EFFECT OF DIQUAT, PARAQUAT AND GLYPHOSATE ON PREHARVEST DRYING OF WHEAT

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 909-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN M. CLARKE
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Grain Moisture

Three chemicals, each applied at two rates, were evaluated for use as preharvest desiccants in Neepawa wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) over 3 yr. Diquat and paraquat were tested at rates of 0.2 and 0.4 kg/ha, while glyphosate was applied at 0.5 and 1.0 kg/ha. The rates of drying of the grain and straw in desiccant-treated plots were compared with those of untreated standing and windrowed controls. Precipitation differed during the sampling period in each year, but did not influence the effectiveness of the desiccants. Rate of drying of both grain and straw was highest in the windrowed treatment. None of the chemical desiccants, applied when grain moisture content was 43% or less, reduced grain or straw moisture faster than the untreated standing control in any of the 3 yr.

THE INFLUENCE OF MINERAL NUTRITION ON THE EXPRESSION OF TRAITS ASSOCIATED WITH WINTERHARDINESS OF TWO WINTER WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) CULTIVARS

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 443-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. RICHARD HETHERINGTON ◽  
BRYAN D. McKERSIE ◽  
LISA C. KEELER
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Mineral Nutrition ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Relative Ranking ◽  
Acclimation Period ◽  
Ice Encasement ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

Two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, Fredrick and Norstar, which differ in their winterhardiness potential, were compared with regard to the effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) application, during acclimation, on the expression of four traits associated with winterhardiness — freezing, ice-encasement, and low temperature flooding tolerances and crown moisture content. Modified Hoagland’s nutrient solutions containing five levels of each nutrient were applied to the seedlings during a 5-wk acclimation period at 2 °C, and subsequently the crowns were tested for their ability to survive varying intensities of the stress treatments. Increasing the level of applied N from 0, caused a reduction in the level of all stress tolerances. Increased P did not significantly alter the expression of freezing tolerance, but tended to increase tolerance of the anaerobic stresses, icing and low temperature flooding, to an optimum. Increased K had minimal effects on stress tolerance at the levels tested. Increased levels of each nutrient increased crown moisture content. The cultivar Norstar was consistently more tolerant of freezing and icing stress than Fredrick and this relative ranking was not influenced by mineral nutrition. However, the relative ranking for low temperature flooding tolerance varied depending on the nutrients provided to the seedlings. The results suggest that environmental and growth regulatory factors which influence the uptake of mineral nutrients would be expected to influence crown moisture content, and the expression of stress tolerance.Key words: Freezing, ice-encasement, flooding

CRUSHING OF SWATHED STEMS TO IMPROVE FIELD DRYING OF CEREAL CROPS

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 637-644
Author(s):  
P. A. VERSAVEL ◽  
W. E. MUIR
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Drying Rate ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Fresh Cut

Spikes severed from the stem and stems crushed just below the attached spike were compared with untreated stems to determine if the drying rate of windrowed cereal crops could be increased. Moisture content of stems and unthreshed spikes were measured while crop material was dried under room conditions. Fresh cut immature and physiologically mature material, and rewetted crop material were examined in the laboratory. The stems of immature field material dried faster when crushed than un-crushed while the attached spikes showed no difference in drying rate. Crushed stems of both fresh and rewetted crop material at high initial moisture contents dried faster than uncrushed stems. Severed spikes dried faster than spikes attached to the stems. Spikes attached to crushed and uncrushed stems showed no difference in drying rate. Crushed stems gained moisture 58% faster than untreated stems. A windrower designed to crush straw stems could reduce straw moisture content significantly and reduce power requirements for the threshing mechanism. The benefit would be reduced or eliminated if rewetting conditions occurred.Key words: Drying, stem crushing, wheat, barley, Triticum aestivum L.

scholarly journals High post-anthesis temperature effects on bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain transcriptome during early grain-filling

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Ian Kino ◽  
Till Pellny ◽  
Rowan Andrew Craig Mitchell ◽  
Asier Gonzalez-Uriarte ◽  
Paola Tosi
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Separate Experiment ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Down Regulation ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Cell Wall Expansion

Abstract Background: High post-anthesis (p.a) temperatures reduce mature grain weight in wheat. However, the causes of this reduction are not entirely known. Control of grain expansion by the maternally derived pericarp of the grain has previously been suggested, although this interaction has not been investigated under high p.a. temperatures. Down-regulation of pericarp localised genes that regulate cell wall expansion under high p.a. temperatures may limit expansion of the encapsulated endosperm due to a loss of plasticity in the pericarp, reducing mature grain weight. Here the effect of high p.a. temperatures on the transcriptome of the pericarp and endosperm of the wheat grain during early grain-filling was investigated via RNA-Seq and is discussed alongside grain moisture dynamics during early grain development and mature grain weight. Results: High p.a. temperatures applied from 6-days after anthesis (daa) and until 18daa reduced the grain’s ability to accumulate water, with total grain moisture and percentage grain moisture content being significantly reduced from 14daa onwards. Mature grain weight was also significantly reduced by the same high p.a. temperatures applied from 6daa for 4-days or more, in a separate experiment. Comparison of our RNA-Seq data from whole grains, with existing data sets from isolated pericarp and endosperm tissues enabled the identification of subsets of genes whose expression was significantly affected by high p.a. temperature and predominantly expressed in either tissue. Hierarchical clustering and gene ontology analysis resulted in the identification of a number of genes implicated in the regulation of cell wall expansion, predominantly expressed in the pericarp and significantly down-regulated under high p.a. temperatures, including endoglucanase, xyloglucan endotransglycosylases and a β-expansin. An over-representation of genes involved in the ‘cuticle development’ functional pathway that were expressed in the pericarp and affected by high p.a. temperatures was also observed. Conclusions: High p.a. temperature induced down-regulation of genes involved in regulating pericarp cell wall expansion. This concomitant down-regulation with a reduction in total grain moisture content and grain weight following the same treatment period, adds support to the theory that high p.a. temperatures may cause a reduction in mature grain weight as result of decreased pericarp cell wall expansion.

scholarly journals High post-anthesis temperature effects on bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain transcriptome during early grain-filling

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Ian Kino ◽  
Till Pellny ◽  
Rowan Andrew Craig Mitchell ◽  
Asier Gonzalez-Uriarte ◽  
Paola Tosi
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Separate Experiment ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Down Regulation ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Cell Wall Expansion

Abstract Background: High post-anthesis (p.a) temperatures reduce mature grain weight in wheat. However, the causes of this reduction are not entirely known. Control of grain expansion by the maternally derived pericarp of the grain has previously been suggested, although this interaction has not been investigated under high p.a. temperatures. Down-regulation of pericarp localised genes that regulate cell wall expansion under high p.a. temperatures may limit expansion of the encapsulated endosperm due to a loss of plasticity in the pericarp, reducing mature grain weight. Here the effect of high p.a. temperatures on the transcriptome of the pericarp and endosperm of the wheat grain during early grain-filling was investigated via RNA-Seq and is discussed alongside grain moisture dynamics during early grain development and mature grain weight. Results: High p.a. temperatures applied from 6-days after anthesis (daa) and until 18daa reduced the grain’s ability to accumulate water, with total grain moisture and percentage grain moisture content being significantly reduced from 14daa onwards. Mature grain weight was also significantly reduced by the same high p.a. temperatures applied from 6daa for 4-days or more, in a separate experiment. Comparison of our RNA-Seq data from whole grains, with existing data sets from isolated pericarp and endosperm tissues enabled the identification of subsets of genes whose expression was significantly affected by high p.a. temperature and predominantly expressed in either tissue. Hierarchical clustering and gene ontology analysis resulted in the identification of a number of genes implicated in the regulation of cell wall expansion, predominantly expressed in the pericarp and significantly down-regulated under high p.a. temperatures, including endoglucanase, xyloglucan endotransglycosylases and a β-expansin. An over-representation of genes involved in the ‘cuticle development’ functional pathway that were expressed in the pericarp and affected by high p.a. temperatures was also observed. Conclusions: High p.a. temperature induced down-regulation of genes involved in regulating pericarp cell wall expansion. This concomitant down-regulation with a reduction in total grain moisture content and grain weight following the same treatment period, adds support to the theory that high p.a. temperatures may cause a reduction in mature grain weight as result of decreased pericarp cell wall expansion.

ELIMINATION OF MICROFLORA FROM BARLEY KERNELS WITH ETHYLENE OXIDE

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. BUSHNELL
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Propylene Oxide ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Microbial Contaminants

Microbial contaminants of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) kernels were killed by a mixture of 12% ethylene oxide and 88% dichlorodifluoromethane applied at room temperature in a canister for 3 h at a pressure of 3.0–3.3 atm. The treatment was effective with kernels that contained 10.9–12.6% moisture. After exposure of such kernels to gas, 94–100% were contaminant-free; 59–99% germinated. Results were less satisfactory with: (a) ethylene oxide applied to barley kernels with moisture content less than 10%; (b) ethylene oxide applied to kernels of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) or oats (Avena sativa L.) with 3.0–12.6% moisture; or (c) propylene oxide applied to barley kernels at 5.3–13.2% moisture. With proper control of moisture content, the ethylene oxide method is recommended for those lots of barley kernels that are difficult to free of microbial contaminants by other methods.

COLD HARDINESS OF WINTER WHEAT TILLERS ACCLIMATED UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 879-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. LEGGE ◽  
D. B. FOWLER ◽  
L. V. GUSTA
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Cold Hardy

The cold hardiness of tillers separated from the plant immediately before freezing (CTM) or left intact on the crown (ICM) was determined by artificial freeze tests on two sampling dates for four winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars acclimated in the field. Plants with 9 and 13 tillers excluding coleoptile tillers were selected in mid-October and at the end of October, respectively. No differences in lethal dose temperature (LT50) were detected among CTM or ICM tillers sampled in mid-October. The three youngest CTM tillers sampled at the end of October were less cold hardy than older tillers. However, younger CTM tillers did not survive the unfrozen control treatment as well as older tillers. ICM tillers sampled at the end of October had the same LT50 except for one of the older tillers. No correlation was found between either the moisture content or dry weight and the LT50 of tillers. Winter survival of tillers was evaluated for two cultivars in the spring. Tillers of intermediate age and two of the youngest tillers had the highest survival rates. Tiller regeneration from axillary buds rather than the apical meristem occurred following cold stress and was negatively correlated to tiller emergence date. It was concluded that differences in cold hardiness among tillers must be taken into consideration if tillers are utilized to estimate the LT50 of a plant.Key words: Cold hardiness, tillers, winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L., developmental stage, moisture content

DEHARDENING AND REHARDENING OF SPRING-COLLECTED WINTER WHEATS AND A WINTER RYE

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 775-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. V. GUSTA ◽  
D. B. FOWLER
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Exposure To Cold ◽  
Secale Cereale L

Crowns of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) collected early in the spring readily dehardened upon exposure to 15 C. After 6 days at 15 C, the crowns of both species were completely dehardened. Partially dehardened crowns were unable to reharden upon exposure to cold-acclimating conditions and continued to lose hardiness when stored at − 2.5 C. There was a positive correlation between level of dehardening and crown moisture content. However, this relationship began to break down when attempts were made to reharden partially dehardened plants.

RECOMBINING DORMANCY AND WHITE SEED COLOR IN A SPRING WHEAT CROSS

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. DE PAUW ◽  
T. N. McCAIG
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Coat Color ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Seed Color ◽  
Seed Coat Color ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sprouting Resistance

Wheat, Triticum aestivum, with white seed coat color has traditionally been considered susceptible to sprouting. A study was undertaken to recombine white seed color with resistance to sprouting. RL 4137, a spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotype with a long, stable dormancy period and three genes for red seed color, was hybridized with 7722, a white-seeded wheat. In both the F3 and F5 generations a positive relationship existed between red seed color and sprouting resistance (SR). The six white-seeded F3 lines exhibited a range in SR from susceptible to as resistant as some red-seeded control cultivars. The mean SR of two white-seeded F4 families was intermediate to both the red-seeded and white-seeded controls at both T0 (20% grain moisture) and T10 (T0 + 10 days). Some white-seeded F4 lines had lower sprouting at T10 than the red-seeded controls Pitic 62, Neepawa, and Glenlea. The dormancy of six white-seeded F5 families derived from F3 lines was greater than the midparent value. There were significant differences among the white-seeded F5 families for mean dormancy. The results indicate that some of the dormancy of RL 4137 has been recombined with white seed coat color. The evidence suggests that RL 4137 has a genetic mechanism for SR associated with red seed color and one or more mechanisms not associated with seed color.Key words: Triticum aestivum, dormancy, white seed color

EFFECT OF HARVEST TIME AND DRYING METHOD ON THE YIELD, QUALITY AND GRADE OF HARD RED SPRING WHEAT IN NORTHWEST ALBERTA

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-623
Author(s):  
J. V. CHRISTENSEN ◽  
W. G. LEGGE
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Falling Number ◽  
Current Recommendation ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat

Two hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, Neepawa and Columbus, were harvested at 5% kernel moisture content (KMC) intervals from 45% to 15% for three growing seasons. Two drying treatments, field drying in windrows and oven drying were evaluated. Yield, test weight, 1000-kernel weight, protein-N, falling number and commercial grade were determined. Protein-N and 1000-kernel weight were reduced when the crop was harvested above 40% and 35% KMC, respectively, but were not affected by drying method. Yield losses up to 12% were recorded with windrowing. Windrowing at 35% KMC or less in warm, dry conditions had little effect on test weight, falling numbers, and grade. Under wet conditions, windrowing above 20% KMC resulted in lower falling numbers and a loss of grade. Direct combining and artificial drying above 20% KMC lowered test weights, falling numbers and grade. The current recommendation of windrowing at 35% KMC is supported under good harvest conditions but either windrowing or straight combining at 20% KMC would be superior under damp harvest conditions.Key words: Triticum aestivum L., kernel moisture content, drying method, falling number, quality, grade

USE OF SPIKE MOISTURE CONTENT AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO KERNEL MOISTURE CONTENT AND DAYS TO RIPE IN THE MEASUREMENT OF RELATIVE MATURITY IN SPRING WHEAT

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. THOMAS ◽  
P. J. CLARKE ◽  
G. B. SCHAALJE
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Joint Analysis ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Wide Range

This study was undertaken to determine if the spike moisture content of ripening spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) could provide an accurate measure of kernel moisture content and whether spike moisture content could also substitute for days to ripe in evaluating the relative maturity of spring wheat cultivars. Starting with a large, unreplicated observation nursery, 65 plots were selected to represent a wide range in relative maturity and all parts of the nursery. Spike moisture content and kernel moisture content were determined for each plot as the earliest plots approached a kernel moisture content of about 20% while the latest were at about 50%. Joint analysis of these two variables (regression analysis and other procedures) showed that across this wide range of relative maturity, moisture contents of entire spikes gave virtually the same result as did a measurement of the moisture content of the kernels. This was true for wheats both with and without awns. In replicated cultivar trials, spike moisture content as the earliest cultivars approached maturity had similar normalized errors and was as closely correlated with yield as was days to ripe. Spike moisture content therefore appears suitable for use in the evaluation of relative maturity of different wheat cultivars.Key words: Kernel moisture, maturity, earliness, yield

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document