Pollen contamination in a maritime pine polycross seed orchard and certification of improved seeds using chloroplast microsatellites

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 1816-1825 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Plomion ◽  
G LeProvost ◽  
D Pot ◽  
G Vendramin ◽  
S Gerber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Gain ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Maritime Pine ◽  
Contamination Rate ◽  
Chloroplast Microsatellites ◽  
Pollen Contamination ◽  
Chloroplast Haplotype ◽  
Simple Sequence

A new concept of seed orchard was developed by Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique for the maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) breeding program: the polycross seed orchard (PSO). The expected genetic gain of the PSO can only be reached if the fathers used in the pollen mix contribute equally to the next generation (i.e., to the base material of the PSO) and if pollen contamination from the surrounding stands is limited. Using chloroplast simple-sequence repeats (cpSSR), we showed that the chloroplast DNA was unipaternally inherited in maritime pine and verified that the chloroplast haplotype composition of the megagametophyte tissue corresponded to the chloroplast haplotype of the female parent. As a practical application, a statistical test based on cpSSR markers and simulation was established to verify the PSO origin of maritime pine seed lots. As a result of the cpSSR test, it was observed that (i) departure from even distribution of the fathers in the PSO was barely significant, (ii) the minimum pollen contamination rate in the PSO was 36%, and (iii) the contamination was not evenly distributed in the PSO. As a consequence, the expected genetic gain will range between 50 and 82% of what was initially foreseen.

Pollen contamination and mating patterns in a Douglas-fir seed orchard as measured by simple sequence repeat markers

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 1592-1603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gancho T Slavov ◽  
Glenn T Howe ◽  
W Thomas Adams
Keyword(s):  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Simple Sequence Repeat ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Sequence Repeat ◽  
Female Receptivity ◽  
Mating Patterns ◽  
Pollen Contamination ◽  
Simple Sequence

Pollen contamination is detrimental to the genetic quality of seed orchard crops. Highly variable simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers make it possible to accurately measure pollen contamination and characterize patterns of within-orchard mating by directly identifying the male and female parent of each seed produced in the orchard. We used nine SSR markers to measure pollen contamination and characterize mating patterns based on seed samples collected in 3 years (1999, 2000, and 2003) from one block of a nonisolated, open-pollinated, clonal seed orchard of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) in western Oregon. Pollen contamination was consistently high across the 3 years (mean = 35.3%, range = 31.0%-41.3%) and appeared to result primarily from cross-pollination among the orchard blocks. Levels of pollen contamination varied substantially among clones and were higher in clones with early female receptivity (mean = 55.5%) than in those with either mid (mean = 36.4%) or late (mean = 28.3%) female receptivity. We detected low rates of self-pollination (mean = 1.8% per clone) and over 10-fold differences in the relative paternal contributions of the clones. There was a clear pattern of positive assortative mating with respect to floral phenology. This study illustrates that SSR markers are powerful tools for characterizing seed lots and improving the design and management of Douglas-fir seed orchards.

scholarly journals Genetic Gain and Diversity of Orchard Crops Under Alternative Management Options in a Clonal Seed Orchard of Pinus thunbergii

2005 ◽  
Vol 54 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 93-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyu-Suk Kang ◽  
D. Lindgren ◽  
T. J. Mullin ◽  
W.-Y. Choi ◽  
S.-U. Han
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Gain ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Pinus Thunbergii ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Pollen Contamination ◽  
Clonal Seed Orchard ◽  
Selective Harvest ◽  
Status Number ◽  
Seed Crops

Abstract Genetic gain and diversity, expressed by status number, of seed crops from a clonal seed orchard of Pinus thunbergii were estimated considering selection, fertility variation and pollen contamination, and compared for different management alternatives (selective harvest, genetic thinning and combination of both options). Management variables included the proportion of clones left after selective harvest and/or genetic thinning. The impact on genetic gain and diversity of seed crops was quantified as a function of the quantity and quality of gene flow from outside the seed orchard. Genetic gain varied with the proportion of selected or thinned clones. Genetic thinning by means of truncation selection of clones resulted in a large decrease in status number, which was accompanied by greater genetic gain than achieved by selective harvest alone. As expected, gene flow from outside the seed orchard greatly increased status number of the seed crop at higher rates of pollen contamination under all management options. The formulae and results of the present study could be used for identifying favorable selection intensity and alternatives for orchard management.

Variation of paternal contribution in a seed orchard of Cryptomeria japonica determined using microsatellite markers

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 1683-1690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshinari Moriguchi ◽  
Hideaki Taira ◽  
Naoki Tani ◽  
Yoshihiko Tsumura
Keyword(s):  
Microsatellite Markers ◽  
Cryptomeria Japonica ◽  
Pollen Dispersal ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Null Alleles ◽  
Contamination Rate ◽  
Seed Crop ◽  
Pollen Contamination ◽  
Self Fertilization

We investigated gene flow and pollen contamination in a seed orchard of Cryptomeria japonica D. Don using six microsatellite markers. The quality of a seed crop is determined by many factors, including the rate of pollen contamination from outside sources, degree of self-fertilization, and equality of the clones as pollen donors. The surveyed seed orchard consisted of 62 clones and a total of 360 ramets. The seeds from 12 mother trees in the seed orchard were investigated using six highly polymorphic loci with high multipaternity exclusion probability (0.999). The estimated average pollen contamination rate was high at 47.78% (±4.12%), and the clonal self-fertilization rate was 2.22% (±0.94%) when we assumed that null alleles were present. The high pollen contamination rate could dramatically reduce the quality of the seed crop. The contamination rate differed from tree to tree, but the differences were not related to the location of each individual. The levels of contribution as pollen donors differed significantly amongst clones in the seed orchard. Differences in flowering phenology and relative pollen fecundity may be responsible for the differences in paternal contributions. The effective distance of pollen dispersal in this C. japonica seed orchard seemed to be greater than previously estimated.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Pollen Contamination in an Advanced Scots Pine Seed Orchard

2009 ◽  
Vol 58 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 262-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Torimaru ◽  
Xiao-Ru Wang ◽  
A. Fries ◽  
B. Andersson ◽  
D. Lindgren
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Genetic Gain ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Multilocus Genotypes ◽  
Pollen Contamination ◽  
Pollen Sources ◽  
Ssr Loci ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Paternity Exclusion

Abstract The pollination pattern in a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seed orchard consisting of 28 clones was studied using nine microsatellite (SSR) loci. The nine SSR loci produced unique multilocus genotypes for each of the orchard’s 28 clones and allowed paternal assignment of the studied 305 seed using paternity exclusion probability of 99.9%. Fifty two percent of the studied seeds were sired by outside the orchard pollen sources (i.e., pollen contamination) and as expected, low selfing (2.3%) was detected. These results are valuable for the evaluation of the seed orchard function and the impact of contamination on the expected genetic gain.

Cross-species microsatellite amplification in Vasconcellea and related genera and their use in germplasm classification

Genome ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 786-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Kyndt ◽  
B Van Droogenbroeck ◽  
A Haegeman ◽  
I Roldán-Ruiz ◽  
G Gheysen
Keyword(s):  
Population Genetics ◽  
Chloroplast Microsatellites ◽  
Microsatellite Data ◽  
Chloroplast Microsatellite ◽  
Diversity Assessment ◽  
Ssr Primers ◽  
Polymorphism Rate ◽  
Nuclear Ssr ◽  
Simple Sequence ◽  
Future Population

To generate inexpensive and efficient DNA markers for addressing a number of population genetics problems and identification of wild hybrids in Vasconcellea, we have evaluated the use of simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers previously developed for other species. A set of 103 Vasconcellea accessions and some individuals of the related genera Carica and Jacaratia were analyzed with 10 primer pairs directing amplification of chloroplast microsatellites in Nicotiana tabacum and 9 nuclear SSR primer pairs recently identified in Vasconcellea × heilbornii. Heterologous amplification of chloroplast SSRs was successful for 8 of the 10 loci, of which 6 showed polymorphism. Seven of the 9 nuclear SSR primer pairs were useful in Vasconcellea and often also in Jacaratia and Carica, all revealing polymorphism. Exclusive haplotypes for each described taxon were identified based on chloroplast microsatellite data. Clustering based on separate nuclear and chloroplast data resulted in a clear grouping per taxon, but only low resolution was obtained above species level. The codominancy of nuclear SSRs and the general high polymorphism rate of SSR markers will make them more useful in future population genetics studies and diversity assessment in conservation programs.Key words: Carica, Jacaratia, Vasconcellea, simple sequence repeats, cross-species amplification, classification, interspecific hybrids.

scholarly journals Origin identification of maritime pine stands in France using chloroplast simple-sequence repeats

2002 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Margarida Ribeiro ◽  
Gr�goire LeProvost ◽  
Sophie Gerber ◽  
Giovanni Guiseppe Vendramin ◽  
Maria Anzidei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simple Sequence Repeats ◽  
Maritime Pine ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Origin Identification ◽  
Simple Sequence

Nuclear- and chloroplast-microsatellite variation in A-genome species of rice

Genome ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 658-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Ishii ◽  
Y Xu ◽  
S R McCouch
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Length Polymorphism ◽  
Allelic Diversity ◽  
Sequence Length ◽  
Chloroplast Microsatellites ◽  
Microsatellite Variation ◽  
Chloroplast Microsatellite ◽  
Genome Species ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Simple Sequence

Simple sequence length polymorphism analysis was carried out to reveal microsatellite variation and to clarify the phylogenetic relationships among A-genome species of rice. Total DNA from 29 cultivars (23 Oryza sativa and 6 O. glaberrima) and 30 accessions of wild A-genome species (12 O. rufipogon, 5 O. glumaepatula, 2 O. longistaminata, 6 O. meridionalis, and 5 O. barthii) was used as a template for PCR to detect 24 nuclear and 10 chloroplast microsatellite loci. Microsatellite allelic diversity was examined based on amplified banding patterns. Microsatellites amplified clearly in all 59 accessions, with an average of 18.4 alleles per locus. The polymorphism information content (PIC) value ranged from 0.85 to 0.94, with an average of 0.89. At the species level, high average PIC values were observed in O. sativa (0.79) and O. rufipogon (0.80). For chloroplast microsatellites, the average number of alleles per locus and the average PIC value were 2.9 and 0.38, respectively. While the magnitude of diversity was much greater for nuclear microsatellites than for chloroplast microsatellites, they showed parallel patterns of differentiation for each taxonomic group. Using the ratio of common alleles (estimated as size of amplified fragments) as a similarity index, the average percentages of common microsatellite alleles were calculated between taxa. For both nuclear and chloroplast microsatellites, O. sativa showed the highest similarity values to O. rufipogon, and O. glaberrima was most similar to O. barthii. These data support previous evidence that these cultivars originated from the corresponding wild ancestral species.Key words: simple sequence length polymorphism, SSLP, microsatellite marker, rice, Oryza sativa, allelic diversity, phylogenetics.

Genetic gain and diversity under different thinning scenarios in a breeding seed orchard of Quercus accutissima

2005 ◽  
Vol 212 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 405-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyu-Suk Kang ◽  
Yousry A. El-Kassaby ◽  
Sang-Urk Han ◽  
Chang-Soo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Gain ◽  
Seed Orchard

Factors affecting pollen dynamics and its importance to pollen contamination: a review

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 1155-1170 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Di-Giovanni ◽  
P. G. Kevan
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Pollen Dispersal ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Dispersal Pattern ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Pollen Contamination ◽  
Modelling Techniques ◽  
Natural Stands

Pollen contamination causes major losses to genetic improvement from selection and breeding of "plus" trees in conifer seed orchards. Genetic losses arise by the influx of "wild" conspecific pollen into seed orchards and its deleterious fertilization of superior genetic lines. This review firstly addresses the basis of the problem: pollen, conifer reproduction, and the concept of seed orchard management, especially in regard to reduction of contamination. Secondly, the physical processes of pollen liberation, dispersal, and deposition are described, and examples of previous studies illuminating these phenomena given. Thirdly, past research on measuring pollen dispersal in natural stands and seed orchards in discussed in the light of modelling techniques used to predict these types of dispersal pattern. Work on the other facets of contamination measurement, gene-flow studies, are listed. It is concluded that a detailed study that combines both the physical and gene-flow aspects of pollen dispersal should be initiated to compare and contrast the two methods, and that attempts to model pollen contamination should be sought.

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