RESPONSE OF VARIOUS BROAD-LEAVED WEEDS, AND TOLERANCE OF CEREALS, TO SOIL AND FOLIAR APPLICATIONS OF DPX-4189

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 715-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. O’SULLIVAN
Keyword(s):  
Soil Surface ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Fagopyrum Tataricum ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Excellent Control ◽  
And Control

DPX-4189 (2-chloro-N-[4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) amino-carbonyl]-benzenesulfonamide), applied at relatively low rates to the soil (40–200 g/ha) or foliage (1–100 g/ha), generally provided excellent control of a variety of broad-leaved weeds, but poor control of green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.). Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) showed excellent tolerence. At equivalent dosages, foliar applications were more effective than soil applications in the year of application. With foliar applications, herbicidal activity on a variety of annual broad-leaved weed species was reduced with application at later (four to eight) versus earlier (two to four) leaf stages. Preplant incorporated (PPI) treatments were more effective for control of Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.) than soil surface (PE) or preemergence incorporated (PEI) treatments. DPX-4189 provided weed control 8 mo after application at 20 g/ha in the greenhouse and 12 mo after application at 40 g/ha in the field. Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) topgrowth control during the year of application, and control of regrowth 1 yr after application of DPX-4189 at 50 g/ha under field conditions was excellent. DPX-4189 may be transported from the leaves to the roots of Canada thistle, but soil residue carryover is probably more important for control during the second year. DPX-4189 was readily leached in a silt-loam soil.

Influence of Simulated Rainfall and Soil Moisture on Herbicidal Activity of Cinmethylin

Weed Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven G. Russell ◽  
Thomas J. Monaco ◽  
Jerome B. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Prickly Sida

Field trials were conducted in 1986 and 1987 to determine the effects of moisture on herbicidal activity of cinmethylin applied preemergence at 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 kg ai ha to both dry and moist sandy loam soil. Herbicide application was followed by varying amounts of irrigation. Weed species included velvetleaf, prickly sida, green foxtail, and barnyardgrass. When cinmethylin was applied to a moist soil or when 2.5 cm of irrigation was applied 5 days after cinmethylin application to a dry soil, overall weed control was reduced. Optimum weed control resulted from cinmethylin application to dry soil followed either by a 2.5-cm irrigation within 8 h or a 7.6-cm irrigation within 36 h.

HOE 23408, A NEW SELECTIVE HERBICIDE FOR WILD OATS AND GREEN FOXTAIL IN WHEAT AND BARLEY

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. FRIESEN ◽  
P. A. O’SULLIVAN ◽  
W. H. VANDEN BORN
Keyword(s):  
Foliar Application ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Green Foxtail

A series of field, growth chamber, and laboratory experiments showed that HOE 23408 [4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-phenoxy propionic acid methyl ester] as a post-emergence herbicide provided selective control of wild oats (Avena fatua L.) and green foxtail (Seteria viridis L. Beauv.) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) equal to or better than barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl m-chlorocarbanilate) over a growth period extending from the 2- to 5-leaf stages in both weed species. Wheat was highly tolerant to HOE 23408 at all growth stages, while with barley there was some leaf mottling and suppression of both shoot and root development. The 6-row cultivars Gait, Bonanza and Conquest largely recovered from the effects, but the 2-row cultivar Betzes suffered significant yield reduction. HOE 23408 moved mainly in an acropetal direction when applied to different parts of the wild oats plant. Application made on or below the meristematic area of the stem apex caused necrosis and eventual death of the entire plant. Phytotoxicity following soil application was markedly less than with foliar application. Indications were that it was also more phytotoxic to the emerging weeds via shoot than via root contact. Although HOE 23408 is relatively insoluble in water, it leached to a limited extent in soils.

INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS HERBICIDES AND TWEEN 20 ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GLYPHOSATE

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 939-945 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. O’SULLIVAN ◽  
J. T. O’DONOVAN
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Campestris ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Initial Reduction ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Excellent Control ◽  
High Degree

Glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl glycine) at 0.21 kg/ha applied at the 4-leaf stage provided excellent control of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), and rape (Brassica campestris L.). Tank mixtures of 0.21 kg/ha glyphosate with bromoxynil/MCPA, bromoxynil, MCPA, 2,4-D, or dicamba resulted in an initial reduction (antagonism) of glyphosate activity on the grass species at 5 days after treatment. At 34 days after treatment, the early differences had disappeared and grass kill was virtually complete with all treatments containing glyphosate. The early reduction in annual grass control with these mixtures was overcome in most cases by addition of Tween 20. Dicamba at 0.11 kg/ha, applied sequentially at various times in relation to glyphosate at 0.21 kg/ha, provided significantly increased early control of annual grasses over that obtained with glyphosate alone. Glyphosate combinations with bromoxynil/MCPA, bromoxynil, MCPA, 2,4-D, or dicamba were as effective or more effective for rape control than the various broad-leaved herbicides applied alone. Rape showed a high degree of tolerance to dicamba.

PROPANIL FOR CONTROL OF GREEN FOXTAIL IN WHEAT AND BARLEY

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES H. HUNTER
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Excellent Control

In a series of field and greenhouse experiments, propanil (3′, 4′-dichloropropionalide) as a postemergent herbicide provided excellent control of green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Although some initial chlorosis occurred, wheat and barley recovered quickly and were considered tolerant to propanil at up to 1 kg/ha applied over a growth period extending from the 2- to 8-leaf stages of the green foxtail. Propanil at rates greater than 1 kg/ha resulted in considerable chlorosis and leaf tip burn, and although grain yields were not reduced, crop tolerance was visually assessed as unsatisfactory. Control of green foxtail was satisfactory with 1 kg/ha at the 2- to 4-leaf stages but not at later stages. Control was significantly better when the spray pressure at application was 310 kPa compared to 207 kPa. Analysis indicated that at the 2 and 4 kg/ha rate of propanil the residues in wheat and barley disappeared very quickly. At harvest, wheat grain contained 0.09 ppm of propanil.

CONTROL OF GREEN FOXTAIL IN CEREALS WITH AC 206,784, ALONE AND IN MIXTURES WITH TRIALLATE FOR WILD OATS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 995-1001
Author(s):  
P. A. O’SULLIVAN ◽  
P. N. P. CHOW ◽  
J. H. HUNTER ◽  
K. J. KIRKLAND
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
Green Foxtail

Control of green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) with AC 206,784 (2-chloro-N-isopropyl-2′,3′-acetoxylidide) was evaluated at four locations in western Canada. With soil applications, control was good at Lacombe in 1978 but poor at Lacombe and Regina during 1979. Control was good at Brandon and Scott in 1979. At two locations in 1979, soil surface (PE) applications were less effective for control of green foxtail than preplant-incorporated (PPI) treatments. PPI treatments to a depth of 5 cm were more effective than PPI to 10 cm. Soil applications of AC 206,784 did not control wild oats (Avena fatua L.) or injure wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions but did provide suppression of these species under greenhouse conditions. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) tolerance to AC 206,784 was good. Treating the soil zone containing the emerging coleoptiles of green foxtail and wheat caused more injury that treating the root zone. Application of AC 206,784 as a tank-mixture with triallate did not affect its activity on green foxtail or influence triallate activity on wild oats. In field and greenhouse experiments, control of green foxtail with AC 206,784 applied at the two-leaf stage was variable; at the four-leaf stage it was poor.

SPLIT APPLICATIONS AND TANK MIX COMBINATIONS OF DICLOFOP-METHYL AND MCPA FOR WEED CONTROL IN BARLEY

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. QURESHI ◽  
W. H. VANDEN BORN
Keyword(s):  
Butyl Ester ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Assimilate Transport ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Total Dosage ◽  
Fagopyrum Tataricum ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Application Methods ◽  
And Control

Injury to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) caused by the foliar-applied wild oat (Avena fatua L.) herbicide diclofop-methyl {methyl 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenoxy] propanoate} was evaluated and application methods were modified to reduce or eliminate the injury and loss in yield. Diclofop-methyl caused shoot chlorosis and inhibited growth of both barley and wild oats. In barley, assimilate transport to the roots was reduced and this effect was not altered by MCPA {butyl ester of [(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy] acetic acid}. Injury to barley from split applications of diclofop-methyl was minimal, and wild oat control was maintained as long as the interval between applications was less than 7 days. A 4-day interval between MCPA and diclofop-methyl prevented most of the antagonism that occurs with application of a tank mixture of the two herbicides. If diclofop-methyl at one-third of the total dosage was applied in one treatment, followed 4 days later by the remainder of the dosage mixed with MCPA, barley injury was minimal and control of both wild oats and Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.) was excellent.

Simulated Insect Defoliation of Seedlings and Productivity of Winter Small-Grain Crops

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 534-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. David Buntin
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Grain Crops ◽  
Negative Effect

Insects, such as grasshoppers, Spodoptera spp. armyworms and flea beetles, occasionally defoliate seedlings of autumn-planted small grain crops. Seedlings of wheat, Triticum aestivum L., barley, Hordeum vulgare L., oats, Avena sativa L., rye, Secale cereale L., and triticale, X Triticosecale Wittmack, were mechanically clipped at the soil surface to simulate insect leaf injury for various periods after planting up to the 1-, 2-, and 4-leaf stages. Defoliation up to the 4-leaf stage (i.e., ≥ 30 days after planting) delayed spike emergence of all crops by several days. Seedling defoliation generally had little adverse effect on grain yield and test weight of rye in any year and reduced yield of triticale in one of three years. Furthermore, plants of both species defoliated in the 2- and 4-leaf stages were less severely damaged by cold temperatures and yielded as much or more than nondefoliated plants when late freezes occurred. Seedling defoliation up to the 4-leaf stage also had little negative effect on grain yield and test weight of wheat. Grain yield of barley and oats declined with increasing length of defoliation period in two of three seasons with most of the reduction occurring when defoliation exceeded 20 days. Results imply that seedling defoliation up to the 4-leaf stage has little effect on grain yield and test weight of winter wheat, rye, and triticale. Defoliation only adversely affected yield of barley and oats when it occurred beyond the 2-leaf stage. As long as plant stand is not reduced, economic thresholds for seedling pests of winter small-grain crops that do not allow for the loss of most leaf tissue for several weeks after planting probably are too conservative.

INFLUENCE OF SEVERAL HERBICIDES FOR BROAD-LEAVED WEED CONTROL AND TWEEN 20 ON THE PHYTOTOXICITY OF PARAQUAT

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 445-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. O’SULLIVAN ◽  
J. T. O’DONOVAN
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Brassica Campestris ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Excellent Control ◽  
Permanent Reduction

Paraquat at 0.28 kg/ha provided excellent control of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and oats Avena sativa L.) when applied at the four-leaf stage of growth. Applications of paraquat in tank mixtures with ester formulations of 2,4-D, MCPA, bromoxynil or bromoxynil/MCPA did not affect paraquat activity on the grasses. Tank mixtures of paraquat with dimethylamine formulations of 2,4-D and MCPA resulted in a permanent reduction of paraquat activity on the annual grass species. Sequential applications of 2,4-D amine or MCPA amine in relation to paraquat did not reduce paraquat activity on the annual grass species. Control of rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) with 0.28 kg/ha paraquat was not acceptable and was variable. However, excellent control of rapeseed was obtained when one of several herbicides for broad-leaved weed control were combined with paraquat.

Herbicidal Activity of Glyphosate in Soil

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 463-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis C. Salazar ◽  
Arnold P. Appleby
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Germination And Growth

Greenhouse studies were conducted using bentgrass (Agrostis tenuisSibth. ‘Highland′) as a bioassay species to measure herbicidal activity of 3.4 kg/ha of the isopropylamine salt of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] when applied directly to the soil surface prior to bentgrass emergence. Activity of glyphosate also was examined by applying glyphosate to a moist soil surface and placing alfalfa (Medicago sativaL. ‘Vernal′) and red clover (Trifolium pratenseL. ‘Kenstar′) seeds on the sprayed surface 3, 6, 9, and 24 h later. In two high-organic soils, glyphosate reduced bentgrass growth in each of four experiments, even when applied up to 5 days before bentgrass emergence. Significant glyphosate activity was measured in one of the experiments in another organic soil and in three of the experiments in a Chehalis sandy loam soil. Germination and growth of alfalfa and red clover were reduced when seeds were distributed on a sprayed soil surface up to 24 h after glyphosate application. These results show that glyphosate, at least under certain conditions, can cause significant crop injury when used prior to planting or emergence of some species.

Control of Perennial Weed Species As Seedlings With Soil-Applied Herbicides

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 425-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Vangessel
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Perennial Species ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Atlantic Region ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Loam Soil

Herbicides from several chemical families were evaluated in the greenhouse for preemergence control of perennial weed species emerging from seeds. Weed species were bermudagrass, johnsongrass, Canada thistle, common milkweed, common pokeweed, hemp dogbane, and horsenettle. Atrazine, cloransulam, chlorimuron, clomazone, flumetsulam, imazaquin, linuron, metolachlor, metribuzin, pendimethalin, and sulfentrazone were used representing common preemergence herbicide families used in the mid-Atlantic region for corn and soybean in a sandy loam soil. Hemp dogbane and common pokeweed were controlled (greater than 85%) by eight of the 11 herbicides in this study, indicating they may be the two most susceptible species in the trial. Metolachlor and pendimethalin provided control of only bermudagrass, and linuron controlled only Canada thistle. Cloransulam controlled all species except bermudagrass. Clomazone provided greater than 80% control of all species except horsenettle. Metribuzin alone or in combination with chlorimuron provided the broadest spectrum and highest level of control. Metribuzin provided greater than 85% control of all species except johnsongrass. Soil-applied herbicides can limit the establishment of perennial species from seeds.

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