THE DIGESTIBILITY BY PIGS OF DRY MATTER, ENERGY, PROTEIN AND AMINO ACIDS IN WHEAT CULTIVARS. II. FIFTEEN CULTIVARS GROWN IN TWO YEARS, COMPARED WITH BONANZA AND FERGUS BARLEYS, AND 3CW-GRADE HARD RED SPRING WHEAT

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. ANDERSON ◽  
J. M. BELL
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Triticum Vulgare ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Available Lysine

Fifteen wheat cultivars (Triticum vulgare L.) and two barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.), some grown in two or three different years, were evaluated in two digestion trials with pigs of 40 kg initial weight. Some samples had frost damage. Each cultivar was measured for bulk weight (kg/hL), weight in g/1000 kernels, kernel plumpness and percent germination. The grains and feces were analyzed for gross energy, crude protein and amino acids. The diets comprised 95.7% ground grain, 0.5% chromic oxide, and mineral and vitamin supplements. Crude protein (N × 6.25) ranged from 11.1 to 19.7%. In terms of digestibility of energy, digestibility of protein, content of digestible crude protein (DCP), available lysine and digestible energy (DE), the wheat cultivars Inia-66 and Neepawa ranked highest, followed by Norquay, then Glenlea, Pitic-62 and PFW606A. Within cultivar, year-to-year differences were observed as well as some effects of frost damage. Cultivar differences in DE were found but DCP and available lysine were identified as the most important nutritional criteria for wheat to be used as the major grain in the animal diet. Environmental conditions affecting crop growth and seed maturity may be as important as genetic differences between cultivars in regard to nutritional quality evaluations as measured in these trials.Key words: Digestibility, wheat, protein, energy, amino acids, pigs

THE DIGESTIBILITY BY PIGS OF DRY MATTER, ENERGY, PROTEIN AND AMINO ACIDS IN WHEAT CULTIVARS. I. GLENLEA, NEEPAWA, INIA-66, PITIC-62 AND TWIN, COMPARED WITH BONANZA BARLEY

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. ANDERSON ◽  
J. M. BELL
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Triticum Vulgare ◽  
Amino Acid Availability ◽  
Matter Energy

Wheat cultivars (Triticum vulgare L., ’Glenlea,’ ’Neepawa,’ ’Inia-66,’ ’Pitic-62’ and ’Twin’) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L., ’Bonanza’) were compared in digestion trials with six 40-kg barrows in a 6 × 6 latin square experiment. The diets contained 95.7% ground grain, 0.5% chromic oxide feces marker, mineral and vitamin supplements. Inia-66, Neepawa and Pitic-62 wheats had higher dry matter, energy and protein digestibility coefficients than Glenlea or Twin. Barley yielded the lowest values mainly because of having a higher fiber (hull) content and a lower protein content than the wheat samples. The digestible energy values (MJ/kg) also showed Glenlea and Twin wheats to be inferior (P < 0.05) to the other three cultivars. Differences in digestible crude protein (DCP) and in amino acid availability showed Neepawa and Pitic-62 to be superior to Twin. Lysine was the least available of the essential amino acids; 66–74% vs. 79% for the average of all amino acids in wheat. The variations in DCP and lysine availability in wheat may be more important nutritionally than the variations in DE.Key words: Digestibility, wheat, protein, energy, amino acids, pigs

Plant Volatiles and Oviposition Behavior in the Selection of Barley Cultivars by Wheat Stem Sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Buddhi B Achhami ◽  
Gadi V P Reddy ◽  
M L Hofland ◽  
Jamie D Sherman ◽  
Robert K D Peterson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Selection ◽  
Oviposition Behavior ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Hexenyl Acetate ◽  
Host Selection Behavior ◽  
Selection Decisions

Abstract Wheat stem sawfly, [Cephus cinctus (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)], females display complex behaviors for host selection and oviposition. Susceptible hollow stem wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars release a greater amount of attractive compound, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and receive a greater number of eggs compared to resistant solid stem wheat cultivars. However, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is becoming a more common host for C. cinctus in Montana. Therefore, how do host selection and oviposition behaviors on barley cultivars compare to what happens when encountering wheat cultivars? To answer this question, we carried out greenhouse experiments using two barley cultivars: ‘Hockett’ and ‘Craft’. Between these cultivars at Zadoks stages 34 and 49, we compared host selection decisions using a Y-tube olfactometer, compared oviposition behaviors on stems, and counted the number of eggs inside individual stems. In Y-tube bioassays, we found a greater number of C. cinctus females were attracted to the airstream passing over ‘Hockett’ than ‘Craft’ barley cultivars. Although the frequencies of oviposition behaviors were similar between these cultivars, the number of eggs was greater in ‘Hockett’. Volatile profiles indicated that the amount of linalool was greater in the airstream from ‘Craft’ than in ‘Hockett’ at Zadoks 34 while the amount of (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate was greater in airstream from ‘Hockett’ at both Zadoks 34 and 49. These results suggest that volatiles of barley plants influenced host selection behavior of ovipositing C. cinctus females, while other discriminating behaviors do not differ between cultivars.

Effects of xylanase and antibiotic addition on ileal and faecal apparent digestibilities of dietary nutrients and evaluating HCl-insoluble ash as a dietary marker in growing pigs

2001 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.-L. Yin ◽  
J.D. McEvoy ◽  
H. Schulze ◽  
K.J. McCracken
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Dietary Nutrients

AbstractThe effects of xylanase and antibiotic addition to the diet, and the use of HCl-insoluble ash as a marker, on ileal and faecal apparent digestibilities of nutrients were studied with 12 growing pigs fitted with post-valvular T-caecum cannulae (PVTC). The results showed that the apparent ileal digestibility of non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) was high, (over 0·30). Xylanase, or antibiotics (Avoparcin) or xylanase plus antibiotics supplementation of the wheat middling-based diets did not significantly (P > 0·05) increase the ileal and faecal apparent digestibilities of NSP, neutral-detergent fibre (NDF), dry matter, crude protein, energy or amino acids. There were no significant (P > 0·05) differences between the HCl-insoluble ash and Cr2O3 recoveries at the ileal or at the faecal levels: proportionately, 0·864 and 0·911 for the ileal and faecal recoveries of HCl-insoluble ash, and 0·857 and 0. 915 for the ileal and faecal recoveries of Cr2O3, respectively.

PROTEIN QUALITY EVALUATIONS OF SELECTED CULTIVARS OF WHEAT, MEASURED BY CHEMICAL SCORES AND MOUSE BIOASSAYS

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-137
Author(s):  
J. M. BELL ◽  
D. M. ANDERSON
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Key Words Wheat ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid ◽  
Net Protein

Wheat cultivars, Glenlea, Inia-66, Neepawa, Pitic-62 and Twin, and Bonanza barley, were fed to mice in digestibility and protein quality evaluation trials. In the digestibility trial each diet contained 94.7% test grain, plus mineral and vitamin supplements and 0.55% chromic oxide fecal marker. Digestibility of energy ranged from 79.3% (Twin) to 83.4% (Neepawa). Digestibility of protein ranged from 71.0% (Twin) to 84.4% (Neepawa). Crude protein (CP) (N × 6.25) ranged from 11.8% (Twin) to 15.8% (Neepawa) and affected the protein apparent digestibility coefficients. In the 14-day growth trials the grains were compared in four ways: (a) as 94.7% of the diet, (b) in diets containing 9% CP, (c) in diets containing 9% CP plus amino acids to meet the requirements for growth of the mouse and (d) in diets containing 7% CP. Casein control diets were used. In (a) mice fed Twin wheat and Bonanza barley gained less than all others. In (b) all wheats resulted in slower growth than barley or casein but Twin had better protein than Inia-66 and Pitic-62, reflecting lysine contents. In (c) all wheats supplemented with amino acids equalled casein in terms of growth. In (d) the responses to 7% CP diets were inferior but parallel to those from 9% CP diets. In the protein quality evaluations barley ranked highest in relative growth index, protein efficiency ratio and net protein ratio. Twin wheat ranked second and Pitic-62 ranked last. Lysine was the first-limiting amino acid in all wheats, having from about 59 to 64% of the level required by 20- to 35-kg pigs. Isoleucine was second-limiting except for Glenlea with threonine. Key words: Wheat, cultivars, protein quality, mouse assays, digestibility

Predicting potential field seedling vigour of Canadian six-row barley cultivars

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Briggs ◽  
G. J. Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Potential Field ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Seedling Vigour ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Seed Testing ◽  
Seed Sources

Rapid techniques for predicting the field vigour potential of barley seed samples would be very useful for seed-testing laboratories and barley breeders. The objective of this study was to compare two faster laboratory seed-testing methods, tetrazolium chloride reduction (TZ) and carbon dioxide evolution rate (CDE), with the standard, but slow and costly germination resistance (GR) test, for ability to identify cultivar differences in vigour and their relationship to vigour potential in the field. Fifteen six-row barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars were used in the study, from two seed sources grown in different years, and four replicate assays of all three tests were conducted in controlled conditions at 5, 10, 15 and 20 °C. Field emergence rate (FDE = days to 75% seedling emergence) was also assessed in replicated plot trials grown at Edmonton and Ellerslie, Alberta in 1997, using the same seed sources. Three seeding dates were used at each site to obtain a range of soil temperatures at planting depth from 4 to 18 °C. Significant differences between cultivars were found for TZ, CDE and GR, but not between seed sources, and little or no interaction of cultivar with assay temperature was found. Cultivar performance was relatively similar when assessed by TZ or CDE, at all temperatures. CDE, TZ and GR results from all temperatures and both seed sources were compared by correlation to FDE results for all six planting events (two field sites × three planting dates). High and significant correlations (r > 0.51; sig., P < 0.05) were found for nearly all comparisons of each of CDE, TZ and GR with FDE. For all comparisons with FDE the average correlation for TZ was 0.68, 0.66 for CDE, and 0.69 for GR, with 10% of all possible correlations exceeding 0.80 (all sig., P < 0.05). These results indicate that all three laboratory tests at any temperature were generally effective predictors of the potential field seedling vigour of different barley cultivars. TZ and CDE appear to be useful alternatives to GR for assessing potential field seedling vigour of barley cultivars, and lend themselves to development of automated laboratory assay procedures, not possible for GR. Key words: Germination prediction tests, barley, field correlation

NUTRITIVE VALUE OF WHOLE CROP SILAGE MADE FROM SEVEN CEREAL CULTIVARS

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. CHRISTENSEN ◽  
B. D. OWEN ◽  
G. STEACY ◽  
J. P. MTIMUNI ◽  
W. L. CROWLE
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Oat Cultivars ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Dough Stage ◽  
Cereal Cultivars

Seven cultivars of barley, oats and wheat were harvested at the mid-dough stage and stored in polyethylene-covered experimental silos of 700-kg capacity. Four steers weighing about 200 kg were fed each type of silage in order to determine voluntary intake and digestibility of energy and protein. The silages averaged 36.6% dry matter and 12.5% crude protein, with the wheat and barley silages containing significantly more protein than oat silage (P < 0.05). Digestibility of energy averaged 65.4%. The wheat and barley cultivars tended to contain higher digestible energy levels than oat cultivars. Digestibility of crude protein averaged 68.5% with no significant differences. Voluntary intake of dry matter (DMg/Wkg.75) was higher (P < 0.05) in oats than barley or most wheat cultivars. Intake of Glenlea wheat equalled Fraser oats and the unlicenced 1863–4 oat cultivar.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Metabolism at Tillering Stage Differently Affects the Grain Yield and Grain Protein Content in Two Durum Wheat Cultivars

Diversity ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
Fortunato ◽  
Nigro ◽  
Paradiso ◽  
Cucci ◽  
Lacolla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Nitrogen Abundance

Soil nitrogen abundance, as well as nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), significantly affect the crop yield and grain protein content (GPC). Depending on the genotype, a negative correlation between the yield and GPC can occur. The aim of the study was to assess the agronomic performance, and to explore physiological pathways for the efficient use of N fertilizer for two durum wheat cultivars, “Aureo” and “Vespucci”. After fertilization, the nitrogen content and values of some of the agronomic parameters and yield-related traits increased in both cultivars; nevertheless, a simultaneous rise in both the yield and GPC occurred only in Aureo. The biochemical parameters, analyzed at tillering, confirm the genotypic specificity of nitrogen use. In Vespucci’s roots, the nitrogen supply did not affect the nitrate reductase (NR), but greatly increased the amino acids and proteins, suggesting that ammonium is preferentially assimilated. In Aureo, nitrate is in part assimilated by the roots, as suggested by the ammonium increase and NR enhancement. In the leaves of both cultivars, organic nitrogen significantly increased after fertilization; however, the rise in amino acids, as well as in NR activity, was higher in Aureo than in Vespucci. These results indicate that the different nitrogen use, and in particular the diverse NR behavior, at tillering, are in part responsible of the cultivar differences in grain yield and GPC.

Variation in culm anatomy among barley cultivars differing in lodging resistance

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1838-1843 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Dunn ◽  
K. G. Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Culm Length ◽  
Basal Internode ◽  
Culm Wall ◽  
Field Plots

Five registered Canadian six-row barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars, including two recently registered semidwarfs ('Duke' and 'Samson'), that differ in lodging resistance and height were studied over 2 years for differences in morphological and anatomical characteristics of culms that could be related to lodging resistance. Plants were grown in nonirrigated field plots at a population density of 220 plants/m2 under conditions of high soil fertility. Significant cultivar differences were observed for culm length, number of internodes, length of four basal internodes, culm diameter, culm wall thickness, number of vascular bundles, and thickness of the sclerenchyma ring. No cultivar differences were found for thickness of the sclerenchyma cell walls. Of the characters studied, culm length, basal internode length, culm wall thickness, and sclerenchyma ring thickness were most closely associated with differences in lodging resistance among the cultivars. The results of this study indicate that it may be possible to select lodging resistant genotypes from early generations in breeding programs on the basis of these traits.

Grain amino acid composition of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars subjected to selenium doses

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Semih Yilmaz ◽  
Ali İrfan İlbaş ◽  
Mikail Akbulut ◽  
Aysun Çetin
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Sulfur Amino Acids ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Limiting Amino Acids

Abstract Background: Selenium (Se34) is an essential micronutrient for humans and animals and has growth promoting and antioxidative effects at low concentrations. Methods: Effects of various sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) doses on grain amino acid content of barley cultivars (Bülbül 89 and Çetin 2000) was investigated using ion exchange liquid chromatography. Results: Majority of the amino acids could be altered with Selenium (Se) fertilization. Grain Se content of Bülbül 89 (0.175 mg kg−1) and Çetin 2000 (0.171 mg kg−1) were similar and both displayed an increase in proteinogenic, essential, and sulfur amino acids. The response of cultivars was more pronounced for Se accumulation and amino acid content at mid dose (12.5 mg ha−1). The quantities of proteinogenic, essential and sulfur amino acids increased considerably at that dose. Se induced increase in nitrogen content might cause an increase in some of the proteins of grain and consequently can alter amino acid composition. An obvious increase in the limiting amino acids (lysine and threonine) were prominent in response to Se fertilization. Conclusion: Se treatment influence amino acid composition of barley grains; especially improve the quantity of limiting amino acids and consequently nutritional value of the grain.

Straw yields and nutrients of seventy-five Canadian barley cultivars

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Narasimhalu ◽  
D. Kong ◽  
T. M. Choo
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Total N ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Key Words Barley

Straw, grain, and total yields were compared among 32 two-row and 43 six-row barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars registered in eastern and western Canada, that were grown at Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island in 1991 and 1992. Straw nutrients was determined in 1991. Two-row cultivars yielded more straw and less grain than six-row cultivars (P < 0.05). The total yield (i.e., total aboveground dry matter) of two-row cultivars was approximately equal to that of six-row cultivars. Straw of two-row cultivars contained more cell contents but less hemicellulose, total-N, Ca, Na, Mn, and Zn than six-row cultivars straw (P < 0.05). Straw yields were not different between eastern and western cultivars regardless of whether they were two-row or six-row types. Eastern two-row cultivars showed higher grain yield and higher total yield than western two-row, and their straws contained less lignin and P than those of western cultivars. Straw of eastern six-row cultivars contained less Ca, but more Na and Mg than that of western six-row cultivars. Hulless barleys showed less grain yield and their straw contained less cellulose than covered barleys regardless of whether they were two-row or six-row types. Two-row hulless cultivars yielded more straw than two-row covered barleys. Straw of six-row hulless barleys contained more cell contents, total-N, and minerals (except for Na and Mn) than that of six-row covered barleys. Key words: Barley cultivars, straw, yield, crude protein, fibre, minerals

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