POTENTIAL USE OF STALK pH AND STALK PERCENT DRY MATTER AS ESTIMATORS OF LODGING SUSCEPTIBILITY IN CORN

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-564
Author(s):  
J. F. MULDOON ◽  
T. B. DAYNARD ◽  
W. C. LEASK ◽  
M. S. ZUBER
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Crushing Strength ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Potential Use

Fourteen corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids were grown at three locations in 1973 and one location in 1975 to study relationships between stalk pH, percent stalk dry matter (SDM), and percent broken stalks (PBS). The three traits were measured at weekly intervals for 4 or 5 wk encompassing grain physiological maturity in the tests of 1973, and on one date, near maturity, in 1975. Measurements of stalk crushing strength, rind thickness, and dry weight of 5-cm stalk sections were also obtained in 1975. In addition, records of PBS were available for the 14 hybrids from 12 tests grown over 4 yr prior to 1973. All measurements of PBS were transformed as log10 (x + 1) prior to statistical analysis; measurements of PBS, pH and SDM were adjusted by covariance to a common percent grain moisture. Measurements of stalk pH were not consistently related across the 14 hybrids to long-term measurements of PBS. Linear correlation coefficients between SDM and PBS were more consistent (i.e., usually positive) but were generally not statistically significant. Measurements of crushing strength, rind thickness and dry weight of 5-cm stalk sections for the 14 hybrids were not correlated with the 12-test means of PBS. In fact, none of the analytical measurements were as useful as measurements of PBS per se, recorded for individual tests in 1973 and 1975, in predicting hybrid differences in PBS as measured in the 12 tests prior to 1973.Key words: Corn, lodging, stalk pH, stalk dry matter

EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON RATE AND DURATION OF KERNEL DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION OF MAIZE

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 935-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. TOLLENAAR ◽  
T. W. BRUULSEMA
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Linear Kernel ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Kernel Growth

The response of rate and duration of kernel dry matter accumulation to temperatures in the range 10–25 °C was studied for two maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids grown under controlled-environment conditions. Kernel growth rates during the period of linear kernel growth increased linearly with temperature (b = 0.3 mg kernel−1 d−1 °C−1). Kernel dry weight at physiological maturity varied little among temperature treatments because the increase in kernel growth rate with increase in temperature was associated with a decline in the duration of kernel growth proportional to the increase in kernel growth rate.Key words: Zea mays L, period of linear kernel dry matter accumulation, controlled-environment conditions, kernel growth rate

Heterosis in relation to genetic divergence in short duration maize (Zea mays L.)

2021 ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
Bal Krishna ◽  
Birender Singh ◽  
Shyam Sundar Mandal ◽  
Rashmi Kumari ◽  
Tushar Ranjan
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Single Cross ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Linear Regressions

Thirteen lines and three testers were used to produce 39 single cross maize hybrids by line Ítester mating design. The genetic divergence among thirteen lines and three tester of maize were estimated by using Mahalanobis D2 statistic for twelve characters. The genotypes were grouped into five clusters. Cluster I comprised 12 parental genotypes (L1, L2, L3, L4, L5; L6, L7, L8, L9, L11; L12, L13), while Cluster II (T3), III (T1), IV (L10) and V (T2) were mono-genotypic, suggesting more variability in genetic makeup of the genotypes included in these clusters. The correlation coefficients and linear regressions were used to know the effects of parental genetic distance in determining heterosis and per se performance of the hybrids. Parental genetic distance exhibited significant negative association and significant linear regression along with very low coefficient of determination with better parent heterosis (BPH) and non-significant with per se performance of the hybrids. The present investigation, therefore, the parental genetic distance has significant role in determining heterosis and hybrid performance in kharif maize.

Fumonisin B1 and Hydrolyzed Fumonisin B1 (AP1) in Tortillas and Nixtamalized Corn (Zea mays L.) from Two Different Geographic Locations in Guatemala†

1999 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 1218-1222 ◽  
Author(s):  
FILMORE I. MEREDITH ◽  
OLGA R. TORRES ◽  
SANDRA SAENZ de TEJADA ◽  
RONALD T. RILEY ◽  
ALFRED H. MERRILL
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Human Impact ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Santa Maria ◽  
Mean Concentration

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a common contaminant of corn worldwide and is responsible for several diseases of animals. In the preparation of tortillas, corn is treated with lime (producing nixtamal) that when heated hydrolyzes at least a portion of the FB1 to the aminopentol backbone (AP1), another known toxin. This study analyzed the amounts of FB1 and AP1 in tortillas and nixtamal from two communities in the central highlands of Guatemala where corn is a major dietary staple (Santa Maria de Jesus, Sacatepequez, and Patzicia, Chimaltenango). The amounts of FB1 and AP1 in tortillas from Santa Maria de Jesus were, respectively, 0.85 ± 2.0 and 26.1 ± 38.5 μg/g dry weight (mean ± SD), and from Patzicia were 2.2 ± 3.6 and 5.7 ± 9.4 μg/g dry weight. Less than 6% of the tortillas from both locations contained ≥10 μg FB1/g dry weight; whereas, 66% of the samples from Santa Maria de Jesus and 29% from Patzicia contained ≥10 μg AP1/g dry weight. The highest amount of AP1 (185 μg/g dry weight) was found in tortillas from Santa Maria de Jesus. The highest amounts of FB1 were 6.5 and 11.6 μg/g dry weight in tortillas from Santa Maria de Jesus and Patzicia, respectively. The mean concentration of FB1 in nixtamal was significantly higher in Santa Maria de Jesus compared to Patzicia. Surprisingly, AP1 was not detected in any of the nixtamal samples. The human impact of exposure to these amounts of fumonisins is not known. However, based on findings with other animals, where corn is a dietary staple, long-term consumption of FB1 and AP1 (especially at ≥10 μg/g of the diet) may pose a risk to human health.

THE GROWTH PATTERN OF CORN IN RELATION TO RESISTANCE TO ROOT AND STALK ROT

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 1277-1283 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Wall ◽  
C. G. Mortimore
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Vegetative Tissue ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Stalk Rot ◽  
Pith Tissue ◽  
Single Cross ◽  
Single Cross Hybrids

Single-cross hybrids resistant to root and stalk rot generally had greater growth rates, leaf areas, and stalk densities than susceptible single crosses. Differences in dry weight of tops were evident by the time of silk emergence and these differences became more pronounced as the hybrids approached maturity. Susceptible hybrids were characterized by a cessation of vegetative growth at pollination and a rapid senescence of leaves at or shortly after physiological maturity. Hybrids resistant to root and stalk rot were characterized by a continued increase in vegetative dry matter for several weeks after pollination, resulting in relatively heavy lower stalks and a high ratio of vegetative tissue to grain. The density of pith tissue from the lower stalk at physiological maturity was negatively correlated with subsequent stalk rot incidence.

scholarly journals Aluminum in corn plants: influence on growth and morpho-anatomy of root and leaf

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelli Fernandes Batista ◽  
Ismar Sebastião Moscheta ◽  
Carlos Moacir Bonato ◽  
Marcelo Augusto Batista ◽  
Odair José Garcia de Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Corn Plants

Aluminum (Al) toxicity is one of the most limiting factors for productivity. This research was carried out to assess the influence of Al nutrient solution on plant height, dry weight and morphoanatomical alterations in corn (Zea mays L.) roots and leaves. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with five treatments consisting of Al doses (0, 25, 75, 150, and 300 µmol L-1) and six replications. The solutions were constantly aerated, and the pH was initially adjusted to 4.3. The shoot dry matter, root dry matter and plant height decreased significantly with increasing Al concentrations. Compared to the control plants, it was observed that the root growth of corn plants in Al solutions was inhibited, there were fewer lateral roots and the development of the root system reduced. The leaf anatomy of plants grown in solutions containing 75 and 300 µmol L-1 Al differed in few aspects from the control plants. The leaf sheaths of the plants exposed to Al had a uniseriate epidermis coated with a thin cuticle layer, and the cells of both the epidermis and the cortex were less developed. In the vascular bundle, the metaxylem and protoxylem had no secondary walls, and the diameter of both was much smaller than of the control plants.

DRY WEIGHT, SOLUBLE SUGAR CONTENT, AND STARCH CONTENT OF MAIZE KERNELS DURING THE EARLY POSTSILKING PERIOD

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. TOLLENAAR ◽  
T. B. DAYNARD
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Soluble Sugar Content ◽  
Maize Kernels

Kernel development was studied in the maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids United-H106 and Funk’s G-4444, grown in a controlled-environment growth room. A method was employed in which husks were excised, and kernels were removed from the same set of ears at several subsequent sampling dates. This method did not affect the dry matter accumulation of the remaining kernels. Basal kernels (kernel numbers 6–15 in the row) and tip kernels (kernel numbers 31–40) were removed at 2-day intervals during the period from 10 to 20 days postsilking. Dry weight, ethanol-soluble sugar content, and starch content were determined for each sample. Accumulation of dry matter in the tip kernels ceased in a fraction of the United-H106 ears at the onset of the period of linear tip-kernel dry matter accumulation. Only small differences were observed in sugar content between growing and non-growing tip kernels of ears of United-H106. Starch appeared to continue to accumulate in kernels in which dry matter had ceased to accumulate. Except for a delay of approximately 2 days, the pattern of development of tip kernels in Funk’s G-4444 was similar to that of kernels at the base.

scholarly journals Maturation and germination of Vernonanthura discolor seeds

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-172
Author(s):  
Camila Ribeiro de Souza Grzybowski ◽  
Rosemeire Carvalho da Silva ◽  
Elisa Serra Negra Vieira ◽  
Maristela Panobianco
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Germination Test ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Light Regimes ◽  
Blotting Paper ◽  
Periodic Monitoring

ABSTRACT Vernonanthura discolor is a native species with potential for reclamation of degraded lands, and the manufacture of wood panels. This study has aimed to evaluate the process of maturation and germination of Vernonanthura discolor seeds, determining the harvest time, and conducting the germination test. A periodic monitoring of the reproductive development of sources of Vernonanthura discolor was conducted, located in the municipality of Bocaiúva do Sul, PR, Brazil; and starting from the anthesis, weekly collections of seeds were performed to evaluate the percentage of dry matter, germinating power, and vigor, in order to identify the physiological maturity of the seeds. In the germination test, two combinations of four temperatures (20, 30, 20-30 and 30 °C), and two light regimes were tested, seeking to define the best methodology and evaluation dates of the test. It was concluded that the seeds physiological maturity Vernonanthura discolor reached 45 days after the anthesis, when the maximum values of dry weight, germination and vigor are achieved. Germination test may be conducted on blotting paper at 20 or 25 °C with a supply of light, or at 25 °C in the dark, the first count being on the 13th and the last one on the 29th day after seeding.

scholarly journals Assessment of genetic parameters of degradability in maize grains due to indentation scores

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-352
Author(s):  
Livia Maria Chamma Davide ◽  
Magno Antônio Patto Ramalho ◽  
Ulisses José de Figueiredo ◽  
João Cândido de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Grain Hardness ◽  
Visual Evaluation ◽  
Visual Grading ◽  
Grading Scale ◽  
Ruminal Degradability ◽  
Per Se

Maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars with dent grains present higher starch and dry matter ruminal degradability than those with flint grains. This study aimed to assess genetic parameters of degradability in maize grains of different textures and to verify whether there is an association between grain indentation score and ruminal dry matter (RDM) degradability. The evaluated progenies were obtained from the cross between the varieties Cristal (flint) and Cunha (dent), previously selected for grain hardness. Progenies were evaluated for an indentation score using a visual grading scale ranging from 1 (flint) to 5 (dent). To assess the RDM degradability, 5 g were cut into halves, weighed (five grams), stored in bags made of 100% "failet" cloth and incubated for 24 h in the rumen of three ruminally cannulated cows. There was genetic variability for RDM degradability and heritability was 46%, indicating the possibility of success using a selection. There was no association between indentation score and RDM degradability percentage; thus, visual evaluation not always reflects grain hardness per se since it indicates the pericarp aspect but not the endosperm constitution.

Influence of biochar application to soil on the availability of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn to maize (Zea mays L.)

Soil Research ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tshewang Namgay ◽  
Balwant Singh ◽  
Bhupinder Pal Singh
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Trace Elements ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Soil Carbon Pool ◽  
Maize Plants

Biochar has gained importance due to its ability to increase the long-term soil carbon pool and improve crop productivity. However, little research has been done to evaluate the influence of biochar application to soil on the bioavailability of trace elements to plants. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of biochar on the availability of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn to maize (Zea mays L.). An activated wood biochar, pyrolysed at 550°C, was applied at 3 rates (0, 5, and 15 g/kg) in factorial combinations with 3 rates (0, 10, and 50 mg/kg) each of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn separately to a sandy soil. After 10 weeks of growth, plants were harvested, shoot dry matter yield was measured, and concentration of trace elements in shoots was analysed. The soil in pots was analysed for extractable trace elements. The results showed that the addition of wood biochar to soil did not have any significant effect on the dry matter yield of maize plants, even at the highest rate of application. However, trace element application significantly reduced the dry matter yield from 10 to 93% depending on the type of trace element. Biochar application decreased the concentration of As, Cd, and Cu in maize shoots, especially at the highest rate of trace element application, whereas the effects were inconsistent on Pb and Zn concentrations in the shoots. The concentrations of extractable As and Zn in soil increased with biochar application, whereas extractable Cu did not change, Pb decreased, and Cd showed an inconsistent trend. Sorption of trace elements on biochar with initial loadings up to 200 µmol at pH 7 occurred in the order: Pb > Cu > Cd > Zn > As. The results show that biochar application can significantly reduce the availability of trace elements to plants and suggest that biochar application may have potential for the management of soils contaminated by trace elements.

EFFECTS OF TILLAGE METHODS ON EARTHWORM POPULATIONS IN MONOCULTURE CORN

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 699-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. DE ST. REMY ◽  
T. B. DAY-NARD
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Seasonal Trend ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Earthworm Populations ◽  
Tillage Methods

The numbers and weights of earthworms were measured in the top 20 cm of soil in a long-term monoculture corn (Zea mays L.) experiment involving different tillage treatments. There was a marked seasonal trend in earthworm concentrations, with number and weight of worms being higher in spring and autumn than in summer. Spring tillage reduced earthworm numbers; however, the incorporation of surface residues per se had no effect.

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