POLLEN CONTAMINATION OF BROMEGRASS (Bromus inermis Leyss.) IN THE GREENHOUSE

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 741-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. DUNN ◽  
H. Z. LEA
Keyword(s):  
Female Parent ◽  
Bromus Inermis ◽  
Pollen Contamination ◽  
Normal Green ◽  
Virescent Mutant ◽  
Spatial Isolation ◽  
Pollen Distribution

Contamination of bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) by wind-blown pollen was measured in the greenhouse using a homozygous recessive virescent mutant as the female parent. Pollen distribution was enhanced by manual shaking of male parents and by use of a fan. In previous tests, the mutant produced less than 0.005% normal green seedlings upon selfing. In this trial, green seedlings averaged 81.1, 40.8, 13.1, 6.9 and 1.1% among the progenies of the mutant when it was grown at 0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 7.5 m, respectively, from normal green parents. We conclude that satisfactory spatial isolation of several groups of bromegrass clones for breeding can be readily obtained in a greenhouse.

Pollen contamination and mating patterns in a Douglas-fir seed orchard as measured by simple sequence repeat markers

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 1592-1603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gancho T Slavov ◽  
Glenn T Howe ◽  
W Thomas Adams
Keyword(s):  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Simple Sequence Repeat ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Sequence Repeat ◽  
Female Receptivity ◽  
Mating Patterns ◽  
Pollen Contamination ◽  
Simple Sequence

Pollen contamination is detrimental to the genetic quality of seed orchard crops. Highly variable simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers make it possible to accurately measure pollen contamination and characterize patterns of within-orchard mating by directly identifying the male and female parent of each seed produced in the orchard. We used nine SSR markers to measure pollen contamination and characterize mating patterns based on seed samples collected in 3 years (1999, 2000, and 2003) from one block of a nonisolated, open-pollinated, clonal seed orchard of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) in western Oregon. Pollen contamination was consistently high across the 3 years (mean = 35.3%, range = 31.0%-41.3%) and appeared to result primarily from cross-pollination among the orchard blocks. Levels of pollen contamination varied substantially among clones and were higher in clones with early female receptivity (mean = 55.5%) than in those with either mid (mean = 36.4%) or late (mean = 28.3%) female receptivity. We detected low rates of self-pollination (mean = 1.8% per clone) and over 10-fold differences in the relative paternal contributions of the clones. There was a clear pattern of positive assortative mating with respect to floral phenology. This study illustrates that SSR markers are powerful tools for characterizing seed lots and improving the design and management of Douglas-fir seed orchards.

INHERITANCE OF A SPONTANEOUS VIRESCENT MUTANT IN COMMON WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.)

1973 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 681-684
Author(s):  
E. C. Gilmore ◽  
N. A. Tuleen
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Common Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Single Locus ◽  
Normal Green ◽  
Homozygous Mutant ◽  
Virescent Mutant ◽  
The Cross

A spontaneous virescent mutant was found segregating in progeny of an F2 plant from the cross of two hard red spring wheats, II-54-30/Pitic 62. The mutant was completely recessive in the F1. F2 and backcross segregations support the hypothesis of a single locus conditioning phenotype. The homozygous mutant is normal green at 30 C and practically devoid of chlorophyll at 18 C. Very little additional chlorophyll is developed in virescent tissue when later subjected to higher temperatures. The mutant appears similar to Neatby's virescent but likely is different because seedlings of Neatby's had little chlorophyll at 30 C while this mutant was normal green.

C4 Photosynthesis: Activities of Photosynthetic Enzymes in a Virescent Mutant of Maize Having a Low-Temperature Induced Chloroplast Ribosome Deficiency

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 385 ◽  
Author(s):  
GE Edwards ◽  
CLD Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Carboxylase Activity ◽  
Pale Yellow ◽  
Photosynthetic Enzymes ◽  
Normal Green ◽  
Normal Enzyme ◽  
Virescent Mutant ◽  
And Control

A virescent mutant of maize (v16/v16), which has a low temperature induced deficiency in 70S ribosomes, was used to examine whether the enzymes of the C4 pathway and other photosynthetic enzymes are synthesised on chloroplast ribosomes. The mutant and control plants were grown at 20°C and 30°C and the rates of photosynthesis and enzyme activities were compared. There was no photosynthesis in v16/v16 grown at 20°C (pale yellow), while plants grown at 30°C (normal green) had rates equivalent to the wild type and normal enzyme activities. On a leaf area basis, with v16/v16 grown at 20°C, the activity of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuP2) carboxylase was only 2% that of the wild type grown at this temperature, while the activities of enzymes of the C4 cycle were much higher (as a percentage of the wild type activity: pyruvate,PI dikinase, 22%; NADP-malate dehydrogenase, 35%; NADP-malic enzyme, 47%; and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase, 68%). In another experiment v16/v16 plants were grown initially at 30°C, then transferred to 20°C. After transfer to 20°C leaves previously formed under 30°C remained green and had normal rates of photosynthesis and enzyme activities, but newly formed leaves were pale yellow (only 11% as much Chl) and had low photosynthesis rates (2% of normal) and RuP2 carboxylase activity (5% of control). However, there was high activity of eight enzymes of the C4 cycle. The low activity of RuP2 carboxylase in the mutant grown at 20°C is consistent with the requirement of 70S ribosomes for its synthesis, while the high activities of enzymes of the C4 cycle, including those which are chloroplastic, suggest their synthesis is nuclear-encoded.

INHERITANCE OF A VIRESCENT TRAIT IN BROMUS INERMIS

1978 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Dunn ◽  
H. Z. Lea
Keyword(s):  
Bromus Inermis ◽  
Virescent Mutant

The genetics of a virescent mutant was investigated in Bromus inermis Leyss. The trait was inherited as a single, tetrasomic recessive. Selfing the original mutant resulted in 4755 virescent:21 green seedlings when grown at 15 °C. From the data it was concluded that the mutant was homozygous for the virescent gene and that the occasional green, selfed seedlings probably arose by outcrossing.

AN IRREVERSIBLE GENE-INDUCED PLASTID MUTATION

1949 ◽  
Vol 27c (4) ◽  
pp. 172-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Arnason ◽  
G. W. R. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Total Population ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Single Pair ◽  
Albino Plants ◽  
Plastid Mutation ◽  
Normal Green ◽  
Green Tissue ◽  
White Tissue ◽  
Normal Gene ◽  
Plastid Transmission

When plants of a variegated barley are self-pollinated, they produce few variegated and many albino offspring. In different years the proportion of albino plants has ranged from 80.2 to 93.1% of the total population. Seed from heads having much green tissue gave rise to a much larger proportion of variegated plants than did seed from heads with more white tissue. Maternal inheritance of plastids is probably the cause of this difference. In crosses F1 plants are green, variegated, or albino if the ♂ parent is variegated, but if the ♂ parent is green all the progeny are green. The albino plastids thus apparently do not mutate back to normal in the presence of the normal gene. In some F2 populations deviation from a ratio of 3 green: 1 others is insignificant, in other populations significant deviations, attributed to irregularities of plastid mutation and segregation, occur. F3 results support the hypothesis that a single pair of genes affecting plastids is segregating in hybrids. The normal (green) gene is dominant if "green" proplastids are present in the egg but not dominant if the proplastids are all "white". From cytological observations on sperms and eggs as well as from the genetic results, it is considered likely that direct plastid transmission to zygotes is exclusively from the female parent.

Pollen contamination in a maritime pine polycross seed orchard and certification of improved seeds using chloroplast microsatellites

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 1816-1825 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Plomion ◽  
G LeProvost ◽  
D Pot ◽  
G Vendramin ◽  
S Gerber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Gain ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Maritime Pine ◽  
Contamination Rate ◽  
Chloroplast Microsatellites ◽  
Pollen Contamination ◽  
Chloroplast Haplotype ◽  
Simple Sequence

A new concept of seed orchard was developed by Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique for the maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) breeding program: the polycross seed orchard (PSO). The expected genetic gain of the PSO can only be reached if the fathers used in the pollen mix contribute equally to the next generation (i.e., to the base material of the PSO) and if pollen contamination from the surrounding stands is limited. Using chloroplast simple-sequence repeats (cpSSR), we showed that the chloroplast DNA was unipaternally inherited in maritime pine and verified that the chloroplast haplotype composition of the megagametophyte tissue corresponded to the chloroplast haplotype of the female parent. As a practical application, a statistical test based on cpSSR markers and simulation was established to verify the PSO origin of maritime pine seed lots. As a result of the cpSSR test, it was observed that (i) departure from even distribution of the fathers in the PSO was barely significant, (ii) the minimum pollen contamination rate in the PSO was 36%, and (iii) the contamination was not evenly distributed in the PSO. As a consequence, the expected genetic gain will range between 50 and 82% of what was initially foreseen.

scholarly journals RiceTSV3Encoding Obg-like GTPase Protein is Essential for Chloroplast Development during the Early Leaf Stage under Cold Stress

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongzhi Lin ◽  
Quan Jiang ◽  
Xiaojing Ma ◽  
Kailun Zheng ◽  
Xiaodi Gong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Stress ◽  
Chloroplast Development ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Complementation Test ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Gtp Binding ◽  
Normal Green ◽  
Virescent Mutant ◽  
Higher Temperature

ABSTRACTThe Spo0B-associated GTP-binding (Obg) proteins occupy a wide variety of roles in the viability of nearly all bacteria. Its detailed roles in higher plants have not yet been elucidated. A novel rice thermo-sensitive virescent mutanttsv3was identified in this study that displayed albino phenotype at 20°C before the 3-leaf stage while being normal green at 32°C or even at 20°C after the 4-leaf stage. The mutant phenotype was aligned with altered chlorophyll (Chl) content and chloroplast development. Map-based cloning and complementation test showed thatTSV3encoded a kind of small GTP binding protein. Subcellular localization revealed that TSV3 was in chloroplast.TSV3transcripts were highly expressed in leaves and weak or undetectable in other tissues, suggesting the tissue-specific expression. Intsv3mutant, the transcriptional levels of certain genes associated with biogenesis of chloroplast ribosomes 50S subunit were severely decreased at the 3-leaf-stage under cold stress, but could be recovered to normal levels at a higher temperature (32°C). The observations from this study indicated that the rice nuclear-encodedTSV3plays important roles in chloroplast development at early leaf stage under cold stress.

Productivity of the forage of perennial grasses and their mixtures on drained peatlands

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (91) ◽  
pp. 74-79
Author(s):  
V.H. Kurhak ◽  
M.I. Shtakal ◽  
V.M. Shtakal
Keyword(s):  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Bromus Inermis ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
High Productivity

There showed the productivity, chemical composition of feed and the timing of mowing of grass and variety mixes of permanent grasses on drained peat soils of Left Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The presence of early rip­ ened seeded grass provides a uniform supply use mowed mass from middle May until the end of September and the productivity of lands, which ranges from 10 to 14 t/ha of dry weight, metabolizable energy – 100.0 – 130.0 GJ and feed units 7-11 t/ha. Additional manuring of N90 on the background Р45К120 is effective at the start of second year of use. On the organization of hay conveyors of different ripening time herbages is possible to extend the optimal tim­ ing of mowing of green mass to 25-35 days. Best among the early-maturing grass crops are Dactylis glomerata va­ riety Kyivska rannia-1 with Alopecurus pratensis variety Sarnenskiy ranniy or its mixture with Bromus inermis and Festuca pratensis. With medium ripening – pure sowing eastern fescue of variety Lyudmila, Phalaris arundinacea variety Sarnenski-40, Bromus inermis variety Arsen and their compounds. High productivity of late-ripening herb­ age is provided by the inclusion in the composition of grass mixtures of Phleum pratense L. variety Vyshgorodska and Dactylis glomerata of variety Ukrainka, and Agrostis gigantea Roth variety Sarnenska piznia. It is also possible organization hay conveyors of different ripening varieties of Dactylis glomerata varieties Kyivska rannia, Muravka, Ukrainka.

The ffs Allele Conditions Flower Stem Fasciation in Red Beet

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 527f-528
Author(s):  
I.L. Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Control ◽  
Inbred Line ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Recessive Character ◽  
Variable Expression ◽  
Red Beet ◽  
Flower Stem

A fasciated flower stem character arose spontaneously during development of the red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) inbred line W411. The fasciated character is manifest by a flattened flower stem with petioles coalesced into a twisted, ribbonlike appearance. No fasciation is present in the vegetative stem or petioles. An inheritance study was conducted to determine the genetic control of flower stem fasciation. The inbred line W411 was used both as a male and female parent in crosses with four red beet inbred lines. Segregating progenies in both the BC1 and F2 generations were developed and scored for the fasciated flower stem character. Variable expression of the fasciated flower stem phenotype was observed in these progenies; however, the presence of flattened flower stems at the stem/hypocotyl junction was unequivocal. Chi-square goodness-of-fit tests in both the BC1 and F2 generations did not deviate significantly from expected ratios for a monogenic recessive character for each genetic background. No reciprocal differences were detected for any cross in this group of four inbred lines, which suggests the lack of maternal effect for the fasciated character. The symbol ffs is proposed to describe the genetic control of the fasciated flower stem phenotype.

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