 11 410 m–2 and 6.31 t ha–1 in unirrigated, unsprayed plots, but only to 12 878 m–2 and 6.97 t ha–1 in unirrigated plots treated with film antitranspirant. Thus compared with unirrigated, unsprayed plots, antitranspirant gave a grain yield benefit of 0.66 t ha–1. Further work is needed to validate the pollen viability mechanism in different climatic zones and with a wide range of cultivars.

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A field perspective on effects of fire and temperature fluctuation on Cerrado legume seeds

Seed Science Research ◽

10.1017/s096025851700006x ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 74-83 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

L. Felipe Daibes ◽

Talita Zupo ◽

Fernando A.O. Silveira ◽

Alessandra Fidelis

Keyword(s):

Temperature Fluctuation ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Seed Viability ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Temperature Fluctuations ◽

Fire Effects ◽

Fuel Load ◽

Physical Dormancy ◽

Legume Seeds ◽

Field Perspective

AbstractInformation from a field perspective on temperature thresholds related to physical dormancy (PY) alleviation and seed resistance to high temperatures of fire is crucial to disentangle fire- and non-fire-related germination cues. We investigated seed germination and survival of four leguminous species from a frequently burned open Neotropical savanna in Central Brazil. Three field experiments were conducted according to seed location in/on the soil: (1) fire effects on exposed seeds; (2) fire effects on buried seeds; and (3) effects of temperature fluctuations on exposed seeds in gaps and shaded microsites in vegetation. After field treatments, seeds were tested for germination in the laboratory, together with the control (non-treated seeds). Fire effects on exposed seeds decreased viability in all species. However, germination of buried Mimosa leiocephala seeds was enhanced by fire in an increased fuel load treatment, in which we doubled the amount of above-ground biomass. Germination of two species (M. leiocephala and Harpalyce brasiliana) was enhanced with temperature fluctuation in gaps, but this condition also decreased seed viability. Our main conclusions are: (1) most seeds died when exposed directly to fire; (2) PY could be alleviated during hotter fires when seeds were buried in the soil; and (3) daily temperature fluctuations in gaps also broke PY of seeds on the soil surface, so many seeds could be recruited or die before being incorporated into the soil seed banks. Thus seed dormancy-break and germination of legumes from Cerrado open savannas seem to be driven by both fire and temperature fluctuations.

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Technologies of drop irrigation of young almond garden on terraces in foothland conditions of the Kyzylsu-Yuzhnaya river basin

Melioration and Water Management ◽

10.32962/0235-2524-2021-1-12-15 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (1) ◽

pp. 12-15

Author(s):

Daler Domullodzhanov

Keyword(s):

River Basin ◽

Drip Irrigation ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Perennial Grasses ◽

Minimum Amount ◽

Almond Orchard

The article presents the results of field experiments on the study of the technology of drip irrigation of a young almond orchard on terraces with clear cover with tillage soil surface, with use of mulching and overseeding of perennial grasses. In the variant with mulching, the minimum amount of irrigation observed – 24, with the irrigation norm – 1904 litre per tree. In other cases, the number of irrigation events increases from 8 to 23, respectively, the irrigation norms are 1.39 and 2.06 times.

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Crop residues on short-term CO2 emissions in sugarcane production areas

Engenharia Agrícola ◽

10.1590/s0100-69162013000400009 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

pp. 699-708 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Mariana M. Corradi ◽

Alan R. Panosso ◽

Marcílio V. Martins Filho ◽

Newton La Scala Junior

Keyword(s):

Co2 Emissions ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Crop Residues ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Agricultural Crop ◽

Short Term ◽

Sugarcane Production ◽

Soil Temperatures ◽

Production Areas

The proper management of agricultural crop residues could produce benefits in a warmer, more drought-prone world. Field experiments were conducted in sugarcane production areas in the Southern Brazil to assess the influence of crop residues on the soil surface in short-term CO2 emissions. The study was carried out over a period of 50 days after establishing 6 plots with and without crop residues applied to the soil surface. The effects of sugarcane residues on CO2 emissions were immediate; the emissions from residue-covered plots with equivalent densities of 3 (D50) and 6 (D100) t ha-1 (dry mass) were less than those from non-covered plots (D0). Additionally, the covered fields had lower soil temperatures and higher soil moisture for most of the studied days, especially during the periods of drought. Total emissions were as high as 553.62 ± 47.20 g CO2 m-2, and as low as 384.69 ± 31.69 g CO2 m-2 in non-covered (D0) and covered plot with an equivalent density of 3 t ha-1 (D50), respectively. Our results indicate a significant reduction in CO2 emissions, indicating conservation of soil carbon over the short-term period following the application of sugarcane residues to the soil surface.

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