EFFECTS OF CHLORMEQUAT ON PLANT HEIGHT, DISEASE DEVELOPMENT AND CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF CULTIVARS OF BARLEY, OATS, AND WHEAT

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. V. CLARK ◽  
G. FEDAK
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Trimethylammonium Chloride ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Barley Cultivars

Applications of chlormequat ((2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride) to field plots of cereals at the 3- to 5-leaf growth stages reduced the height of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) the most, followed by barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and oats (Avena sativa L.). Height reductions were cultivar-specific in the three crops. Lodging was temporarily delayed by the use of chlormequat, while disease incidence, seed yields, protein, lignin, and cellulose content of the straw were unchanged. Of 53 barley cultivars treated with chlormequat, 35 showed variable degrees of height reduction with 5 reduced significantly to a maximum of 13.2%; 6 showed no response, while 12 grew taller following treatment. In general, reaction of barley cultivars to chlormequat followed genetic relationships similar to those determined by isozyme patterns.

Plant Volatiles and Oviposition Behavior in the Selection of Barley Cultivars by Wheat Stem Sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Buddhi B Achhami ◽  
Gadi V P Reddy ◽  
M L Hofland ◽  
Jamie D Sherman ◽  
Robert K D Peterson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Selection ◽  
Oviposition Behavior ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Hexenyl Acetate ◽  
Host Selection Behavior ◽  
Selection Decisions

Abstract Wheat stem sawfly, [Cephus cinctus (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)], females display complex behaviors for host selection and oviposition. Susceptible hollow stem wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars release a greater amount of attractive compound, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and receive a greater number of eggs compared to resistant solid stem wheat cultivars. However, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is becoming a more common host for C. cinctus in Montana. Therefore, how do host selection and oviposition behaviors on barley cultivars compare to what happens when encountering wheat cultivars? To answer this question, we carried out greenhouse experiments using two barley cultivars: ‘Hockett’ and ‘Craft’. Between these cultivars at Zadoks stages 34 and 49, we compared host selection decisions using a Y-tube olfactometer, compared oviposition behaviors on stems, and counted the number of eggs inside individual stems. In Y-tube bioassays, we found a greater number of C. cinctus females were attracted to the airstream passing over ‘Hockett’ than ‘Craft’ barley cultivars. Although the frequencies of oviposition behaviors were similar between these cultivars, the number of eggs was greater in ‘Hockett’. Volatile profiles indicated that the amount of linalool was greater in the airstream from ‘Craft’ than in ‘Hockett’ at Zadoks 34 while the amount of (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate was greater in airstream from ‘Hockett’ at both Zadoks 34 and 49. These results suggest that volatiles of barley plants influenced host selection behavior of ovipositing C. cinctus females, while other discriminating behaviors do not differ between cultivars.

EFFECTS OF GROWING BARLEY CONTINUOUSLY ON YIELDS, CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS, AND DISEASE PREVALENCE

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-314
Author(s):  
R. V. CLARK ◽  
A. R. MACK
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Disease Prevalence ◽  
General Level ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Forage Yields

Seed and forage yields of three barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown on the same land for 4 yr after fallow without fertilizer declined annually by 12–15%. Decline in yield occurred also with moderate to high rates of fertilization (335 and 670 kg/ha of 10-4-8) in high yielding years but not in low yielding years. Under continuous cropping, the osil NO3-N increased, the pH and NaHCO3-extractable P remained at the same general level, and exchangeable K decreased. The decrease in yields after the first barley crop on fallow land was accompanied generally by a decrease in foliage N and K concentration and some increase in the P concentration. Disease prevalence varied each year but, with the possible exception of leaf spot caused by Cochliobolus sativus (Ito & Kurib.) Drechsl. ex Dastur, did not increase with continuous cropping. Loose smut Ustilago nuda (Jens.) Rostr.) increased rapidly for 2 yr on the cultivar York and then decreased. It appeared to be affected more by weather conditions than by number of years in continuous barley.

HOE 23408, A NEW SELECTIVE HERBICIDE FOR WILD OATS AND GREEN FOXTAIL IN WHEAT AND BARLEY

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. FRIESEN ◽  
P. A. O’SULLIVAN ◽  
W. H. VANDEN BORN
Keyword(s):  
Foliar Application ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Green Foxtail

A series of field, growth chamber, and laboratory experiments showed that HOE 23408 [4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-phenoxy propionic acid methyl ester] as a post-emergence herbicide provided selective control of wild oats (Avena fatua L.) and green foxtail (Seteria viridis L. Beauv.) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) equal to or better than barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl m-chlorocarbanilate) over a growth period extending from the 2- to 5-leaf stages in both weed species. Wheat was highly tolerant to HOE 23408 at all growth stages, while with barley there was some leaf mottling and suppression of both shoot and root development. The 6-row cultivars Gait, Bonanza and Conquest largely recovered from the effects, but the 2-row cultivar Betzes suffered significant yield reduction. HOE 23408 moved mainly in an acropetal direction when applied to different parts of the wild oats plant. Application made on or below the meristematic area of the stem apex caused necrosis and eventual death of the entire plant. Phytotoxicity following soil application was markedly less than with foliar application. Indications were that it was also more phytotoxic to the emerging weeds via shoot than via root contact. Although HOE 23408 is relatively insoluble in water, it leached to a limited extent in soils.

EFFETS DES METHODES DE SEMIS SUR L’EVALUATION DES CULTIVARS DE CEREALES

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-239
Author(s):  
C. A. ST-PIERRE ◽  
J. P. DUBUC ◽  
F. M. GAUTHIER ◽  
H. R. KLINCK
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Adequate Evaluation ◽  
Significant Yield

The differential response of a number of cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.) to different methods of seeding was studied. Results of eight station–years with wheat show significant differences in yield among the cultivars and among seeding methods. The highest rate of seeding of wheat, 118 kg/ha, resulted in a significant yield increase, but the yield increase was smaller with narrower rows. The interaction of methods of seeding × cultivars was not significant, indicating that the presently used testing procedures give adequate evaluation of yield potential of wheat cultivars. The stable cultivar performance at the various rates of seeding suggests that efficient individual plant selection could be made at lower rates of seeding in rows 15 cm apart. Results of eight station–years with barley and 12 station–years with oats show that the experimental testing procedures used are adequate to evaluate oats and barley cultivars for yield.

scholarly journals The intensity of competitive interactions between spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori et. Paol) and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under different fertilisation conditions

2012 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-203
Author(s):  
Kinga Treder ◽  
Maria Wanic ◽  
Janusz Nowicki
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Competitive Interactions ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Spring Cereals ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Better Than

Competitive interactions between spring wheat and spring barley were traced based on a pot experiment. In the years 2003-2004, three cycles of the experiment were carried out in a greenhouse. Two spring cereals - wheat and barley, sown in a mixture and in a monoculture, with different mineral fertilisation levels, were the object of evaluation and comparison. The experiment was set up according to the additive scheme, determining dry weight values for both species in 5 growth stages (emergence, tillering, shooting, heading and ripening). Results were used to determine relative yields and competition ratios. It was demonstrated that competition between the cereals started already from the emergence stage and lasted till the end of vegetation, manifesting itself with the greatest strength at the heading stage, but thereafter it weakened in the NPK poorer environment. Access to a larger pool of macroelements resulted in the intensification of competitive interactions. Spring barley used the limited growth factors better than wheat from shooting till the ripening period, and a reverse relation was exhibited only at the tillering stage.

scholarly journals Developmental sequences for simulating crop phenology for water-limiting conditions

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (11) ◽  
pp. 1277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory S. McMaster ◽  
W. W. Wilhelm ◽  
A. B. Frank
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Developmental Sequence ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Crop Phenology

The timing, duration, and pace of developmental events, or phenology, are among the many responses of plants to limited soil water. Understanding and predicting plant responses to availability of soil water are important in improving the efficacy of management practices. However, the first steps towards gaining this understanding, summarising the complete developmental sequence of the shoot apex and correlating the timing of these events, have rarely been reported. Also, the effect of water-limiting conditions on crop phenology and shoot apex development is variable. The objective of this paper is to present the developmental sequence of the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and corn (Zea mays L.) shoot apices and correlate events in these sequences with growth stages for both well-watered and water-limiting conditions. We note that phenological responses to water availability occur at 3 different scales: among crops, among cultivars of a crop, and among growth stages within a cultivar or crop. Clearly, genotype × environment interaction affects the accuracy of predicting phenology. However, the fact that plants develop in an orderly, predictable pattern allows a general foundation for synthesising the complete sequence of developmental events of the shoot apex and correlate these with growth stages when water is not limiting. These patterns and relationships are the foundation to build upon in quantifying our understanding of crop phenology under water-limiting environments.

scholarly journals Moderate sodium has positive effects on shoots but not roots of salt-tolerant barley grown in a potassium-deficient sandy soil

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 972 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qifu Ma ◽  
Richard Bell ◽  
Ross Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
K Deficiency

In the agricultural lands of south-western Australia, salinity severely affects about 1 million hectares, and there is also widespread occurrence of potassium (K) deficiency. This study investigated whether the effects of sodium (Na) on crop K nutrition vary with plant salt sensitivity. In a glasshouse experiment with loamy sand, two barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Gairdner, salt sensitive, and cv. CM72, salt tolerant) and one wheat cultivar (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Wyalkatchem, salt tolerant) were first grown in soil containing 30 mg extractable K/kg for 4 weeks to create mildly K-deficient plants, then subjected to Na (as NaCl) and additional K treatments for 3 weeks. Although high Na (300 mg Na/kg) reduced leaf numbers, moderate Na (100 mg Na/kg) hastened leaf development in barley cultivars but not in wheat. In the salt-tolerant CM72, moderate Na also increased tiller numbers, shoot dry weight and Na accumulation, but not root growth. The positive effect of moderate Na on shoot growth in CM72 was similar to that of adding 45 mg K/kg. Root growth relative to shoot growth was enhanced by adequate K supply (75 mg K/kg) compared with K deficiency, but not by Na supply. Soil Na greatly reduced the K/Na and Ca/Na ratios in shoots and roots, while additional K supply increased the K/Na ratio with little effect on the Ca/Na ratio. The study showed that the substitution of K by Na in barley and wheat was influenced not only by plant K status, but by the potential for Na uptake in roots and Na accumulation in shoots, which may play a major role in salt tolerance. The increased growth in shoots but not roots of salt-tolerant CM72 in response to moderate Na and the greater adverse effect of soil K deficiency on roots than shoots in all genotypes would make the low-K plants more vulnerable to saline and water-limited environments.

STUDIES OF RECOVERY FROM ARTIFICIALLY INDUCED LODGING IN SEVERAL SIX-ROW BARLEY CULTIVARS

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. BRIGGS
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Thousand Kernel Weight ◽  
University Of Alberta ◽  
Barley Cultivars

Artificial lodging treatments were applied to several six-row barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.) in 1985 and 1986 in field plots at the University of Alberta Research Station, Edmonton, to determine the effects of lodging from the milk stage to maturity. For all cultivars the largest significant reduction in grain yield was obtained from lodging induced at the milk stage (average 21% yield reduction), with later lodging resulting in relatively less yield reduction (4% at preharvest). Significant effects of lodging treatments on thousand-kernel weight and hectoliter weight followed the same pattern. Incidence of disease (mainly scald) was significantly increased by the induction of lodging in one of the two years. Final lodging scores at maturity were significantly higher the later that lodging was induced, associated with generally reduced ability to recover from lodging. In 1 year of testing, the semidwarf cultivar Duke was found to be superior to the semidwarf cultivar Samson for lodging resistance, for ability to recover from lodging applied at all stages, for grain yield, thousand-kernel weight, and for disease resistance. In both years the cultivar Johnston had very poor lodging resistance and almost no ability to recover from lodging, whereas Leduc and Klondike were intermediate for these traits. A simple artificial lodging test is proposed for obtaining improved data on the lodging resistance and lodging recoverability of new cultivars.Key words: Lodging recovery, cultivar evaluation, disease level, grade reduction, growth stages, yield

Comparative analysis of genetic relationships in barley based on RFLP and RAPD markers

Genome ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 607-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Noli ◽  
Silvio Salvi ◽  
Roberto Tuberosa
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Rapd Markers ◽  
Rapd Analysis ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Cluster Analyses ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Marker Class

Genetic relationships have seldom been analyzed with different types of molecular markers in order to compare the information provided by each marker class. We investigated genetic relationships among nine barley cultivars using separate cluster analyses based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs). Genomic DNA restricted with three enzymes and hybridized with 68 probes revealed 415 RFLPs (74.2% of all bands). Among the 128 primers used for RAPD analysis, 100 provided a reproducible profile, 89 of which revealed 202 polymorphic and 561 monomorphic bands (26.5 and 73.5%, respectively). A nonrandom distribution of 62 RAPDs with a tendency to cluster near centromeric regions was produced when these RAPDs were mapped using 76 doubled-haploid lines derived from a cross between two of the nine cultivars. The correlation between the RFLP and RAPD similarity matrices computed for the 36 pairwise comparisons among the nine cultivars was equal to 0.83. The dendrograms obtained by cluster analyses of the RFLP and RAPD data differed. These results indicate that in barley the information provided by RFLPs and RAPDs is not equivalent, most likely as a consequence of the fact that the two marker classes explore, at least in part, different portions of the genome.Key words: Hordeum vulgare L., genetic distance, molecular markers, cluster analysis.

PERFORMANCE OF SPRING WHEAT AND BARLEY CULTIVARS SOWN IN THE FALL AND SPRING IN NORTHERN ALBERTA

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 743-747
Author(s):  
K. G. BRIGGS ◽  
D. G. FARIS
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Northern Alberta

Two spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. emend Lam.) and three spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars were grown over a 2-yr period at three locations in Alberta north of latitude 53°N, to compare the effect of fall and spring seeding on yield and maturity. The cultivars were Olli and Jubilee barley, and Park, Thatcher, and Pitic 62 wheat. The locations were Edmonton, Beaverlodge, and Fort Vermilion. With few exceptions, fall seeding resulted in loss of yield compared with spring seeding, and the fall-seeded materials were no earlier maturing than the comparable spring-seeded materials. For the cultivars and locations studied, fall seeding of spring barley and wheat cannot be recommended. Two spring seeding dates were also compared, the first being considerably earlier than typical commercial seeding at the same location. There were few significant differences in yield between the two spring dates, but the later date considerably delayed the maturity of all cultivars.

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