STALK ROT OF CORN IN RELATION TO PLANT POPULATION AND GRAIN YIELD

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 487-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Mortimore ◽  
R. E. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Productivity ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Stalk Rot ◽  
Field Corn ◽  
Single Cross ◽  
Final Harvest ◽  
End Results

Increases in plant population of field corn resulted in increased stalk rot and barrenness, and decreased tillering and ear size. In the stalk rot susceptible single cross CH159 × CH3, stalk rot reached high levels at relatively low populations (10- and 15-thousand plants per acre) whereas resistant B14 × CH9 did not have stalk rot below populations of 20- and 25-thousand plants per acre. Stalk rot did not occur until after the plants had reached physiological maturity. Plants which developed stalk rot shortly after physiological maturity had lower grain yields than plants which developed stalk rot later in the autumn. Plants without stalk rot by the time of final harvest in late October or early November were found to have either well-developed ears with high grain weights or small, poorly pollinated ears. It was concluded that both stalk rot and reduction of grain yield are the end results of conditions which reduced plant productivity during growth.

THE GROWTH PATTERN OF CORN IN RELATION TO RESISTANCE TO ROOT AND STALK ROT

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 1277-1283 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Wall ◽  
C. G. Mortimore
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Vegetative Tissue ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Stalk Rot ◽  
Pith Tissue ◽  
Single Cross ◽  
Single Cross Hybrids

Single-cross hybrids resistant to root and stalk rot generally had greater growth rates, leaf areas, and stalk densities than susceptible single crosses. Differences in dry weight of tops were evident by the time of silk emergence and these differences became more pronounced as the hybrids approached maturity. Susceptible hybrids were characterized by a cessation of vegetative growth at pollination and a rapid senescence of leaves at or shortly after physiological maturity. Hybrids resistant to root and stalk rot were characterized by a continued increase in vegetative dry matter for several weeks after pollination, resulting in relatively heavy lower stalks and a high ratio of vegetative tissue to grain. The density of pith tissue from the lower stalk at physiological maturity was negatively correlated with subsequent stalk rot incidence.

Some relationships between plant population, yield components and grain yield of wheat in a Mediterranean environment

1986 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 219 ◽  
Author(s):  
WK Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Spring Bread Wheat ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Optimum Population ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Relationship

Eight spring bread wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.), differing widely in their nominal yield component characteristics, were tested under rain-fed conditions for three years at sowing densities ranging from 50 to 800 seeds m-2. The objectives of the experiments were to estimate the relationship between grain yield and particular yield components, the expression of plant type (yield components) in relation to plant density, and the plant population x cultivar interaction for grain yield over a range of seasons in a given environment. The 'optimum' plant population (at maximum grain yield) varied over 30-220 plants m-2, depending on season and cultivar. In general, variation in the 'optimum' population was greater between seasons for a given cultivar than between cultivars within seasons. The relationship between grain yield and yield components was examined at the 'optimum' population rather than at an arbitrary population at which grain yield may have been suboptimal for some cultivars or seasons. Grain yields at the optimum populations for the various cultivar x season combinations were positively related to culms m-2, spikes m-2 and seeds m-2. They were not clearly related to culm mortality (%). When averaged across seasons, cultivar grain yields were positively related to harvest index, but the general relationship was not so clear when seasons and cultivars were examined individually. Spike size (seeds spike-I or spike weight) and seed size were also not clearly related to grain yield at the 'optimum' population, and it was thus postulated that the production and survival of large numbers of culms, which in turn led to large numbers of seeds per unit area, were the source of large grain yields. Some interactions were found between yield components and plant population for some cultivars that could have implications for plant breeders selecting at low plant densities. The implications for crop ideotypes of the individual plant characters at the 'optimum' population are also discussed. Interactions between cultivars and plant populations implied that some cultivars required different populations to achieve maximum yields in some seasons. There was a tendency for larger yields to be achieved from cultivar x season combinations where the optimum population was larger, which suggested that commercial seed rates should be re-examined when changes to plant types or yield levels are made.

scholarly journals AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF COWPEA CULTIVARS DEPENDING ON SOWING SEASONS IN THE CERRADO BIOME

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
FERNANDO DA SILVA ALMEIDA ◽  
FÁBIO LUIZ CHECCHIO MINGOTTE ◽  
LEANDRO BORGES LEMOS ◽  
MÁRCIO JOSÉ DE SANTANA
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Agronomic Performance ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Cerrado Biome ◽  
Cowpea Cultivars ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Full Flowering ◽  
Pod Length

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to assess the agronomic performance of cowpea cultivars depending on sowing seasons in the Cerrado biome. Thus, an experiment was conducted in Uberaba, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, in a complete randomized block design, in a 6x3 factorial arrangement, using six cowpea cultivars (BRS-Itaim, BRS-Guariba, BRS-Potengi, BRS-Cauamé, BRS-Novaera and BRS-Tumucumaque) and three sowing seasons (Dec 14, 2012; Jan 14, 2013; and Feb 14, 2013), with four replications. The interaction between the cultivars and sowing seasons was assessed regarding the number of days for full flowering, number of days for pod maturation, number of trifoliate leaves, height of the first pod -bearing node, pod length, number of pods per plant, final plant population, 100-grain weight and grain yield. The cowpea cultivars sown in December produced the lowest numbers of pods per plant and grains per pod, resulting in the lowest grain yields. The cultivar BRS-Tumucumaque had the highest grain yield in the January sowing. The highest grain yields were found in the February sowing, especially when the cultivars BRS-Itaim (3,439 kg ha-1), BRS-Novaera (3,435 kg ha-1), BRS-Guariba (3,168 kg ha-1) and BRS-Potengi (3,107 kg ha-1) was used.

scholarly journals Modeling the effect of planting date on Maize (Zea mays L.) crop in Sabour region of Bihar using DSSATv3.5 crop simulation model

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-80
Author(s):  
P. K. SINGH ◽  
L. S. RATHORE ◽  
K. K. SINGH ◽  
A. K. BAXLA ◽  
R. K. MALL
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Weather Forecast ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Medium Range Weather Forecast ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Medium Range

CERES-Maize model calibrated for local conditions of Sabour has been used to evaluate the relevance medium range weather forecast relative to the maize crop growth period. The procedure is to place the reference year's daily weather into the model up to the time the yield prediction is to be made and sequences of historical data (one sequence per year) after that time until the end of growing season to give yield estimates. A procedure that makes use of historical weather data, medium range weather forecast (mrwf) and current weather data in conjunction with the CERES-Maize model was developed to arrive at a probable distribution of predicted yields. The lower temperature and more solar radiation in tassel emergence to dough stage silk emergence to physiological maturity phase and lower maximum temperature are found favorable to contribute more in increasing the grain yields. The CERES- Maize model correlated for the genetic coefficient predicts the silking dates and physiological maturity very well. Kharif maize gave the highest grain yield of 3490 kg/ha in 1999 and the lowest of 2474 kg/ha in 1979. Among eight different sowing dates the lowest average grain yield was 3190 kg/ha for the last sowing date and the highest average grain yield was 3313 kg/ha in 2nd sowing date. The 25 percentiles were less than the mean grain yields and also 75 percentiles.  

Soybean nodulation and grain yield as influenced by N-fertilizer rate, plant population density and cultivar in southern Quebec

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 1049-1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengqi Chen ◽  
A. F. MacKenzie ◽  
M. A. Fanous
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Soybean Nodulation ◽  
N Fertilizer Rate

Optimum soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr.) production requires information on the interaction between cultivars, population densities and fertilizer nutrients as related to climate and region. Consequently, field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of N-fertilizer rate, plant population and cultivar on soybean nodulation and grain yield on two soils in southern Quebec. N-fertilizer application consistently depressed soybean nodulation, but it improved soybean growth where initial soil inorganic-N levels were low. High plant population densities had little effect on individual plant nodulation, but they increased fresh nodule mass per unit area. Grain yields were increased with high plant population densities. The two cultivars tested, Apache and Maple Arrow, generally produced similar grain yields on the Ste. Rosalie soil, where yields were low due to moisture stress or low initial inorganic-N levels. On the more productive Ormstown soil, Apache produced higher grain yields than Maple Arrow.Key words: Glycine max (L.) Merr., N fertilization, plant population, nodulation, grain yield

Application of the CERES–Wheat model to yield predictions in the irrigated plains of the Indian Punjab

1997 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. HUNDAL ◽  
PRABHJYOT-KAUR
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Wheat Growth ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Kernel Weights ◽  
Biomass Yields ◽  
Crop Environment

The crop–environment resource synthesis model for wheat, CERES–Wheat, was used to simulate yields from 1985 to 1993 at Ludhiana, India. The simulated anthesis and physiological maturity dates, grain and total biomass yields of wheat were compared with actual observations for the commonly grown cultivar, HD–2329. The simulated and actual dates of phenological events showed deviations from only −9 to +6 days for anthesis and −6 to +3 days for physiological maturity of the crop. The model estimated the kernel weight within 88–113% (mean 100%) of the actual kernel weights. The model predicted the grain yields from 80 to 115% (mean 97·5%) of the observed grain yield. Biomass yields were predicted from 93 to 128% (mean 110·5%) of the observed yields. The results obtained with the model for the eight crop seasons demonstrated satisfactory predictions of phenology, growth and yield of wheat. However, the biomass simulations indicated the need for further examination of the factors controlling the partitioning of photosynthates during crop growth. The results of this study reveal that the calibrated CERES–Wheat model can be used for the prediction of wheat growth and yield in the central irrigated plains of the Indian Punjab.

Annual Grass Control in Corn (Zea mays) with Primisulfuron Combined with Nicosulfuron

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas L. Rabaey ◽  
R. Gordon Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Proso Millet ◽  
Field Corn ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Woolly Cupgrass ◽  
Corn Grain ◽  
Corn Grain Yield

Efficacy of primisulfuron and reduced rates of nicosulfuron on woolly cupgrass, wild-proso millet, and giant foxtail in field corn was evaluated in 1994 and 1995. Nicosulfuron was applied at 18, 27, and 36 g ai/ha alone and with 20 g ai/ha primisulfuron. Woolly cupgrass control from nicosulfuron at 18 and 27 g/ha was less than control from 36 g/ha (79% and 84% vs. 90%, respectively). Woolly cupgrass control was 5% greater when primisulfuron was combined with nicosulfuron at 27 and 36 g/ha than when nicosulfuron was applied alone. Corn grain yields were similar among all nicosulfuron plus primisulfuron treatments applied to control woolly cupgrass in 1994. In 1995, corn grain yield was increased 900 kg/ha when primisulfuron was combined with nicosulfuron at 18 g/ha compared to nicosulfuron applied at the same rate alone. Wild-proso millet control 3 WAT with nicosulfuron at 18 g/ha was less than control with nicosulfuron at 36 g/ha. Wild-proso millet control 8 WAT with nicosulfuron alone was greater than when nicosulfuron at any rate was applied with primisulfuron. No differences in corn grain yields were observed across nicosulfuron rates or combinations with primisulfuron to control wild-proso millet either year. Giant foxtail control and corn grain yield were not affected by nicosulfuron rate or combined applications of nicosulfuron and primisulfuron either year.

scholarly journals Variable-rate in corn sowing for maximizing grain yield

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eder Eujácio da Silva ◽  
Fábio Henrique Rojo Baio ◽  
Daniel Fernando Kolling ◽  
Renato Schneider Júnior ◽  
Alex Rogers Aguiar Zanin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Seeding Density ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Growth Indices ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Soil Attributes

AbstractSowing density is one of the most influential factors affecting corn yield. Here, we tested the hypothesis that, according to soil attributes, maximum corn productivity can be attained by varying the seed population. Specifically, our objectives were to identify the soil attributes that affect grain yield, in order to generate a model to define the optimum sowing rate as a function of the attributes identified, and determine which vegetative growth indices can be used to predict yield most accurately. The experiment was conducted in Chapadão do Céu-GO in 2018 and 2019 at two different locations. Corn was sown as the second crop after the soybean harvest. The hybrids used were AG 8700 PRO3 and FS 401 PW, which have similar characteristics and an average 135-day cropping cycle. Tested sowing rates were 50, 55, 60, and 65 thousand seeds ha−1. Soil attributes evaluated included pH, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, organic matter, clay content, cation exchange capacity, and base saturation. Additionally, we measured the correlation between the different vegetative growth indices and yield. Linear correlations were obtained through Pearson’s correlation network, followed by path analysis for the selection of cause and effect variables, which formed the decision trees to estimate yield and seeding density. Magnesium and apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) were the most important soil attributes for determining sowing density. Thus, the plant population should be 56,000 plants ha−1 to attain maximum yield at ECa values > 7.44 mS m−1. In addition, the plant population should be 64,800 plants ha−1 at values < 7.44 mS m−1 when magnesium levels are greater than 0.13 g kg−1, and 57,210 plants ha−1 when magnesium content is lower. Trial validation showed that the decision tree effectively predicted optimum plant population under the local experimental conditions, where yield did not significantly differ among populations.

SEED-ORIENTED PLANTING IMPROVES LIGHT INTERCEPTION, RADIATION USE EFFICIENCY AND GRAIN YIELD OF MAIZE (Zea mays L.)

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
GUILHERME M. TORRES ◽  
ADRIAN KOLLER ◽  
RANDY TAYLOR ◽  
WILLIAM R. RAUN
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Radiation Use Efficiency ◽  
Seed Placement ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Radiation Use

SUMMARYSeed-oriented planting provides a manner to influence canopy structure. The purpose of this research was to improve maize light interception using seed-oriented planting to manipulate leaf azimuth across the row thereby minimizing leaf overlap. To achieve leaf azimuths oriented preferentially across the row, seeds were planted: (i) upright with caryopsis pointed down, parallel to the row (upright); and (ii) laying flat, embryo up, perpendicular to the row (flat). These treatments were compared to conventionally planted seeds with resulting random leaf azimuth distribution. Seed orientation effects were contrasted with three levels of plant population and two levels of hybrid specific canopy structures. Increased plant population resulted in greater light interception but yield tended to decrease as plant population increased. The planophile hybrid produced consistently greater yields than the erectophile hybrid. The difference between planophile and erectophile hybrids ranged from 283 to 903 kg ha−1. Overall, mean grain yield for upright and flat seed placement increased by 351 and 463 kg ha−1 compared to random seed placement. Greater cumulative intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (CIPAR) was found for oriented seeds rather than random-oriented seeds. At physiological maturity upright, flat and random-oriented seeds intercepted 555, 525 and 521 MJ m−2 of PAR, respectively. Maize yield responded positively to improved light interception and better radiation use efficiency. Under irrigated conditions, precision planting of maize increased yield by 9 to 14% compared to random-oriented seeds.

Effects of precision planting patterns and irrigation on winter wheat yields and water productivity

2017 ◽  
Vol 155 (9) ◽  
pp. 1394-1406 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. M. MAO ◽  
W. W. ZHONG ◽  
X. Y. WANG ◽  
X. B. ZHOU
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Single Row ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Irrigation Treatments ◽  
Precision Planting

SUMMARYThe production of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is affected by crop population structures and field microclimates. This 3-year study assessed the effect of different precision planting patterns and irrigation conditions on relative humidity (RH), air and soil temperature within the canopy, intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (iPAR), evapotranspiration (ET), water productivity (WP) and grain yields. Field experiments were conducted from 2011 to 2014 on a two-factor split-plot design with three replicates. The experiments involved three precision planting patterns (single row, alternating single and twin rows [hereafter ‘single–twin’] and twin row) and three irrigation treatments (0 mm (I0), 90 mm (I90) and 180 mm (I180)). Planting patterns and irrigation treatments exerted a significant effect on RH, air and soil temperature, iPAR, ET, WP and grain yield. The lowest RH and iPAR levels were detected in the single row pattern. When the irrigation treatment was identical, the highest soil and air temperatures were detected in the single row pattern, followed by the single–twin row and twin row patterns. Compared with the single row, the single–twin and twin row patterns increased ET by 0·3 and 1·4, WP by 4·7 and 5·7% and yields by 6·0 and 7·9%, respectively. Compared with I0, the I90 and I180 irrigation treatments increased ET by 0·3 and 1·4%, and WP by 4·7 and 5·7%, respectively. The grain yields of the twin row pattern were 5·8 and 1·7% higher than those of the single row and single–twin row patterns, respectively. Compared with I0, I90 increased yield by 19·3%. The twin row pattern improved crop structure and farmland microclimate by increasing RH and iPAR, and reducing soil and air temperatures, thus increasing grain yield. These results indicated that a twin row pattern effectively improved grain yield at I0. On the basis of iPAR, WP and grain yield, it was concluded that a twin row pattern combined with an I90 irrigation treatment provided optimal cropping conditions for the North China plain.

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