STORAGE STABILITY OF FARM-STORED RAPESEED AND BARLEY

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. SINHA ◽  
H. A. H. WALLACE
Keyword(s):  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Storage Stability ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Cryptolestes Ferrugineus ◽  
Pest Infestation ◽  
Storage Fungi ◽  
Aspergillus Glaucus ◽  
Cheyletus Eruditus ◽  
Reduced Temperature

Rapeseed was more vulnerable than barley to pest infestation when 46 and 52 t, respectively, were stored in farm bins in Manitoba during 1973–76. The fat acidity of unheated barley did not increase in 3 yr, but that of rapeseed increased by 65% in the 1st yr and 120% by the 3rd yr; in a small heated pocket of rapeseed, fat acidity rose in the 3rd yr by 1,000%. Cladosporium was the major field fungus of rapeseed and Alternaria of barley. Penicillium and members of Aspergillus glaucus group were the major storage fungi associated with rapeseed. Unlike barley, rapeseed was heavily infested by grain mites, Acarus immobilis, Glycyphagus destructor, and their predators, Blattisocius keegani and Cheyletus eruditus. Test insects, Cryptolestes ferrugineus and Tribolium castaneum, introduced in both bins, could not overwinter. Turning of both crops in the spring reduced temperature and moisture differences between the warm center and cooler edges, but it also dispersed fungal spores and mites throughout the bulks. A succession of storage fungi developed in a rapeseed hot spot, caused by moisture leaking through the wall. Occurrence of A. candidus coincided with germination loss of rapeseed. High CO2 concentration (4%) for over a 9-mo period was found in the hot spot in the rapeseed bulk.

INFESTIBILITY OF OILSEEDS, CLOVER, AND MILLET BY STORED-PRODUCT INSECTS

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. SINHA
Keyword(s):  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Cryptolestes Ferrugineus ◽  
Potential Danger ◽  
Complete Development ◽  
Stored Product Insects ◽  
Oryzaephilus Mercator ◽  
Insect Attack ◽  
New Pest

Infestation potential of 16 cultivars of flax, mustard, rape, sunflower, millet, and clover seeds to five common species of stored-product insects was determined. When multiplication was used as a criterion, whole seeds were resistant to insect attack although minor infestation occurred on certain cultivars. Although some species of insects could complete development on certain cultivars, few could reproduce well on clover and mustard cultivars. Oilseeds were more susceptible to Oryzaephilus mercator than to any other insect species. Cryptolestes ferrugineus, which thrived on the millet cultivars Crown and Siberian, neither reproduced nor completed development on any of the oilseed and forage cultivars. All cultivars of crushed Noralta, Raja, and Redwood flax were susceptible to: O. mercator, O. surinamensis, and Tribolium castaneum; Echo and Target rape only to O. mercator; Armavirec, Krasnodarets, Mennonite, and Peredovic sunflowers to all insects except C. ferrugineus; and Crown and Siberian millet to all insects. Tribolium confusum reproduced only on sunflower and millet cultivars. The potential danger of stored oilseeds in Western Canada from a new pest, O. mercator, was evaluated.

scholarly journals Diversity of Feed Storage Pest Beetle in Banten Province

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Nasrul Friamsa ◽  
Witjaksono Witjaksono ◽  
Arman Wijonarko
Keyword(s):  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sitophilus Zeamais ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Cryptolestes Ferrugineus ◽  
Oryzaephilus Surinamensis ◽  
Corn Gluten Meal ◽  
Corn Gluten

Banten province is a growing industrial area, where many industrial items were prepared including animal feed whose raw materials are mostly imported from abroad. Therefore, monitoring feed storage is very important to ensure the existence of pest insects in storage warehouse and to prevent the entry of plant quarantine pest organism (OPTK) which may be carried by imported feed raw materials. The identification, diversity and evenness of pest beetle species in five feed storages in Banten province region have been done. Feed sampling was done using hand sampling method. Samples taken from the diagonal corner and center of storage, respectively as much as 250 grams four times within one-week interval. The results were that 13 species of pest beetles from seven families were intercepted. Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Rhizoperta dominica, and Tribolium castaneum pest beetles were the dominant insects attacking five storages. Specifically, the dominant pest beetles in each commodity were: T. castaneum on soybean meal (SBM); C. ferrugineus and T. castaneum on corn; T. castaneum and R. dominica on corn gluten meal (CGM); T. castaneum and Sitophilus zeamais on wheat; T. castaneum on soybeans; and Oryzaephilus surinamensis in sorghum. Environmental factors, the type and duration of stored commodities were found to be the factors supporting the existence of pest beetle species. The highest diversity of pest beetle varieties was found in warehouse A with a value of 1.552 which was considered as moderate diversity. The evenness index of pest beetle species showed that warehouses A and E were in unstable conditions. Meanwhile, the warehouses B, C, and D were in  depressed conditions dominated by certain species of pest beetle. IntisariProvinsi Banten merupakan daerah industri yang terus berkembang, termasuk industri pakan ternak yang bahan bakunya sebagian besar diimpor dari luar negeri. Oleh sebab itu, pengawasan terhadap gudang penyimpanan pakan sangat penting dilakukan untuk mengawasi keberadaan serangga hama pada gudang penyimpanan dan mencegah masuknya Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan Karantina (OPTK) yang mungkin terbawa bahan baku pakan yang diimpor. Identifikasi, keanekaragaman serta kemerataan jenis kumbang hama pada lima gudang penyimpanan pakan di wilayah Banten telah dilakukan. Pengambilan sampel bahan pakan menggunakan metode hand sampling. Sampel diambil pada bagian sudut dan bagian tengah secara diagonal masing-masing sebanyak 250 gram sebanyak 4 kali dengan interval waktu 1 minggu sekali. Hasil penelitian diperoleh 13 jenis kumbang hama dari 7 famili. Kumbang hama jenis Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Rhyzoperta dominica, dan Tribolium castaneum merupakan serangga yang dominan menyerang kelima gudang penyimpanan. Jenis kumbang hama yang dominan pada masing-masing komoditas adalah T. castaneum pada soybean meal (SBM); C. ferrugineus dan T. castaneum pada komoditas jagung; T. castaneum dan R. dominica pada corn gluten meal (CGM); T. castaneum dan Sitophilus zeamais pada gandum; T. castaneum pada kedelai; dan Oryzaephilus surinamensis pada sorgum. Faktor lingkungan, jenis dan lama komoditas yang disimpan merupakan faktor pendukung keberadaan suatu jenis kumbang hama. Indeks keanekaragaman jenis kumbang hama tertinggi ditemukan pada gudang A dengan nilai 1,552 menggambarkan keanekaragaman tergolong sedang. Nilai indeks kemerataan jenis kumbang hama menunjukkan bahwa gudang A dan gudang E termasuk dalam kondisi labil; sedangkan gudang B, C, dan D termasuk dalam kondisi tertekan dengan didominasi oleh jenis kumbang hama tertentu.

OVIPOSITION AND LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE RED FLOUR BEETLE AND THE RUSTY GRAIN BEETLE ON GROUND AND BALL-MILLED KERNELS OF VARIOUS CEREAL CULTIVARS

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. D. G. WHITE ◽  
S. R. LOSCHIAVO
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Cryptolestes Ferrugineus ◽  
Environmental Indices ◽  
Relative Nutritive Value

Oviposition and larval development of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) were used as criteria of the nutritional value of 28 ground or 29 ball-milled cultivars of two-rowed barley, six-rowed barley, oat, triticale, durum and common wheat for these insects. Oviposition by individual adult T. castaneum, on 28 ground cultivars, was lowest only on Benito wheat and all oat except Terra (hulless). On 29 ball-milled cultivars, Coulter and Medora durum wheat were optimal for egg production while the least number of eggs was produced on Glenlea (wheat), TR 212 and 219 (two-rowed barley), Bonanza and Conquest (six-rowed barley) and all oat. Oviposition by C. ferrugineus on ball-milled cultivars was also optimal on durum wheat and was lowest on all oat. The pattern of egg laying for both species over three 4-d periods varied with the payability and texture of the ground and ball-milled cultivars. Rate of larval development for T. castaneum on three ball-milled oat and three durum wheat cultivars was slower on oat than on durum wheat and C. ferrugineus larvae rarely survived on oat; there were no significant differences among the cultivars of a crop. Environmental indices based on time to pupation and oviposition indicated the relative nutritive value of the various cereals and cultivars to both insect species.Key words: Oviposition, development, Ball-milled, Cereal, Tribolium castaneum, Cryptolestes ferrugineus

The locomotor activity of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera:Cucujidae) in wheat

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1177-1182 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. L. Watters
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Continuous Illumination ◽  
Cryptolestes Ferrugineus ◽  
Feeding Sites ◽  
Storage Fungi ◽  
Grain Bulks ◽  
Penicillium Spp

Moisture content was the factor that most affected locomotor activity of Cryptolestes ferrugineus in wheat at 15°, 22°, and 28 °C. More insects emigrated from dry than from damp wheat; accelerated emigration from damp wheat after 4 days at 28° was attributed to the growth of storage fungi, primarily Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. Emigration was not different at insect densities ranging from 5 to 50 insects per 98 g of wheat.C. ferrugineus was positively geotactic except in wheat which had been previously infested. Emigration was stimulated in daylight and by continuous illumination, but was depressed in darkness.Starved insects were less active than unstarved insects in dry wheat, but both groups were equally active in damp wheat. Insects were more active in dry than in damp wheat, but activity did not differ when both wheats were cracked to provide more accessible feeding sites. Locomotor activity in moldy wheat was related to preconditioning; more insects preconditioned for 3 days in dry wheat remained in moldy wheat than did those preconditioned for 3 days on damp wheat.The results suggest that insects concentrate in damp or cracked wheat because they can feed, oviposit, and develop more readily than is possible in dry wheat. Thus, in grain bulks C. ferrugineus tends to disperse in dry regions and to concentrate in moister regions.

scholarly journals Effect of LongZhang Gargle on Dual-Species Biofilm of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Jinglei Gong ◽  
Die Hu ◽  
Jinzhi He ◽  
Ling Zou ◽  
Zhu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Oral Disease ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharides ◽  
Confocal Laser

Bioactive natural products have become a hot spot for oral disease treatments. At the present study, LongZhang Gargle was investigated for its effects on single-species biofilms of Candida albicans and dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans. Two different models of single and dual-species biofilms were grown in YNBB medium under appropriate conditions. Biofilm biomass, biofilm architecture, and cell activity in biofilms were assessed using Crystal Violet Staining, MTT, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Significant reductions of biofilm biomass and fungus activity were obtained when treated with LongZhang Gargle at 2% ( P < 0.05 ), 4% ( P < 0.05 ), and 8% ( P < 0.05 ) in single-species biofilms of C. albicans, and at 4% ( P < 0.05 ) and 8% ( P < 0.05 ) in double-species biofilms. Suppression of density, thickness, and the proportion of hyphae and fungal spores were obtained under SEM and CLSM. In conclusion, LongZhang Gargle affects single and dual-species biofilms by inhibiting biofilm biomass, cell activity, and formation of hyphae, but it does not affect the production of Extracellular polysaccharides (EPS). We speculate that LongZhang Gargle would be a promising natural drug, which can be used in treatment against C. albicans and S. mutans in oral diseases.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of carbon dioxide in compressed gas or solid formulation for the control of insects and mites in stored wheat and barley

2005 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.D.G. White ◽  
D.S. Jayas
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Cryptolestes Ferrugineus ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Compressed Gas ◽  
Grain Bulks

Carbon dioxide can be used as an effective stored-grain fumigant in relatively air-tight bins. Carbon dioxide was added to wheat (Triticum aestivum) as a compressed gas and to barley (Hordeum vulgare) as a solid (dry ice) in 322-kg grain bulks. Wheat was stored at temperature decreasing from 18 to 10°C over a 12-wk period. Bins were left open, sealed without C02 added, or with C02 supplemented at 25,34, and 46% levels. Barley was stored at temperature decreasing from 25 to 20°C over an 8-wk period. Bins were left open, sealed without C02 added, or with C02 treatments of 23, 29, and 34%. The wheat and barley moisture content were 14.5-16.3% and 14.5-16.1%, respectively. Oxygen levels in the wheat reflected air displacement with C02, but lower O2 levels in the barley reflected a combination of air displacement by C02 and consumption of O2 by respiring grain and microorganisms at the warmer temperatures. The insects Cryptolestes ferrugineus and Tribolium castaneum were controlled in 2 wk at 34% C02 and 15% O2 at temperature decreasing from 18 to 10°C, or 29% C02 and 3% O2 at temperature decreasing from 25 to 20°C. The mites Tarsonemus granarius, Lepidoglyphus destructor, and Aeroglyphus robustus were killed in less than 2 wk at these C02 levels. Seed germination and microflora were unaffected by all gaseous environments.

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