SAND ROOTZONES FOR KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-143
Author(s):  
S. H. NELSON ◽  
G. L. McCLENNAN
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
The Third ◽  
Perched Water Table

The growth and development of Kentucky bluegrass was studied for 3 yr on eight sand blends consisting of variable particle sizes. All were perched over a coarse layer (6–12 mm diam). No differences in germination, establishment, or color over the 3 yr were observed. Without turf the hydraulic conductivity varied greatly in the sand blends. The high conductivity levels were greatly reduced with the developing turf. There was greater downward water movement in those plots with most of the finer particles removed and this greater percolation continued throughout the experiment as the turf developed. In the compacted plots, however, significant differences in percolation rates had disappeared by the third year. When most of the finer particles had been removed, there was a trend toward less total root production with a redistribution of roots to the middle portions of the profiles. This trend was more evident on the compacted plots. The study demonstrated that developing turf has an ameliorating effect on hydraulic conductivity on these vastly different sand blends and suggests that sands, even though not in the recommended range of particle size, can still offer relief to the compaction, drainage, and root growth problems encountered in Kentucky bluegrass playing fields.Key words: Poa pratensis, perched water table, hydraulic conductivity, root growth, compaction

scholarly journals Root and Rhizome Growth of Kentucky Bluegrass Following Application of Pendimethalin

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Cooper ◽  
P.C. Bhowmik ◽  
L.A. Spokas
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
First Year ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Rhizome Growth

Field experiments were conducted to determine the response of five widely used Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) cultivars (Adelphi, Baron, Bensun, Merion, and Touchdown) to preemergence applications of the herbicide pendimethalin. Pendimethalin applied during 2 years at 1.7 or 3.4 kg·ha-1 (a.i.) controlled smooth crabgrass [Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb. ex Schweig.) Schreb. ex Muhl.] effectively without injury to turf. Pendimethalin at 3.4 kg·ha-1 resulted in a short-term suppression of root growth immediately following application in the first year of the study. The reduction was transitory and subsequent rooting and rhizome growth were unaffected by pendimethalin. Cultivar × pendimethalin level interactions were not significant during the study. Thus, the herbicide appears to be a safe, effective preemergence material for crabgrass control in Kentucky bluegrass turf. Chemical name used: N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine (pendimethalin).

STUDIES WITH SAND CULTURE FOR BENTGRASS GREENS

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 699-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. NELSON ◽  
W. R. SCHROEDER
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Agrostis Palustris ◽  
Perched Water Table ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Establishment Rate

The growth and development of Penncross bentgrass was studied for 3 yr on eight sand blends consisting of variable particle size. All were perched over a layer of coarse aggregate (6–12 mm). Germination and establishment rate were slower with those blends where particles smaller than 0.5 mm had been removed. Spring recovery rate after the first winter was also slower in the blends with the smaller particles removed, but this was not apparent after the second winter. The hydraulic conductivity varied greatly in the sand blends without turf, but there were no significant differences between treatments when turf was present in the 2nd and 3rd years. Total root growth or the amount of roots recovered from the peat-moss-amended top 7.5 cm of the 30-cm profile did not differ significantly among treatments in the final 2 yr although compaction reduced the amount of root present. In the lower, unamended portion of the profile there was a trend toward a greater amount of root growth for 2 yr when the finer particles were removed, but there was no significant difference in the 3rd year. The study demonstrated the ameliorating effect of developing turf on hydraulic conductivity in these vastly different sand blends and suggests that sands, even though not in the recommended range of particle size, can still offer relief to the compaction, drainage, and root growth problems encountered in the culture of bentgrass greens.Key words: Agrostis palustris, perched water table, germination rate, hydraulic conductivity, root growth, compaction

TOLERANCE OF SOME TURFGRASS SPECIES TO DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF SALT IN SOILS

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. CORDUKES ◽  
A. J. MACLEAN
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Salt Addition

Addition of CaCl2∙2H2O at the rate of 2,000 ppm to give a conductivity of 7.2 mmhos/cm in a saturated paste extract of three soils varying in texture from sand to clay loam had no apparent effects on the quality of turf of Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratensis L., creeping red fescue, Festuca rubra L., and perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne L., grown in pot tests. When the rate was increased to 8,000 ppm and the conductivity to about 20 mmhos/cm, the turfgrass deteriorated markedly in the clay loam and the sandy loam and to a lesser degree in the sand. All species reacted similarly to the detrimental effect of salt in the soils, and the deterioration in turf quality was accompanied by a decline in root production. The concentration of chloride in leaf tissue usually increased with increasing amounts of salt in the soils and tended to be highest in perennial ryegrass and lowest in creeping red fescue. At the higher rates of salt addition, the amounts of chloride in the turfgrass tended to be lower on the sand than on the other soils.

RESPONSE OF KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS (Poa pratensis L.) TO AMOUNT AND FREQUENCY OF NITROGEN APPLICATION

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 369-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. NELSON
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Color Yield ◽  
Triple Super Phosphate ◽  
Color Response ◽  
Annual Application

Ammonium nitrate (34-0-0) at varying rates and frequency of application was applied to established Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) between 15 May and 15 Aug. during 1980 and 1981. The area received a single annual application of triple super-phosphate (0-45-0). Color scores were taken weekly, spring and fall, but only monthly during the summer. Oven-dry clipping yields were determined weekly during the growing season and roots were harvested to a depth of 45 cm at the end of the trial. A rate as low as 0.8 kg N∙100 m−2 per season gave satisfactory low maintenance color during summer, but even minimal color response in spring and fall required a rate of at least 1.25 kg N∙100 m−2. Nitrogen amounts greater than 2.5 kg∙100 m−2 per season were considered excessive although color continued to increase up to the 5-kg rate before the effect started to level off. Yield showed essentially the same trend. Split applications did not appreciably affect overall yield, but are recommended to reduce growth surges from the heavier application. Very poor color and growth effects were noted at rates below 0.8 kg N∙100 m−2 per season as was evident in both yield and color. Root growth was inversely affected by nitrogen. Root growth declined markedly as the rates increased from 0.8 kg N to 3.33 kg N∙100 m−2 season then declined at a reduced rate.Key words: Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratensis, nitrogen, color, yield, roots, minimum maintenance

INFLUENCE OF MOWING AND TILLER ORIENTATION ON LEAF MEASUREMENTS OF KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 1025-1026
Author(s):  
J. L. EGGENS
Keyword(s):  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Blade Length ◽  
The Third ◽  
Blade Width

When 11 Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) cultivars were mowed at 2, 3, 4 or 5 cm, the sheath length, blade length and blade width of the third youngest leaves of prostrate (0–29°) tillers were each found to be significantly larger than corresponding leaf parts from intermediate (30–59°) and upright (60–90°) tillers. Corresponding differences were not observed in unmowed grasses.

Effects of Successive Applications of Preemergence Herbicides on Turf

Weed Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Turgeon ◽  
J. B. Beard ◽  
D. P. Martin ◽  
W. F. Meggitt
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Carbohydrate Reserves ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Calcium Arsenate ◽  
Summer Stress ◽  
Turfgrass Quality ◽  
Preemergence Herbicides ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

The effects of seven preemergence herbicides on turfgrass quality, clipping yield, root growth, thatch accumulation, and carbohydrate reserves of three turfgrasses were measured. Nearly all herbicides caused some effect on one or more of the turfgrasses at some point during the 8-yr experiment, especially during mid-summer stress periods. The most consistently injurious herbicide was bandane (polychlorodicyclopentadiene) which caused a marked reduction in turfgrass quality, poor rooting, and increased susceptibility to stripe smut (Ustilago striiformis West. Niesel.). Clipping yields were reduced only in red fescue (Festuca rubra L. ‘Pennlawn’) by bensulide [O,O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioate S-ester with N-(20mercaptoethyl)-benzenesulfonamide], siduron [1-(2-methylcyclohexyl)-3-phenylurea], and terbutol (2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-tolyl methylcarbamate). Except for bandane, only siduron and terbutol caused significant reductions in root growth, and only in ‘Kenblue’-type Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). Thatch accumulation was reduced in ‘Merion’ Kentucky bluegrass treated with benefin (N-butyl-N-ethyl-α,α,α,-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine) in ‘Kenblue’-type Kentucky bluegrass treated with bandane, benefin, bensulide, and terbutol; and in ‘Pennlawn’ red fescue treated with bandane, calcium arsenate, and terbutol. Carbohydrate reserves were not significantly different among treatments.

scholarly journals Breeding and Evaluation of Fine Fescues for Increased Tolerance to Mesotrione Herbicide

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Trent M. Tate ◽  
Stacy A. Bonos ◽  
William A. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Recurrent Selection ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
The Third ◽  
Three Generations

Fine fescues (Festuca sp.) are a group of species that require fewer inputs, such as fertilizer, than other cool-season species managed for turf. They are adapted to infertile, acidic soils; shade; and drought. One area that poses additional challenges is the lack of weed control options for fine fescues during establishment from seed. Mesotrione is a herbicide that provides preemergence control of many broadleaf and grassy weeds, such as annual bluegrass (Poa annua), but is currently not labeled for use in fine fescues at seeding. The objectives of this research were 1) to use a recurrent selection technique to develop mesotrione-tolerant chewings fescue (Festuca rubra ssp. commutata), hard fescue (Festuca brevipila), and strong creeping red fescue (F. rubra spp. rubra); and 2) to conduct field trials to compare the new selections to commercially available cultivars and experimental lines not selected for tolerance to mesotrione. Progress was made after each of the three generations of recurrent selection. The top statistical grouping of entries for injury following application of mesotrione at the 8-oz/acre rate included all the third-generation (G3) hard fescues, all the G3 chewings fescues, and the G3 strong creeping red fescue STB1 Composite. After three generations, selections of hard, chewings, and strong creeping red fescues had equivalent or better tolerance to mesotrione than tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) cultivars, which are on the label for safe use at seeding. These new selections would provide turf managers an option to control weeds using mesotrione during seedling establishment of fine fescues.

scholarly journals Effects of Biosolids on Root Growth and Nitrogen Metabolism in Kentucky Bluegrass under Drought Stress

HortScience ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 1205-1211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhihui Chang ◽  
Laiqiang Zhuo ◽  
Fangfang Yu ◽  
Xunzhong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Hormone Metabolism ◽  
Available N ◽  
Container Capacity

Biosolids are valued as a source of plant nutrients, soil organic matter, and biologically active substances. This greenhouse study was designed to examine if application of biosolids can improve plant drought tolerance by affecting nitrogen (N) and hormone metabolism as well as root growth in kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.; KBG). The three treatments, which provided N rates equivalent to 75 mg plant-available N/kg soil, included: 1) biosolids at 1× agronomic (Ag) N rate (75 mg N/kg soil completely provided with biosolids); 2) biosolids at 0.5× Ag N rate (37.5 mg N/kg soil provided with biosolids and 37.5 mg N/kg soil provided with NH4NO3); and 3) control (75 mg N/kg soil completely provided with NH4NO3). The treated KBG was grown under either well-watered (90% container capacity) or drought stress (≈25% container capacity) conditions. Biosolids application improved turf quality and delayed leaf wilting under drought stress. The grass treated with biosolids at 1× N rate had higher leaf proline and amino acid content and greater nitrate reductase activity than the control under drought stress. Biosolids treatments also increased leaf and soil indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content. Moreover, biosolids at 1× N rate increased root length density by 23% compared with the control under drought stress. The results of this study suggest that biosolids may enhance plant drought tolerance by improving N and hormone metabolism and root growth in KBG.

EFFECTS OF SHADING OF THE LEAF SHEATH ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE TILLER STEMS OF KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. CORDUKES ◽  
JOHN E. FISHER
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Selection Program ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Effect Of Light

Two separate greenhouse experiments were conducted to measure the effects of shading of the leaf sheath on the growth and development of tiller stems of cultivars of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). In the first experiment, four cultivars were grown as single plants and the initial stem was shielded, allowing the tip of the leaf blade to protrude slightly but retaining the sheath in darkness. As growth of the tiller proceeded, further shields were added in a similar fashion for a growth period of 234 days. The second experiment was similarly conducted but included nine cultivars representing a wide range of latitudinal origin. They were grown for a period of 188 days. All shielded stems were much longer than the unshaded stems and developed into long aerial rhizomes with vegetative rhizome-type buds with cataphylls, indicating the morphogenic effect of light on the leaf sheath and the apparent insensitivity of the leaf blade in this reaction. The growth of the stem and buds of the cultivars Windsor, Merion, Geary, and Belturf was less than the growth of stem and buds of Fylking, Pennstar, and Nugget, whereas growth of the uppermost leaf blade was greater. Fylking, Pennstar, and Nugget produced longer stems with many actively growing side shoots and a shorter upper leaf blade. This method of shading might be used as a screening technique in a selection program, particularly for Kentucky bluegrass.

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