MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY IN GREENHOUSE TOMATOES

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon M. Ward ◽  
Marcia J. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Magnesium Deficiency ◽  
Tissue Level ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Tissue Analysis ◽  
Culture Experiment ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Severe Deficiency ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Adequate Sampling ◽  
Greenhouse Tomatoes

In a sand culture experiment with greenhouse tomatoes, tissue analysis of plant samples showing a wide range of magnesium deficiency symptoms indicated that a tissue level of 0.30% Mg was associated with incipient deficiency and the beginning of symptom expression, while a level of 0.15% or less was associated with severe deficiency symptoms. These are definite values and it is suggested that they may be applicable to many crop plants, provided adequate sampling and accurate analyses are carried out.

scholarly journals MANGANESE DEFICIENCY AND TOXICITY IN GREENHOUSE TOMATOES

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. WARD
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Manganese Deficiency ◽  
Mn Toxicity ◽  
Severe Deficiency ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mn Content ◽  
Greenhouse Tomatoes ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Symptoms of manganese deficiency and toxicity on greenhouse tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), produced experimentally in sand culture, were related to Mn content determined in tissues of leaves, petioles, stems, suckers, roots, and fruits. The highest concentration of Mn found in tissue showing deficiency symptoms was 25 ppm, although this level of Mn also was found in some healthy tissues. Severe deficiency was associated with all tissues, except fruit, that contained 20 ppm Mn or less. An exact threshold value for the onset of Mn toxicity was difficult to define, but probably occurred between 450 and 500 ppm for young top leaves and between 900 and 1,000 ppm for older lower leaves. The tomato plant will tolerate a wide range of Mn levels in apparently healthy tissue.

CALCIUM DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS IN GREENHOUSE CUCUMBERS

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 849-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. WARD
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Calcium Deficiency ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Tissue Analysis ◽  
Culture Experiment ◽  
Cucumis Sativus L ◽  
Green Color ◽  
Ca Deficiency ◽  
Severe Deficiency

In a sand culture experiment with seeded and seedless greenhouse cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.), induced Ca deficiency over a range of nutrient Ca applications produced characteristic foliar and plant symptoms. Severe deficiency was associated with top leaf tissue levels of 0.20% Ca and less. Fruit symptoms were a proportionate stunting, center and stem-end constriction in Burpee hybrid, and a progressively darker green color in Sporu. Mild symptoms were difficult to recognize and could only be confirmed by tissue analysis, although it was not possible to determine an exact threshold value for incipient deficiency.

Response of plants to calcium concentration in solution culture

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 845 ◽  
Author(s):  
JF Loneragan ◽  
K Snowball ◽  
WJ Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Calcium Deficiency ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Culture Techniques ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Nutrient Culture ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Severe Deficiency ◽  
Wide Range

Calcium concentrations required in solution for growth of 30 grasses, cereals, legumes, and herbs were defined for a wide range of concentrations which were maintained constant in Bowing culture solutions of pH 5.7. Contrary to published results obtained with standard nutrient culture techniques, some legumes and herbs grew much better at low concentrations of calcium (2.5 and 10µM ) than many Gramineae. The minimal concentration required to produce maximum growth of plants and eliminate calcium deficiency symptoms varied widely (2.5–1000 µM) within each group; it varied over the same range for Gramineae as for legumes and herbs. At 100 µM all plants grew well without symptoms of calcium deficiency. Increasing the concentration to 1000 µM increased growth in only a few species. At concentrations < l µM , severe deficiency symptoms developed on the tops of all species. The growth of legumes and herbs was more quickly and more severely affected than that of Gramineae. The roots of many legumes and herbs also degenerated rapidly. In the same solutions the roots of all Gramineae appeared healthy for some time. However, the advantage of Gramineae in these solutions was transitory, since the high relative growth rate in their early growth stages fell rapidly. It is suggested that distinct processes dominate the plants' behaviour at each range of calcium concentrations. At extremely low concentrations (< l µM ) , to which legumes and herbs are more sensitive than Gramineae, the dominant process may involve ion exchange equilibria between calcium in the environment and in the cell walls or membranes. At higher concentrations (2.5–1000 µM), to which Gramineae are as sensitive as legumes and herbs, processes of absorption of calcium from solution and translocation to plant tops are probably dominant.

SULPHUR DEFICIENCY AND TOXICITY SYMPTOMS IN GREENHOUSE TOMATOES AND CUCUMBERS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. WARD
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Morphological Effect ◽  
Sulphur Deficiency ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill ◽  
Severe Deficiency ◽  
Greenhouse Tomatoes

Symptoms of sulphur deficiency and toxicity on greenhouse tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and cucumbers (Cucumis sativis L.) were produced experimentally in sand culture and are described in detail. The principal morphological effect was a general depression of growth and fruit production. A S content of less than 0.25% in any plant tissue was associated with severe deficiency. The distribution of S in various plant tissues is shown.

Recovery of flue-cured tobacco from magnesium deficiency: changes in leaf magnesium content and effects on leaf quality

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 641 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Pinkerton
Keyword(s):  
Magnesium Deficiency ◽  
Magnesium Content ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Tobacco Plants ◽  
Leaf Quality ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

Twenty-four days after being transplanted into sand culture outdoors, tobacco plants were supplied with nutrient solutions with and without magnesium. Magnesium at two levels was resupplied to some deficiency-stressed plants 6, 11, 16, or 26 days later, and all plants were grown to maturity. The value of cured leaf was affected adversely when the period without magnesium exceeded 6 days. Quality of top leaf, but not of cutters, was improved when resupply was made at the rate necessary for maximum leaf value when supplied throughout. Addition of magnesium at a higher level improved the quality of leaf lower on the stalk, but led to an accumulation of magnesium in top leaf with subsequent impairment of quality. It appeared that the leaf concentration of magnesium had to fall below 0.2% for a period of between 5 and 10 days for leaf deficiency symptoms to appear. The application of magnesium, even at a high rate, upon the appearance of the first symptoms of deficiency resulted in a loss of over 25% in the value per plant.

NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE LEVELS IN RAT BRAIN

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Christine Brown
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Severe Deficiency

Albino rats were fed diets which were deficient in tryptophan, niacin, or both, until severe deficiency symptoms appeared. The brains were analyzed for their content of oxidized and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides (NAD), which are derived from dietary tryptophan and niacin. Deficiencies of tryptophan or niacin had little or no effects on the levels of NAD in rat brain. The injection of niacinamide in massive doses caused a 50 to 75% increase in the NAD levels. Reserpine had no significant effect on brain NAD. No "tranquilizing" or depressing effects were noticed after niacinamide injection.

scholarly journals Are the Somatic Mutation and Tissue Organization Field Theories of Carcinogenesis Incompatible?

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. CIN.S13013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Rosenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Mutation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Control Cell ◽  
Tissue Level ◽  
Dna Mutations ◽  
Tissue Organization ◽  
Tissue Organization Field Theory ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Carcinogenic Agents ◽  
Successful Resolution

Two drastically different approaches to understanding the forces driving carcinogenesis have crystallized through years of research. These are the somatic mutation theory (SMT) and the tissue organization field theory (TOFT). The essence of SMT is that cancer is derived from a single somatic cell that has successively accumulated multiple DNA mutations, and that those mutations occur on genes which control cell proliferation and cell cycle. Thus, according to SMT, neoplastic lesions are the results of DNA-level events. Conversely, according to TOFT, carcinogenesis is primarily a problem of tissue organization: carcinogenic agents destroy the normal tissue architecture thus disrupting cell-to-cell signaling and compromising genomic integrity. Hence, in TOFT the DNA mutations are the effect, and not the cause, of the tissue-level events. Cardinal importance of successful resolution of the TOFT versus SMT controversy dwells in the fact that, according to SMT, cancer is a unidirectional and mostly irreversible disease; whereas, according to TOFT, it is curable and reversible. In this paper, our goal is to outline a plausible scenario in which TOFT and SMT can be reconciled using the framework and concepts of the self-organized criticality (SOC), the principle proven to be extremely fruitful in a wide range of disciplines pertaining to natural phenomena, to biological communities, to large-scale social developments, to technological networks, and to many other subjects of research.

A study of the phosphorus responses of a wide range of accessions from the genus Stylosanthes

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 847 ◽  
Author(s):  
RK Jones
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Numerical Classification ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Severe Deficiency ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Phosphorus Toxicity ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

The effects of a wide range of phosphorus levels on the growth and uptake of phosphorus by 30 accessions of the legume genus Stylosanthes, representing seven species, were compared in a glasshouse experiment. The basic data from the experiment were subjected to a numerical classification, and accessions with similar patterns of response were grouped to simplify description and interpretation of the results. Differences in growth and phosphorus uptake under conditions of severe deficiency were fairly small, but there were appreciable differences between groups in the dry matter produced per unit phosphorus absorbed. With progressive improvement in the supply of phosphorus, large differences developed between the groups in growth and phosphorus uptake. One group, in which nodulation was partially or completely ineffective, responded poorly in growth and phosphorus uptake to additions of phosphorus. Other groups, however, were effectively nodulated, and appeared to differ considerably in their inherent growth rates and hence in their uptake of phosphorus during the 55 days of the experiment. At moderately high levels of applied phosphorus (equivalent to between 96 and 192 kg P/ha) accessions in several groups developed foliar symptoms resembling 'phosphorus toxicity', had depressed yields of dry matter, and accumulated phosphorus in their tops to high concentrations.

scholarly journals Large Carpenter Bees as Agricultural Pollinators

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamar Keasar
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Nectar Robbing ◽  
Pollination Service ◽  
Carpenter Bees ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Low Illumination ◽  
Greenhouse Tomatoes

Large carpenter bees (genusXylocopa) are wood-nesting generalist pollinators of broad geographical distribution that exhibit varying levels of sociality. Their foraging is characterized by a wide range of food plants, long season of activity, tolerance of high temperatures, and activity under low illumination levels. These traits make them attractive candidates for agricultural pollination in hot climates, particularly in greenhouses, and of night-blooming crops. Carpenter bees have demonstrated efficient pollination service in passionflower, blueberries, greenhouse tomatoes and greenhouse melons. Current challenges to the commercialization of these attempts lie in the difficulties of mass-rearingXylocopa, and in the high levels of nectar robbing exhibited by the bees.

Studies of the growth and mineral nutrition of barley varieties. I. Effect of potassium supply on the uptake of potassium and growth

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Yaeesh Siddiqi ◽  
Anthony D. M. Glass
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
External Concentration ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Severe Deficiency ◽  
Uptake Rates ◽  
Potassium Supply ◽  
Low K

The effects of [K+] (in 1 to 100 μM range) upon uptake, accumulation, and utilization of K+ and upon absolute and relative growth rates were studied in 27 barley varieties. An external concentration of 1 μM was inadequate for growth and severe deficiency symptoms were observed. Above 5 μM no deficiency symptoms were apparent; however, there were substantial intervarietal differences in their responses to varying [K+]. Four varieties were studied in greater detail. At low [K+], the varieties with higher absolute and relative growth rates also had higher K+ uptake rates, higher root weight ratios, and higher efficiencies of K+ utilization.

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