THE GROWTH PATTERN OF CORN IN RELATION TO RESISTANCE TO ROOT AND STALK ROT

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 1277-1283 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Wall ◽  
C. G. Mortimore
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Vegetative Tissue ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Stalk Rot ◽  
Pith Tissue ◽  
Single Cross ◽  
Single Cross Hybrids

Single-cross hybrids resistant to root and stalk rot generally had greater growth rates, leaf areas, and stalk densities than susceptible single crosses. Differences in dry weight of tops were evident by the time of silk emergence and these differences became more pronounced as the hybrids approached maturity. Susceptible hybrids were characterized by a cessation of vegetative growth at pollination and a rapid senescence of leaves at or shortly after physiological maturity. Hybrids resistant to root and stalk rot were characterized by a continued increase in vegetative dry matter for several weeks after pollination, resulting in relatively heavy lower stalks and a high ratio of vegetative tissue to grain. The density of pith tissue from the lower stalk at physiological maturity was negatively correlated with subsequent stalk rot incidence.

STALK ROT OF CORN IN RELATION TO PLANT POPULATION AND GRAIN YIELD

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 487-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Mortimore ◽  
R. E. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Productivity ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Stalk Rot ◽  
Field Corn ◽  
Single Cross ◽  
Final Harvest ◽  
End Results

Increases in plant population of field corn resulted in increased stalk rot and barrenness, and decreased tillering and ear size. In the stalk rot susceptible single cross CH159 × CH3, stalk rot reached high levels at relatively low populations (10- and 15-thousand plants per acre) whereas resistant B14 × CH9 did not have stalk rot below populations of 20- and 25-thousand plants per acre. Stalk rot did not occur until after the plants had reached physiological maturity. Plants which developed stalk rot shortly after physiological maturity had lower grain yields than plants which developed stalk rot later in the autumn. Plants without stalk rot by the time of final harvest in late October or early November were found to have either well-developed ears with high grain weights or small, poorly pollinated ears. It was concluded that both stalk rot and reduction of grain yield are the end results of conditions which reduced plant productivity during growth.

scholarly journals Maturation and germination of Vernonanthura discolor seeds

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-172
Author(s):  
Camila Ribeiro de Souza Grzybowski ◽  
Rosemeire Carvalho da Silva ◽  
Elisa Serra Negra Vieira ◽  
Maristela Panobianco
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Germination Test ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Light Regimes ◽  
Blotting Paper ◽  
Periodic Monitoring

ABSTRACT Vernonanthura discolor is a native species with potential for reclamation of degraded lands, and the manufacture of wood panels. This study has aimed to evaluate the process of maturation and germination of Vernonanthura discolor seeds, determining the harvest time, and conducting the germination test. A periodic monitoring of the reproductive development of sources of Vernonanthura discolor was conducted, located in the municipality of Bocaiúva do Sul, PR, Brazil; and starting from the anthesis, weekly collections of seeds were performed to evaluate the percentage of dry matter, germinating power, and vigor, in order to identify the physiological maturity of the seeds. In the germination test, two combinations of four temperatures (20, 30, 20-30 and 30 °C), and two light regimes were tested, seeking to define the best methodology and evaluation dates of the test. It was concluded that the seeds physiological maturity Vernonanthura discolor reached 45 days after the anthesis, when the maximum values of dry weight, germination and vigor are achieved. Germination test may be conducted on blotting paper at 20 or 25 °C with a supply of light, or at 25 °C in the dark, the first count being on the 13th and the last one on the 29th day after seeding.

scholarly journals Genetic Testing of Inbred Lines and Single Cross Hybrids against Fusarium Stalk Rot Caused by Fusarium moniliforme in Maize (Zea mays L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 352-361
Author(s):  
R. Archana H. C. Lohithaswa ◽  
R. Pavan B. N. Swathi ◽  
N. Mallikarjuna
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Genetic Testing ◽  
Fusarium Moniliforme ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Disease Score ◽  
Stalk Rot ◽  
Single Cross ◽  
Single Cross Hybrids

Globally, Maize (Zea mays L.) is a third major cereal food crop. It is a multipurpose crop with 26% of its production is used as food by human beings. Maize is known as “queen of cereals”, because of its high genetic yield potential, efficient utilization of radiant energy and wider adaptability. About 65 different phytopathogens affect the maize production in different stages of life cycle. Among which Fusarium moniliforme is one such soil borne pathogen causes Fusarium stalk rot (FSR) disease that ultimately reduces maize yield potential over the world. In any breeding program, screening and genetic testing of available germplasm resources against pathogens is necessary to prevent yield losses. Hence, the present research screened around 114 maize inbred lines and 45 single cross hybrids (SCHs) against FSR under artificial epiphytotic conditions. Among 114 inbreds, only four inbreds viz., CM 202, 10878, MAI-759 and MAI-766 (mean disease score of 3-4) showed moderately resistant reaction and out of 45 SCHs, only one hybrid combination i.e., MAI329 × CM202 (mean disease score was 2.60) exhibited resistance reaction against Fusarium stalk rot. Nevertheless, these resistance sources could be utilized in maize breeding programs for obtaining high yielding cultivars with resistance towards FSR disease.

scholarly journals Mycorrhizal colonization and diversity and corn genotype yield in soils of the Cerrado region, Brazil

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (6Supl2) ◽  
pp. 4107
Author(s):  
Sueli Da Silva Aquino ◽  
Márcia Helena Scabora ◽  
João Antonio Da Costa Andrade ◽  
Sandra Maria Gomes da Costa ◽  
Kátia Luciene Maltoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Mycorrhizal Colonization ◽  
Spore Density ◽  
Positive Interactions ◽  
Technological Condition ◽  
Single Cross ◽  
Single Cross Hybrids

The degree of interaction between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and host plants appears to depend on plant genotype, which differentially promotes symbiosis and leads to different degree of mycotrophism. The aim of the present study was to assess root colonization, spore density, and diversity of AMF, as well as yield of corn (Zea mays) genotypes in soil from the Cerrado region of Brazil. Number of spores (NS), mycorrhizal colonization (COL), plant and ear height, dry weight (DW), and grain yield (GY) were assessed in inbred lines and their hybrids. Randomized blocks were used for the experimental design, with 30 treatments (genotypes) and three repetitions. The experiment was conducted on the farm of the UNESP-São Paulo State University, Campus of Ilha Solteira, and the plots were composed of two 2-m-long rows, with 0.85 m between rows, and 0.20 m between plants. Qualitative and quantitative changes were observed in fungal compositions, as well as preferential associations between symbiotic partners. Analysis of AMF diversity revealed the presence of 12 species, with Scutellospora calospora and Entrophospora colombiana being the most abundant in all treatments. The species Acaulospora longula, Glomus etunicatum, Glomus macrocarpum, and Gigaspora margarita exhibited preferential associations with certain genotypes. COL and GY differed among inbred lines and single-cross hybrids and the significant correlations between COL and the DW and GY showed positive interactions between the plants and AMF. There was no correlation between heterosis for GY and heterosis for colonization. These single-cross hybrids HS83 × E3 and D3 × F5 exhibited high GY, evidencing a productivity potential for the low technological condition used.

POTENTIAL USE OF STALK pH AND STALK PERCENT DRY MATTER AS ESTIMATORS OF LODGING SUSCEPTIBILITY IN CORN

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-564
Author(s):  
J. F. MULDOON ◽  
T. B. DAYNARD ◽  
W. C. LEASK ◽  
M. S. ZUBER
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Crushing Strength ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Potential Use

Fourteen corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids were grown at three locations in 1973 and one location in 1975 to study relationships between stalk pH, percent stalk dry matter (SDM), and percent broken stalks (PBS). The three traits were measured at weekly intervals for 4 or 5 wk encompassing grain physiological maturity in the tests of 1973, and on one date, near maturity, in 1975. Measurements of stalk crushing strength, rind thickness, and dry weight of 5-cm stalk sections were also obtained in 1975. In addition, records of PBS were available for the 14 hybrids from 12 tests grown over 4 yr prior to 1973. All measurements of PBS were transformed as log10 (x + 1) prior to statistical analysis; measurements of PBS, pH and SDM were adjusted by covariance to a common percent grain moisture. Measurements of stalk pH were not consistently related across the 14 hybrids to long-term measurements of PBS. Linear correlation coefficients between SDM and PBS were more consistent (i.e., usually positive) but were generally not statistically significant. Measurements of crushing strength, rind thickness and dry weight of 5-cm stalk sections for the 14 hybrids were not correlated with the 12-test means of PBS. In fact, none of the analytical measurements were as useful as measurements of PBS per se, recorded for individual tests in 1973 and 1975, in predicting hybrid differences in PBS as measured in the 12 tests prior to 1973.Key words: Corn, lodging, stalk pH, stalk dry matter

Photosynthesis and Partitioning of Dry Matter in Sunflower

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
SD English ◽  
JR Mcwilliam ◽  
RCG Smith ◽  
JL Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Exponential Relationship ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Controlled Environments

Environmental and plant factors affecting photosynthesis in sunflower were studied in controlled environments and under field conditions. The response to temperature had a broad optimum around 27°C indicating that temperature is unlikely to limit photosynthesis of the crop under normal summer growing conditions. As found for most crops, carbon dioxide was the main factor limiting photosynthesis under optimum conditions of temperature and irradiance. Photosynthetic rates varied with the age and position of the leaf on the main stem. The maximum rate achieved by any leaf was obtained by fitting an exponential relationship of the form P = A(l -e-BI), which gave an adequate description of the light response curve. The photosynthetic rate of leaves increased to a maximum just prior to full leaf expansion and then declined. An increasing rate of photosynthesis was also characteristic of the leaf profile up the main stem, culminating in highest rates in the upper part of the leaf canopy. These data indicate that the larger recently developed active leaves, which are produced on the upper part of the stem, have the greatest potential photosynthetic capacity and are most effective in supplying carbon assimilates at all stages during the development of the crop. In the field, rates of photosynthesis for individual leaves were of the same order of magnitude and followed the same pattern as those recorded in controlled environments. Also, their diurnal patterns of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were relatively unaffected by reduced water potentials as low as -2.0 to -2.5 MPa during the middle of the day. The partitioning of dry matter in sunflower into the various above ground parts was characterized and at physiological maturity the seed represented 55% of the dry weight of the inflorescence but only 33% of the dry weight of the total plant. There was a linear increase with time in the oil content of the seed following fertilization, reaching a maximum at about 20-25 days, several weeks before the seed reached physiological maturity. These data can provide the necessary response functions required for the photosynthetic submodel of a more comprehensive model to predict the yield and adaptation of sunflower under varying environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Mycorrhizal colonization and diversity and corn genotype yield in soils of the Cerrado region, Brazil

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (6Supl2) ◽  
pp. 4107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sueli Da Silva Aquino ◽  
Márcia Helena Scabora ◽  
João Antonio Da Costa Andrade ◽  
Sandra Maria Gomes da Costa ◽  
Kátia Luciene Maltoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Mycorrhizal Colonization ◽  
Spore Density ◽  
Positive Interactions ◽  
Technological Condition ◽  
Single Cross ◽  
Single Cross Hybrids

<p>The degree of interaction between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and host plants appears to depend on plant genotype, which differentially promotes symbiosis and leads to different degree of mycotrophism. The aim of the present study was to assess root colonization, spore density, and diversity of AMF, as well as yield of corn (<em>Zea mays) </em>genotypes in soil from the Cerrado region of Brazil. Number of spores (NS), mycorrhizal colonization (COL), plant and ear height, dry weight (DW), and grain yield (GY) were assessed in inbred lines and their hybrids. Randomized blocks were used for the experimental design, with 30 treatments (genotypes) and three repetitions. The experiment was conducted on the farm of the UNESP-São Paulo State University, Campus of Ilha Solteira, and the plots were composed of two 2-m-long rows, with 0.85 m between rows, and 0.20 m between plants. Qualitative and quantitative changes were observed in fungal compositions, as well as preferential associations between symbiotic partners. Analysis of AMF diversity revealed the presence of 12 species, with <em>Scutellospora calospora </em>and <em>Entrophospora colombiana </em>being the most abundant in all treatments. The species <em>Acaulospora longula</em>, <em>Glomus etunicatum</em>, <em>Glomus macrocarpum, </em>and <em>Gigaspora margarita </em>exhibited preferential associations with certain genotypes. COL and GY differed among inbred lines and single-cross hybrids and the significant correlations between COL and the DW and GY showed positive interactions between the plants and AMF. There was no correlation between heterosis for GY and heterosis for colonization. These single-cross hybrids HS83 × E3 and D3 × F5 exhibited high GY, evidencing a productivity potential for the low technological condition used.</p>

Ripening of grain maize in England: varietal differences in ripening patterns

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Bunting
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Comparable Data ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Varietal Differences ◽  
Stalk Rot ◽  
Water Contents

SUMMARYChanges occurring during ripening in dry weight and percentage dry-matter content of grain and rachis (cob) have been studied in Inra 200, and comparable data obtained for a U.S.A. dent hybrid, Minnesota 803, a Canadian flint × dent hybrid, OX 302, and a range of European flint × dent hybrids (Prior, Kelvedon 59A, De Kalb 202, Maris Carmine, Pioneer 131 and Anjou 210).In Minnesota 803, OX 302 and, to a lesser extent, Prior, loss of water from the grain was more rapid than in Inra 200 during later stages of ripening. OX 302 reached a harvestable stage (40% grain water content) 10–12 weeks after silking, about 7 days earlier than Inra 200 in favourable seasons, and nearly 14 days earlier when conditions for ripening were less satisfactory. The patterns of changes occurring in the cob were quite different from those in ripening grain. Maximum dry weight of cob was reached when the grain was in the milk stage, and then declined throughout the period of rapid grain development; in the ripe ear, cob dry weight was 15–20% below its earlier maximum. At comparable grain water contents, the cob in Inra 200 was wetter than in Prior, Minnesota 803 and, even more markedly, OX 302. In contrast, water content in the cob of Maris Carmine and Anjou 210 was slightly higher than in Inra 200. The possible relationship between the differing varietal trends in ripening grain (and cob) and resistance to stalk rot is discussed.The dry weight of the cob in ripe ears of Inra 200 was barely half that found in OX 302 and Minnesota 803, and lower than in other European flint × dent hybrids. Shelling percentage in ripe ears of Inra 200 was 88–90; it was 84–86 in other European flint × dent hybrids, about 80 in Minnesota 803 and 75 in OX 302. Mention is made of the relevance of this information to choice of variety for production of ground ear maize.

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