EFFECTS OF IRRIGATION AND FERTILIZER N ON N2(C2H2) FIXATION AND YIELD OF WHITE BEAN AND SOYBEAN

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. SMITH ◽  
D. J. HUME
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Nodule Development ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Available N ◽  
White Bean ◽  
Seed Yields

White bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) generally fixes less atmospheric nitrogen (N2) than does soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill). Experiments were conducted to assess the sensitivity of both species to irrigation and fertilizer N. Trials were conducted near Elora, Ontario in 1981 to 1983 and at Cambridge, Ontario in 1983. Treatments included applying 1 cm/day of irrigation water, 200 kg N/ha added throughout the season (400 kg N/ha at Elora in 1983), 1 cm/day of irrigation water plus N, and a control with no added fertilizer or water. Irrigation increased N2(C2H2) fixation in white bean by four to 150 times and in soybean by two to four times. Nodule mass and nodule size also were generally increased more in white bean than in soybean. Specific nodule activity (SNA) was increased similarly in both species. Fertilizer N decreased N2(C2H2) fixation consistently, and also lowered nodulation and SNA in most cases. The increase due to irrigation was the same in most instances under low or high N conditions. There was no indication that nodulation and N2(C2H2) fixation were more sensitive to fertilizer N in white bean than soybean. Fertilizer N application caused 10–20% increases in total N accumulation in each experiment, but seed yields were only increased by fertilizer N at the site with the least available soil N. N2(C2H2) fixation by white bean was much less than by soybean, yet seed yields of white bean were higher in two of the four trials. Yields in white bean appeared no more limited by available N than were yields in soybean.Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris, Glycine max, N2(C2H2) fixation, nodule development, seed yield

EFFECTS OF INOCULATION AND FERTILIZER N LEVELS ON N2 FIXATION AND YIELDS OF SOYBEANS IN ONTARIO

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 1129-1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERNEST SEMU ◽  
D. J. HUME
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Rhizobium Japonicum ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
Nodule Number ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Nodule Efficiency

Soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) often do not give yield responses to added fertilizer nitrogen (N) because high soil N levels inhibit fixation of atmospheric N2. Yield responses to N fertilizer applied at planting usually indicate that N2 fixation is less than optimal. The effects of inoculation with Rhizobium japonicum, and fertilizer N levels, on soybean N2(C2H2) fixation and seed yields in Ontario were investigated in ’ 1976 and 1977. Three locations were used each year, representing areas where soybeans had been grown for many years (Ridgetown), for only a few years (Elora), or not at all (Woodstock). Treatments were (a) Uninoculated + 0 N, (b–e) Inoculated + 0, 50, 100 or 200 kg N/ha. Results indicated that inoculation increased seed yields only when soybeans were introduced into new areas. Fertilizer N applications at planting time did not increase yields in areas where soybeans had been grown several times previously, indicating that N2 fixation could support maximum yields. Nodule number and mass, and N2(C2H2) fixation rates were all decreased by fertilizer N. An increase in nodule efficiency, later in the season, in high N treatments was most marked at Ridgetown.

scholarly journals N2 FIXATION AND COMPETITIVENESS OF Rhizobium phaseoli STRAINS ISOLATED FROM ONTARIO SOILS

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 825-836 ◽  
Author(s):  
JACQUELINE C. MOXLEY ◽  
D. J. HUME ◽  
D. L. SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Effective Strain ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Rhizobium Phaseoli ◽  
Culture Collections ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Legume Crop ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
White Bean

Dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a legume crop generally considered to be a poor N2 fixer. This experiment was conducted to determine the effectiveness of Rhizobium phaseoli strains in Ontario soils, to determine if inoculation with an indigenous, effective strain could improve N2 fixation or yield, and to determine the competitiveness of inoculant strains by measuring the recovery of applied strains in nodules using serology. One-gram composite soil samples from 36 of 37 farm sites across Ontario caused nodulation on either white bean cultivars Ex Rico 23 or Seafarer, indicating that R. phaseoli was widely distributed. However, ratings of nodulation indicated a wide range of effectiveness. Five selected strains isolated from these soils were compared with five strains from culture collections for effectiveness by using the strains to inoculate Ex Rico 23 or Seafarer grown in sterile, N-free culture in Leonard jars. The best field-isolated strains caused just as much N accumulation as the best strains from culture collections. Strain S1, selected as a consistently good N2 fixer, failed to cause increases in yield when used as an inoculant in field trials at Elora and Mitchell in 1980 and 1981. Inoculation with strain S1 did cause some increases in percent seed protein and nodule dry weight with Ex Rico 23 at Elora in 1980. Three other strains tested in each year failed to show any improvements in yield, seed N, or nodulation in either year. Recovery of inoculant strains ranged from 0 to 31%. At Mitchell in 1981, 100 kg ha−1 of fertilizer N increased yields over all inoculation treatments. Indigenous strains appeared to be only partially effective N2 fixers and inoculant strains generally were poor competitors against strains already present in the soils.Key words: White bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, Rhizobium phaseoli, N2 fixation, strain competition

scholarly journals Seasonal and Cropping Effects on Total and Fertilizer Nitrogen Use in June-bearing and Day-neutral Strawberries

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas D. Archbold ◽  
Charles T. MacKown
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Fruit Crop ◽  
Spring Harvest

Total N and fertilizer N (FN) recovery and use by June-bearing `Redchief' strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) and day-neutral `Tribute' grown in matted-row beds were studied over l-year periods. Fertilizer N was field-applied as NH NO at planting in June or September, and all plants were harvested from bed sections in late autumn (November) and at the completion of the spring harvest (June). Distribution patterns of vegetative biomass were similar in both cultivars, with leaf tissue comprising the bulk of the vegetative dry weight per plant at both sampling dates. The fall and spring fruit crops each contributed >40% of the total biomass per plant. Total N accumulation from soil N and FN increased as total biomass increased. Due in part to the additional biomass of the fall fruit crop, `Tribute' recovered 38% more total N per unit bed area than `Redchief'. Over 30% of the fall N total in `Tribute' and the spring N total in both cultivars was partitioned to the fruit. In both cultivars, greater recovery of FN applied in September that at planting time was observed by the postharvest sampling date. However, `Tribute' recovered only 14.2% of the FN applied in September, much less than the amount recovered by `Redchief' during the same interval, implying a diminished ability to absorb FN during fruiting. In all vegetative tissues, soluble reduced N (SRN) was consistently less than insoluble reduced N (IRN) in November and June. Consistent seasonal trends in SRN and IRN values were not evident in any tissue except roots, where SRN content declined from November to June. Allocation of FN to the SRN and IRN pools was related to FN application date, cropping pattern, and total biomass of the component tissue. In both cultivars, the FN content was greater in the IRN than the SRN pool and leaf IRN was the single largest vegetative sink for FN. Fruit N concentration was constant for most of the fall `Tribute' harvest period and declined in both cultivars during spring harvest. The spring `Tribute' fruit crop received more FN from the September than the planting application, while the fall crop exhibited the opposite pattern, suggesting the fruit crop receives more storage than newly absorbed FN. The accumulation of FN in the root SRN pool in November and its depletion through the spring harvest reveals that root SRN plays a significant role in the temporary seasonal storage and internal cycling of N remobilized during spring growth.

N2 fixation and dry matter and N accumulation in soybean lines with different seed-fill periods

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 1067-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Vasilas ◽  
R. L. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Small Plot ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Seed Fill

A positive relationship generally exists between the duration of seed-fill period (SFP) and seed yield in soybean, but exceptions have been reported. The objective of this research was to determine if differences in N2 fixation or N accumulation could explain inconsistent relationships between duration of SFP and seed yield in soybean. For this study, five experimental soybean (Glycine max L. [Men.]) lines were selected on the bases of differences in SFP and seed yield in previous experiments. The experiment was designed to compare lines differing in both SFP and seed yield, differing in SFP but not seed yield, and differing in seed yield but not SFP. Total N2 fixation, using 15N-dilution techniques; total N accumulation, using a semi-micro-Kjeldahl procedure; and total dry matter accumulation, including all vegetative material abscised before maturity were measured on these lines grown in a Flanagan silt loam (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Aquic Argiudolls) in 1984 and 1985 at Urbana, IL. Mean dinitrogen fixed ranged from 36 to 76 kg ha−1 in 1984 and from 65 to 113 kg ha−1 in 1985. The percentage of the total plant N derived from fixation ranged from 17 to 35% in 1984 and from 32 to 48% in 1985. Statistically significant differences in seed yield were not detected in this experiment because of the high coefficient of variation associated with the small plot size. High N2 fixation was not related to duration of SFP or previous seed yield classification. Total plant N did not differ among these genotypes. For these soybean lines differences in duration of SFP and previous seed yield classification were not related to total N2 fixation or N accumulation.Key words: Glycine max, harvest index, N partitioning, N2 fixation, seed-fill period

scholarly journals Introduction of Dalbergia Odorifera Enhances Nitrogen Absorption on Eucalyputs Through Stimulating Microbially Mediated Soil Nitrogen-cycling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianyu Yao ◽  
Qianchun Zhang ◽  
Haiju Zhou ◽  
Zhi Nong ◽  
Shaoming Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
N Cycling ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Soil N ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Available N ◽  
Hot Season ◽  
Dalbergia Odorifera

Abstract Background: There is the substantial evidence that Eucalyptus for nitrogen (N) absorption and increasing the growth benefit from the introduction of N-fixing species, but the underlying mechanisms for microbially mediated soil N cycling remains unclear. Methods: We investigated the changes of soil pH, soil water content (SWC), soil organic carbon (SOC), total N (TN), inorganic N (NH4+-N and NO3--N), microbial biomass and three N-degrading enzyme activities as well as the biomass and N accumulation of Eucalyptus between a pure Eucalyptus urophylla × grandis plantation (PP) and a mixed Dalbergia odorifera and Eucalyptus plantation (MP) in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. Results: Compared with the PP site, soil pH, SWC, SOC and TN in both seasons were significantly higher at the MP site, which in turn enhanced microbial biomass and the activities of soil N-degrading enzymes. The stimulated microbial activity at the MP site likely accelerated soil N mineralization, providing more available N (NH4+-N in both seasons and NO3--N in the wet-hot season) for Eucalyptus absorption. Overall, the N accumulation of Eucalyptus at the MP site was increased by 19.7% and 21.9%, promoting the biomass increases of 15.1% and 19.2% in the dry-cold season and wet-hot season, respectively.Conclusion: Our results reveal the importance of microbially mediated soil N cycling in the N absorption on Eucalyputs. Introduction of D. odorifera can enhance N absorption and growth on Eucalyputs, improve soil N availability and increased soil C sequestration, which hence can be considered to be an effective sustainable management option of Eucalyptus plantations.

COMPARISON OF ASSAY METHODS FOR N2 FIXATION UTILIZING WHITE BEAN AND SOYBEAN

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. SMITH ◽  
D. J. HUME
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Difference Method ◽  
Acetylene Reduction ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
White Bean ◽  
Assay Methods ◽  
The Difference

Acetylene reduction estimates of N2 fixation and nodulation by white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) are generally low under field conditions. Recent reports using 15N dilution have resulted in higher estimates. In the work reported here, estimates of white bean N2 fixation determined by acetylene reduction, 15N dilution, and the difference method were compared under field conditions. Difference and acetylene reduction assays were also compared under controlled environment conditions. Soybean (Glycine max), which has given high estimates by all three methods and is generally well nodulated under field and controlled environment conditions, was included as a control. Results from field experiments showed that the 15N dilution and difference method estimates were not different within or between species. Acetylene reduction estimates of N2 fixation for soybean grown in the field or under controlled environment conditions were about half those of the difference assay. This was also true for white bean in the growth room, but in the field the acetylene reduction estimate for white bean was about 10% that of the difference or 15N dilution method. Either the acetylene reduction assay is not applicable to white bean under field conditions, or white bean has access to a source of N not detected by acetylene reduction and not available to soybean or the control plants used in the 15N dilution and difference methods. In support of the latter possibility, white beans grown under controlled environment conditions, without soil N, nodulated and reduced acetylene as well as soybeans grown under the same conditions.Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris, Glycine max, N2 fixation assay methods, alternate N sources, bean (white), soybean

Study on Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency of Flue-Cured Tobacco with 15N Tracing Technique

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 520-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mao Mao Hou ◽  
Xiao Hou Shao ◽  
Li Hua Chen ◽  
Ting Ting Chang ◽  
Wei Na Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Irrigation Amount ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
N Application ◽  
Tobacco Plants ◽  
Total N ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency

Abstract. Raising nitrogen utilization efficiency could not only cut the fertilizer costs, but also reduce the N loss and residual, which benefits a lot to agricultural production and environmental protection. In this experiment, the 15N tracing technique was employed in order to clear the accumulation and whereabouts of fertilizer N in flue-cured tobacco plants, besides, the tobaccos were treated by six different water-nitrogen modes, for the sake of finding out the best design with the highest nitrogen utilization efficiency. The results showed that more N application contributed to more fertilizer N accumulation, also increased the content of total N; Excess irrigation restrained the tobacco plants' absorption of fertilizer N, ultimately leading to the low utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer; After apex pruning, the N offering ability of the soil was much stronger than that of nitrogen fertilizer, and the fertilizer N accounts a relatively small part for the total N in tobacco plants, the highest nitrogen utilization efficiency was 24.16%, recorded in the design of 800mm irrigation amount and 6g/plant pure N application(T2), Meanwhile, the agronomic characters and crop yield was observed, tobaccos in T2 design performed better than the average level of field-cultivated tobaccos, the conclusions could be obtained that T2 design was preferable, which achieved the highest nitrogen utilization efficiency when ensured the normal growth and good harvest of flue-cured tobacco.

Influence of nitrogen fertilization on broccoli yield, nitrogen accumulation and apparent fertilizer-nitrogen recovery

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 717-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Zebarth ◽  
P. A. Bowen ◽  
P. M. A. Toivonen
Keyword(s):  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Available N ◽  
Fertilizer N Recovery

An understanding the relationships between N-fertilization rate, crop-N recovery, residual inorganic N in soil and crop yield can assist in making N fertilizer recommendations which balance crop value and environmental risk. Nitrogen was applied to three plantings of broccoli at 0, 125, 250, 375, 500 and 625 kg N ha−1 as a broadcast application of ammonium nitrate, 50% at transplanting and 50% 2 wk later. Crop-marketable yield, aboveground dry matter yield and N accumulation, and extractable-soil inorganic N to 75 cm depth were determined at harvest. Crop-marketable yield, measured as fresh weight of heads, increased with increasing N rate to a maximum between N rates of 435 and 560 kg N ha−1. Nitrogen accumulation in the aboveground portion of the plant increased with increasing N rate and reached a maximum of 345–465 kg N ha−1. Apparent fertilizer-N recovery in the aboveground portion of the plant decreased linearly from between 46 and 93% at a N rate of 125 kg N ha−1 to between 20 and 44% at a N rate of 625 kg N ha−1. Apparent fertilizer-N recovery in the harvested portion of the plant decreased linearly from between 14 and 25% at a N rate of 125 kg N ha−1 to between 8 and 14% at a N rate of 625 kg N ha−1. Soil profile nitrate-N to 75 cm depth at harvest increased with N application rate in a curvilinear fashion, and averaged 3 kg N ha−1 with no N applied to 420 kg N ha−1 at the maximum N rate. The potential to develop a soil nitrate test to predict the fertilizer-N requirement of broccoli is discussed. Key words: Plant-available N

Nitrogen value of poultry litter applications to root crops and following cereal crops

2003 ◽  
Vol 140 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. NICHOLSON ◽  
B. J. CHAMBERS ◽  
P. M. R. DAMPNEY
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Available N ◽  
N Supply ◽  
N Efficiency ◽  
Application Rates

The efficiency of poultry litter nitrogen (N) utilization was studied in seven field experiments in eastern England during harvest years 1991 to 1994. Poultry litter was applied at different application rates in winter or spring, prior to sugar beet or potatoes. The mean manure N efficiency based on crop yields was 33% (range 25–43%) for sugar beet and 36% (range 13–66%) for potatoes. For potatoes, the manure N efficiency was greater from spring (mean 43%) than from winter application timings (mean 30%). The manure readily available N applied (i.e. ammonium-N+uric acid-N) and fertilizer N replacement values were well related (P<0·05) for both sugar beet and potatoes. Similarly, there was a good relationship (P<0·001) between the amounts of readily available N applied in the poultry litter dressings and measured elevations in spring soil mineral N supply. Where the poultry litter dressings supplied >600 kg/ha total N to sugar beet, root sugar concentrations were depressed (P<0·05) and amino-N concentrations increased (P<0·01). The soil mineral N supply following harvest of the sugar beet and potato crops was also increased where application rates supplied >600 kg/ha total N. Yield increases were also recorded in cereal crops grown the following season, but only where high rates of manure N (>600 kg/ha) had been applied. The current work has shown that the fertilizer N replacement value of poultry litter can be predicted based on the amounts of total and readily available N applied, providing guidance to farmers on appropriate reductions in inorganic fertilizer N applications to make allowance for poultry litter N supply.

Effect of tillage practice and planting pattern on performance of white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Ontario

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 801-805 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Sandoval-Avila ◽  
T. E. Michaels ◽  
S. D. Murphy ◽  
C. J. Swanton
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Planting Pattern ◽  
Area Index ◽  
No Till ◽  
White Bean ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Seed Yields

The effect of tillage system on planting pattern and cultivar choice of white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was evaluated in 1990 and 1991. In one experiment, white bean cv. OAC Gryphon was sown in three different planting patterns: rows 20 cm apart and 375 000 seeds ha−1, 40 cm apart and 375 000 seeds ha−1 and 76 cm apart and 250 000 seeds ha−1. This cultivar was grown under chisel ploughing and no-till. No interaction (tillage × planting pattern) was detected in either year. There were no significant differences in seed yields, total aboveground dry matter or leaf area index (LAI) between tillage systems and no interaction of year × tillage system. In 1990, yield increased where white bean was planted in 20 cm rows versus 40 cm rows; however, there was no significant effect of planting pattern on total aboveground dry matter or LAI. In 1991, total aboveground dry matter and LAI increased with decreasing row width. In a second experiment, the interaction effects between tillage system and seven cultivars of white bean were evaluated. Regardless of the tillage system used, the performances of two cultivars (OAC Gryphon and OAC Laser) were consistent within the 2 years of our study. It appears that the choice of cultivars of white bean may depend more on yield potential, disease resistance and adaptation to a particular region than the tillage system to be used. Key words:Phaseolus vulgaris, white bean, no-till, chisel plough, planting pattern

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