EFFECTS OF GROWING BARLEY CONTINUOUSLY ON YIELDS, CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS, AND DISEASE PREVALENCE

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-314
Author(s):  
R. V. CLARK ◽  
A. R. MACK
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Disease Prevalence ◽  
General Level ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Forage Yields

Seed and forage yields of three barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown on the same land for 4 yr after fallow without fertilizer declined annually by 12–15%. Decline in yield occurred also with moderate to high rates of fertilization (335 and 670 kg/ha of 10-4-8) in high yielding years but not in low yielding years. Under continuous cropping, the osil NO3-N increased, the pH and NaHCO3-extractable P remained at the same general level, and exchangeable K decreased. The decrease in yields after the first barley crop on fallow land was accompanied generally by a decrease in foliage N and K concentration and some increase in the P concentration. Disease prevalence varied each year but, with the possible exception of leaf spot caused by Cochliobolus sativus (Ito & Kurib.) Drechsl. ex Dastur, did not increase with continuous cropping. Loose smut Ustilago nuda (Jens.) Rostr.) increased rapidly for 2 yr on the cultivar York and then decreased. It appeared to be affected more by weather conditions than by number of years in continuous barley.

EFFECTS OF CHLORMEQUAT ON PLANT HEIGHT, DISEASE DEVELOPMENT AND CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF CULTIVARS OF BARLEY, OATS, AND WHEAT

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. V. CLARK ◽  
G. FEDAK
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Trimethylammonium Chloride ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Barley Cultivars

Applications of chlormequat ((2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride) to field plots of cereals at the 3- to 5-leaf growth stages reduced the height of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) the most, followed by barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and oats (Avena sativa L.). Height reductions were cultivar-specific in the three crops. Lodging was temporarily delayed by the use of chlormequat, while disease incidence, seed yields, protein, lignin, and cellulose content of the straw were unchanged. Of 53 barley cultivars treated with chlormequat, 35 showed variable degrees of height reduction with 5 reduced significantly to a maximum of 13.2%; 6 showed no response, while 12 grew taller following treatment. In general, reaction of barley cultivars to chlormequat followed genetic relationships similar to those determined by isozyme patterns.

Crop rotations compared with continuous canola and wheat for crop production and fertilizer use over 6 yr

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 1139-1149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kabal S. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Fertilizer Use ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum L ◽  
Pisum Sativum L

Local economic, logistic, soil, and weather conditions have made appropriate rotations vary from one area to another. Seed yield and fertilizer use in rotations were compared with continuous cropping for 6 yr in the southeast Peace region of Alberta, Canada. Canola (C) (Brassica napus L.), wheat (W) (Triticum aestivum L.), pea (P) (Pisum sativum L.), barley (B) (Hordeum vulgare L.), and flax (F) (Linum usitatissimum L.) were grown in 12 treatments [i.e., continuous canola (CC) and wheat (WW) and rotations of W–C, P–W–W, C–W–W, C–C–W, P–C–W, C–P–W, W–B–C, B–W–C, F–W–C, and F–C–W]. Canola yield increased with 1 or 2 yr breaks from canola. Within rotations, there was a trend to lower canola yield on canola stubble compared with other crop stubbles. Wheat yield was generally lower in WW than in rotations. Among rotations, wheat yield tended to be greater on pea stubble compared with canola, wheat, barley, and flax stubbles. Averaged over 2010–2015, the canola yield benefit from rotations was 0.632 Mg ha−1 (19.4%) over CC and the wheat yield benefit from rotations was 0.313 Mg ha−1 (7.2%) over WW. Nitrogen saving was observed when pea was included in rotation.

scholarly journals The effect of temperature and rainfall on participation of the pathogens causing root and stem rot in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 51-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Łacicowa ◽  
Danuta Pięta
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Stem Base ◽  
Barley Cultivars

Field experiments conducted in the years 1990-1995 were localized at the Plaiit Cultivation Station, Ulhówek to repeat the cultivation of spring barley cultivars Roland and Lot. In conditions of monoculture, Bipolaris sorokiniana and Fusarium culmorum were of the foremost importance in causing root and stem rot. The proportion of infected plants did not increase with time. Depending on the period of vegetation and the cultivar, the percentage of seedlings with necrosis symptoms ranged from 6% to 53,5% and that of stem base rot from 14% to 59%. In the case of both cultivars. root and stem rot was especially intensive in the third successive season of vegetation, i, e,. in 1992. That season was characterized by warm and wet weather conditions. favourable for the infection of seedlings by <em>B.sorokiniane</em> during the period of six weeks after the sowing of grain. Bipolaris sorokiniana always had the greatest proportion in the infction of spring barley but not in the seasons distinguished by hot and dry weather conditions. On the other hand, during dry and hot weather conditions the only or the dominating fungus obtained from the infcted stem base after the heading of spring barley was F. culmorum. In conditions of monoculture, favourable for root and stem rot of spring barley, the temperature and rainfalls clearly distinguished the proportion of B. sorokiniana and F. culmorum in plant infection.

scholarly journals Corn Stover Removal Responses on Soil Test P and K Levels in Coastal Plain Ultisols

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4401
Author(s):  
Jeffrey M. Novak ◽  
James R. Frederick ◽  
Don W. Watts ◽  
Thomas F. Ducey ◽  
Douglas L. Karlen
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Nutrient Removal ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
First Year ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
K Concentration

Corn (Zea mays L.) stover is used as a biofuel feedstock in the U.S. Selection of stover harvest rates for soils is problematic, however, because excessive stover removal may have consequences on plant available P and K concentrations. Our objective was to quantify stover harvest impacts on topsoil P and K contents in the southeastern U.S. Coastal Plain Ultisols. Five stover harvest rates (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% by wt) were removed for five years from replicated plots. Grain and stover mass with P and K concentration data were used to calculate nutrient removal. Mehlich 1 (M1)-extractable P and K concentrations were used to monitor changes within the soils. Grain alone removed 13–15 kg ha−1 P and 15–18 kg ha−1 K each year, resulting in a cumulative removal of 70 and 85 kg ha−1 or 77 and 37% of the P and K fertilizer application, respectively. Harvesting stover increased nutrient removal such that when combined with grain removed, a cumulative total of 95% of the applied P and 126% of fertilizer K were taken away. This caused M1 P and K levels to decline significantly in the first year and even with annual fertilization to remain relatively static thereafter. For these Ultisols, we conclude that P and K fertilizer recommendations should be fine-tuned for P and K removed with grain and stover harvesting and that stover harvest of >50% by weight will significantly decrease soil test M1 P and K contents.

scholarly journals Determination of Chemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activities of Leaves and Stems from Jatropha cinerea (Ortega) Müll. Arg and Jatropha cordata (Ortega) Müll. Arg

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 212
Author(s):  
Yeimi Cecilia Vega-Ruiz ◽  
Corina Hayano-Kanashiro ◽  
Nohemí Gámez-Meza ◽  
Luis Angel Medina-Juárez
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Antioxidant Compounds ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Northwestern Region ◽  
High Concentrations

Jatropha species have been shown to be an important source of secondary metabolites with different biological effects. Jatropha cinerea (Ortega) Müll. Arg and Jatropha cordata (Ortega) Müll. Arg are distributed in the Northwestern region of Mexico, are adapted to extreme weather conditions and are widely used (stems, leaves, and sap) in traditional medicine. The aim of the present study was to carry out the phytochemical characterization and the evaluation of the antioxidant activity in methanolic extracts of stems and leaves from J. cinerea and J. cordata. The compounds present in the extracts of both species were characterized by ESI-IT-MS/MS and quantified by HPLC-DAD. The results showed that the stem extracts of both species are rich in phenolic acids, while the leaf extracts are rich in flavonoids. Some of the main compounds found were gallic acid, gentisic acid, 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid, vitexin, isovitexin, and catechol. Both species showed high concentrations of phenols and total flavonoids and antioxidant activity. J. cordata showed the highest antioxidant capacity and the highest concentration of phenolic compounds. Overall, both Jatropha species are a natural source of antioxidant compounds with potential biotechnological uses.

Plant Volatiles and Oviposition Behavior in the Selection of Barley Cultivars by Wheat Stem Sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Buddhi B Achhami ◽  
Gadi V P Reddy ◽  
M L Hofland ◽  
Jamie D Sherman ◽  
Robert K D Peterson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Selection ◽  
Oviposition Behavior ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Hexenyl Acetate ◽  
Host Selection Behavior ◽  
Selection Decisions

Abstract Wheat stem sawfly, [Cephus cinctus (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)], females display complex behaviors for host selection and oviposition. Susceptible hollow stem wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars release a greater amount of attractive compound, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and receive a greater number of eggs compared to resistant solid stem wheat cultivars. However, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is becoming a more common host for C. cinctus in Montana. Therefore, how do host selection and oviposition behaviors on barley cultivars compare to what happens when encountering wheat cultivars? To answer this question, we carried out greenhouse experiments using two barley cultivars: ‘Hockett’ and ‘Craft’. Between these cultivars at Zadoks stages 34 and 49, we compared host selection decisions using a Y-tube olfactometer, compared oviposition behaviors on stems, and counted the number of eggs inside individual stems. In Y-tube bioassays, we found a greater number of C. cinctus females were attracted to the airstream passing over ‘Hockett’ than ‘Craft’ barley cultivars. Although the frequencies of oviposition behaviors were similar between these cultivars, the number of eggs was greater in ‘Hockett’. Volatile profiles indicated that the amount of linalool was greater in the airstream from ‘Craft’ than in ‘Hockett’ at Zadoks 34 while the amount of (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate was greater in airstream from ‘Hockett’ at both Zadoks 34 and 49. These results suggest that volatiles of barley plants influenced host selection behavior of ovipositing C. cinctus females, while other discriminating behaviors do not differ between cultivars.

Classification of cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare). 1. Historical aspects, and phenetic character analysis of some characters by information theory and by spatial autocorrelation

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 2769-2773
Author(s):  
Bernard B. Baum
Keyword(s):  
Information Theory ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Theory Model ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Character Analysis ◽  
Barley Cultivars

A brief historical sketch of the classification of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars is presented along with reference to key reviews on this subject. Characters, utilized in the comprehensive study on the barley cultivars of North America by Aberg and Wiebe (U.S. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 942), were subjected to a series of phenetic character analyses using an information theory model and a spatial autocorrelation model. The ranking of the 48 characters in order of their importance (for classification and identification purposes) from the character analysis by information theory was compared with the previous rating of characters made by Aberg and Wiebe and was found to differ significantly. Numerous trials of character analysis by spatial autocorrelation using various Minkowski distances, setting various values among three parameters, never yielded results comparable with those obtained by Aberg and Wiebe. Among those trials, a few combinations of values for the three parameters (X, Y, and Z) yielded results comparable with those obtained with character analysis by information theory. Those same combinations of values were found by Estabrook and Gates (Taxon, 33: 13–25) in their study of Banisteriopsis in 1984, where they also developed the method of character analysis by spatial autocorrelation. Kernel weight was found to be the most important character.

THE DIGESTIBILITY BY PIGS OF DRY MATTER, ENERGY, PROTEIN AND AMINO ACIDS IN WHEAT CULTIVARS. II. FIFTEEN CULTIVARS GROWN IN TWO YEARS, COMPARED WITH BONANZA AND FERGUS BARLEYS, AND 3CW-GRADE HARD RED SPRING WHEAT

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. ANDERSON ◽  
J. M. BELL
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Triticum Vulgare ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Available Lysine

Fifteen wheat cultivars (Triticum vulgare L.) and two barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.), some grown in two or three different years, were evaluated in two digestion trials with pigs of 40 kg initial weight. Some samples had frost damage. Each cultivar was measured for bulk weight (kg/hL), weight in g/1000 kernels, kernel plumpness and percent germination. The grains and feces were analyzed for gross energy, crude protein and amino acids. The diets comprised 95.7% ground grain, 0.5% chromic oxide, and mineral and vitamin supplements. Crude protein (N × 6.25) ranged from 11.1 to 19.7%. In terms of digestibility of energy, digestibility of protein, content of digestible crude protein (DCP), available lysine and digestible energy (DE), the wheat cultivars Inia-66 and Neepawa ranked highest, followed by Norquay, then Glenlea, Pitic-62 and PFW606A. Within cultivar, year-to-year differences were observed as well as some effects of frost damage. Cultivar differences in DE were found but DCP and available lysine were identified as the most important nutritional criteria for wheat to be used as the major grain in the animal diet. Environmental conditions affecting crop growth and seed maturity may be as important as genetic differences between cultivars in regard to nutritional quality evaluations as measured in these trials.Key words: Digestibility, wheat, protein, energy, amino acids, pigs

scholarly journals Fertilizer Efficacy of Poultry Litter Ash Blended with Lime or Gypsum as Fillers

Environments ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip J. Bauer ◽  
Ariel A. Szogi ◽  
Paul D. Shumaker
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Flue Gas Desulfurization ◽  
Filler Materials ◽  
Fertilizer Value ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Poultry Litter Ash

Ash from power plants that incinerate poultry litter has fertilizer value, but research is lacking on optimal land application methodologies. Experiments were conducted to evaluate calcitic lime and flue gas desulfurization gypsum (FGDG) as potential fillers for poultry litter ash land applications. The ash had phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) contents of 68 and 59 g kg−1, respectively. Soil extractable P and K were measured in an incubation pot study, comparing calcitic lime to FGDG at filler/ash ratios of 1:3, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1. After one month, soils were sampled and annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) seeds were planted to investigate how plant growth and uptake of P and K were influenced by the fillers. Application of ash alone or with fillers increased soil extractable P and K levels above unamended controls by 100% and 70%, respectively. Filler materials did not affect biomass or P and K concentration of the ryegrass. A field study with a commercial spinner disc fertilizer applicator was conducted to compare application uniformity of ash alone and filler/ash blends. Overall, test data suggested that uniform distribution of ash alone or with fillers is feasible in field applications using a commercial fertilizer spreader.

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