Variation in culm anatomy among barley cultivars differing in lodging resistance

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1838-1843 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Dunn ◽  
K. G. Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Culm Length ◽  
Basal Internode ◽  
Culm Wall ◽  
Field Plots

Five registered Canadian six-row barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars, including two recently registered semidwarfs ('Duke' and 'Samson'), that differ in lodging resistance and height were studied over 2 years for differences in morphological and anatomical characteristics of culms that could be related to lodging resistance. Plants were grown in nonirrigated field plots at a population density of 220 plants/m2 under conditions of high soil fertility. Significant cultivar differences were observed for culm length, number of internodes, length of four basal internodes, culm diameter, culm wall thickness, number of vascular bundles, and thickness of the sclerenchyma ring. No cultivar differences were found for thickness of the sclerenchyma cell walls. Of the characters studied, culm length, basal internode length, culm wall thickness, and sclerenchyma ring thickness were most closely associated with differences in lodging resistance among the cultivars. The results of this study indicate that it may be possible to select lodging resistant genotypes from early generations in breeding programs on the basis of these traits.

THE DIGESTIBILITY BY PIGS OF DRY MATTER, ENERGY, PROTEIN AND AMINO ACIDS IN WHEAT CULTIVARS. II. FIFTEEN CULTIVARS GROWN IN TWO YEARS, COMPARED WITH BONANZA AND FERGUS BARLEYS, AND 3CW-GRADE HARD RED SPRING WHEAT

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. ANDERSON ◽  
J. M. BELL
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Triticum Vulgare ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Available Lysine

Fifteen wheat cultivars (Triticum vulgare L.) and two barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.), some grown in two or three different years, were evaluated in two digestion trials with pigs of 40 kg initial weight. Some samples had frost damage. Each cultivar was measured for bulk weight (kg/hL), weight in g/1000 kernels, kernel plumpness and percent germination. The grains and feces were analyzed for gross energy, crude protein and amino acids. The diets comprised 95.7% ground grain, 0.5% chromic oxide, and mineral and vitamin supplements. Crude protein (N × 6.25) ranged from 11.1 to 19.7%. In terms of digestibility of energy, digestibility of protein, content of digestible crude protein (DCP), available lysine and digestible energy (DE), the wheat cultivars Inia-66 and Neepawa ranked highest, followed by Norquay, then Glenlea, Pitic-62 and PFW606A. Within cultivar, year-to-year differences were observed as well as some effects of frost damage. Cultivar differences in DE were found but DCP and available lysine were identified as the most important nutritional criteria for wheat to be used as the major grain in the animal diet. Environmental conditions affecting crop growth and seed maturity may be as important as genetic differences between cultivars in regard to nutritional quality evaluations as measured in these trials.Key words: Digestibility, wheat, protein, energy, amino acids, pigs

Characterization of culm morphology, anatomy and chemical composition of foxtail millet cultivars differing in lodging resistance

2015 ◽  
Vol 153 (8) ◽  
pp. 1437-1448 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. H. TIAN ◽  
L. Y. LIU ◽  
L. X. ZHANG ◽  
S. X. SONG ◽  
J. G. WANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Breaking Strength ◽  
Foxtail Millet ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Path Analyses ◽  
Culm Wall

SUMMARYLodging can be an important factor in limiting yield and quality of summer foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.]. Although lodging resistance varies among different genotypes, direct selection for lodging resistance is difficult because of its sporadic occurrence in the field and inconsistency between years. A 2-year-field study was conducted with 35 summer foxtail millet cultivars or advanced breeding lines to determine the association between lodging resistance and culm morphology, anatomy and chemical composition. Path analyses indicated that stem-breaking strength had the most important effect on the lodging coefficient. The breaking strength of stem was associated with specific morphological properties of the culm, such as greater culm diameter and most importantly culm wall thickness. Width of sclerenchyma tissue, and the number and sheath width of the large vascular bundles were the major anatomical properties that influenced stem-breaking strength. The cellulose and lignin compositions of the culm had different effects on stem-breaking strength. Cultivars with smaller lodging coefficients contained higher levels of cellulose, but lower levels of lignin than the cultivars that were more prone to lodging. The findings from the present study provide useful information on lodging-associated traits in the culm that can be used as indicators for the improvement of lodging resistance in foxtail millet.

Predicting potential field seedling vigour of Canadian six-row barley cultivars

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Briggs ◽  
G. J. Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Potential Field ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Seedling Vigour ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Seed Testing ◽  
Seed Sources

Rapid techniques for predicting the field vigour potential of barley seed samples would be very useful for seed-testing laboratories and barley breeders. The objective of this study was to compare two faster laboratory seed-testing methods, tetrazolium chloride reduction (TZ) and carbon dioxide evolution rate (CDE), with the standard, but slow and costly germination resistance (GR) test, for ability to identify cultivar differences in vigour and their relationship to vigour potential in the field. Fifteen six-row barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars were used in the study, from two seed sources grown in different years, and four replicate assays of all three tests were conducted in controlled conditions at 5, 10, 15 and 20 °C. Field emergence rate (FDE = days to 75% seedling emergence) was also assessed in replicated plot trials grown at Edmonton and Ellerslie, Alberta in 1997, using the same seed sources. Three seeding dates were used at each site to obtain a range of soil temperatures at planting depth from 4 to 18 °C. Significant differences between cultivars were found for TZ, CDE and GR, but not between seed sources, and little or no interaction of cultivar with assay temperature was found. Cultivar performance was relatively similar when assessed by TZ or CDE, at all temperatures. CDE, TZ and GR results from all temperatures and both seed sources were compared by correlation to FDE results for all six planting events (two field sites × three planting dates). High and significant correlations (r > 0.51; sig., P < 0.05) were found for nearly all comparisons of each of CDE, TZ and GR with FDE. For all comparisons with FDE the average correlation for TZ was 0.68, 0.66 for CDE, and 0.69 for GR, with 10% of all possible correlations exceeding 0.80 (all sig., P < 0.05). These results indicate that all three laboratory tests at any temperature were generally effective predictors of the potential field seedling vigour of different barley cultivars. TZ and CDE appear to be useful alternatives to GR for assessing potential field seedling vigour of barley cultivars, and lend themselves to development of automated laboratory assay procedures, not possible for GR. Key words: Germination prediction tests, barley, field correlation

STUDIES OF RECOVERY FROM ARTIFICIALLY INDUCED LODGING IN SEVERAL SIX-ROW BARLEY CULTIVARS

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. BRIGGS
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Thousand Kernel Weight ◽  
University Of Alberta ◽  
Barley Cultivars

Artificial lodging treatments were applied to several six-row barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.) in 1985 and 1986 in field plots at the University of Alberta Research Station, Edmonton, to determine the effects of lodging from the milk stage to maturity. For all cultivars the largest significant reduction in grain yield was obtained from lodging induced at the milk stage (average 21% yield reduction), with later lodging resulting in relatively less yield reduction (4% at preharvest). Significant effects of lodging treatments on thousand-kernel weight and hectoliter weight followed the same pattern. Incidence of disease (mainly scald) was significantly increased by the induction of lodging in one of the two years. Final lodging scores at maturity were significantly higher the later that lodging was induced, associated with generally reduced ability to recover from lodging. In 1 year of testing, the semidwarf cultivar Duke was found to be superior to the semidwarf cultivar Samson for lodging resistance, for ability to recover from lodging applied at all stages, for grain yield, thousand-kernel weight, and for disease resistance. In both years the cultivar Johnston had very poor lodging resistance and almost no ability to recover from lodging, whereas Leduc and Klondike were intermediate for these traits. A simple artificial lodging test is proposed for obtaining improved data on the lodging resistance and lodging recoverability of new cultivars.Key words: Lodging recovery, cultivar evaluation, disease level, grade reduction, growth stages, yield

Varietal Responses in Spring Barley to Natural and Artificial Lodging and to a Growth Regulator

1979 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 449-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Stanca ◽  
G. Jenkins ◽  
P. R. Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Natural Control ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
1000 Grain Weight

SUMMARYEight varieties of spring barley differing in their morphology and resistance to lodging were grown in a trial as main plots which were split for seven treatments: a natural control (C), a control with plots which were mechanically supported (S) and four artificially induced lodging treatments: permanent early lodging (PEL); temporary early lodging (TEL); permanent late lodging (PLL) and temporary late lodging (TLL). The seventh treatment (GR) was an application of the growth regulator BAS 09800W. In comparison with S, treatments PEL, TEL, PLL and TLL reduced grain yield by 38–1, 24–8, 22–0 and 13–9 % respectively. Natural lodging in C plots reduced the yield of the two weakest strawed varieties, Guilden and Jupiter, by 8 and 10% respectively in comparison with treatment S. Yields (C) of these two varieties were increased by GR which had no effect on the yield of other varieties, but reduced grain size in some cases. Treatment GR significantly reduced but did not eliminate natural lodging in weaker strawed varieties and reduced the length of the top four internodes. Lodging reduced grain size in terms of 1000–grain weight and sieving fractions and increased the content of husk and protein. Lodging susceptibility was positively correlated with plant height but showed no clear relationship with the number of vascular bundles, stem diameter, wall thickness, or with the content of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose in the basal internodes. Lodging resistance appeared to be closely associated with short basal internodes.

scholarly journals Morpho-anatomical traits of two lowest internodes related to lodging resistance in selected genotypes of Triticum

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danuta Packa ◽  
Marian Wiwart ◽  
Elżbieta Suchowilska ◽  
Teresa Bieńkowska
Keyword(s):  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Common Wheat ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Transverse Section ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Lumen Diameter ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Section Modulus

Abstract The cross-sections of first and second internodes were analyzed under a light and fluorescence microscopes in six varieties of Triticum spelta, two varieties of T. polonicum, and one variety of T. aestivum. The morphometric parameters of stem cross-sections were measured. The analyzed wheats were characterized by significant differences in traits associated with lodging resistance ie: internode diameter, lumen diameter, stem wall thickness, mechanical layer thickness, area of transverse section, and area of lumen for the first and second internode and between the internodes. In all varieties, the values of internode diameter, lumen diameter, area of transverse section and area of lumen were higher for the second internode than for the first internode, whereas the reverse was reported for stem wall thickness and mechanical layer thickness The results of the principal component analysis and section modulus values revealed similarities between spring spelt Wirtas and Rubinas and between common wheat Kontesa and winter spelt Poeme and Epanis. The number of large vascular bundles varied across the studied varieties. The average number of vascular bundles in common wheat Kontesa was significantly higher than in spring spelt Rubinas and Wirtas and significantly lower than in Polish wheat Pol-3 and winter spelt Epanis and Poeme.

scholarly journals Changes of Stem Characteristics, Senescence Indexes and Yield and Quality of Wintering Rye under Different Populations

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6876
Author(s):  
Yuetao Zuo ◽  
Xueyue Zhang ◽  
Shiyu Zuo ◽  
Xiaosong Ren ◽  
Zhaoyue Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Grain Number Per Spike ◽  
Basal Internode ◽  
Spike Number

In response to the production crisis caused by a winter feed shortage due to the rapid development of the animal husbandry industry, winter rye 001 was selected to study differences in stalk and senescence characteristics in yield formation in cold regions. Five density treatments were established in a randomized design as 225 × 104 plant·hm−2 (D1), 275 × 104 plant·hm−2 (D2), 325 × 104 plant·hm−2 (D3), 375 × 104 plant·hm−2 (D4), and 425 × 104 plant·hm−2 (D5). Stem characteristics, SOD activity, POD activity, MDA content, and differences in yield and feeding quality under different population densities were analyzed. The plant height, center of gravity, and stem basal internode length showed an increasing trend with an increase in planting density. The stem wall thickness, diameter, strength, and lodging resistance indices decreased. At 275 × 104 plants·hm−2, the rye crude protein content was the highest while neutral washing fiber and acid washing fiber were the lowest, and feed quality was the best. With an increase in density, spike number, grain number per spike, and thousand-grain weight first increased and then decreased. We concluded that the yield and feeding quality were best when the basic seedling was at 275 × 104 plants hm−2.

AC Queens barley

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Choo ◽  
S. ter Beek ◽  
R. A. Martin ◽  
K. M. Ho ◽  
C. D. Caldwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Good Seed ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Good Test ◽  
Key Words Barley ◽  
Cultivar Description

AC Queens is a two-row, spring feed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar developed by the Eastern Canada Barley Breeding Group, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. It has high yield, good test weight, good seed weight, and lodging resistance. AC Queens performs well in the Maritime Region of Canada. Key words: Barley, Hordeum vulgare L., cultivar description, high yield, high seed weight

Plant Volatiles and Oviposition Behavior in the Selection of Barley Cultivars by Wheat Stem Sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Buddhi B Achhami ◽  
Gadi V P Reddy ◽  
M L Hofland ◽  
Jamie D Sherman ◽  
Robert K D Peterson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Selection ◽  
Oviposition Behavior ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Hexenyl Acetate ◽  
Host Selection Behavior ◽  
Selection Decisions

Abstract Wheat stem sawfly, [Cephus cinctus (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)], females display complex behaviors for host selection and oviposition. Susceptible hollow stem wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars release a greater amount of attractive compound, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and receive a greater number of eggs compared to resistant solid stem wheat cultivars. However, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is becoming a more common host for C. cinctus in Montana. Therefore, how do host selection and oviposition behaviors on barley cultivars compare to what happens when encountering wheat cultivars? To answer this question, we carried out greenhouse experiments using two barley cultivars: ‘Hockett’ and ‘Craft’. Between these cultivars at Zadoks stages 34 and 49, we compared host selection decisions using a Y-tube olfactometer, compared oviposition behaviors on stems, and counted the number of eggs inside individual stems. In Y-tube bioassays, we found a greater number of C. cinctus females were attracted to the airstream passing over ‘Hockett’ than ‘Craft’ barley cultivars. Although the frequencies of oviposition behaviors were similar between these cultivars, the number of eggs was greater in ‘Hockett’. Volatile profiles indicated that the amount of linalool was greater in the airstream from ‘Craft’ than in ‘Hockett’ at Zadoks 34 while the amount of (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate was greater in airstream from ‘Hockett’ at both Zadoks 34 and 49. These results suggest that volatiles of barley plants influenced host selection behavior of ovipositing C. cinctus females, while other discriminating behaviors do not differ between cultivars.

Classification of cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare). 1. Historical aspects, and phenetic character analysis of some characters by information theory and by spatial autocorrelation

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 2769-2773
Author(s):  
Bernard B. Baum
Keyword(s):  
Information Theory ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Theory Model ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Character Analysis ◽  
Barley Cultivars

A brief historical sketch of the classification of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars is presented along with reference to key reviews on this subject. Characters, utilized in the comprehensive study on the barley cultivars of North America by Aberg and Wiebe (U.S. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 942), were subjected to a series of phenetic character analyses using an information theory model and a spatial autocorrelation model. The ranking of the 48 characters in order of their importance (for classification and identification purposes) from the character analysis by information theory was compared with the previous rating of characters made by Aberg and Wiebe and was found to differ significantly. Numerous trials of character analysis by spatial autocorrelation using various Minkowski distances, setting various values among three parameters, never yielded results comparable with those obtained by Aberg and Wiebe. Among those trials, a few combinations of values for the three parameters (X, Y, and Z) yielded results comparable with those obtained with character analysis by information theory. Those same combinations of values were found by Estabrook and Gates (Taxon, 33: 13–25) in their study of Banisteriopsis in 1984, where they also developed the method of character analysis by spatial autocorrelation. Kernel weight was found to be the most important character.

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