Contribution of water and radiation to growth and yield of pearl millet in Deccan plateau - A case study

In this study the agrometeorological data for the period from 1991 to 1997 have been used to study evapotranspiration demand and crop characteristics of pearl millet at Solapur. Crop coefficients, water use efficiency and radiation use efficiency have been worked out and discussed. This has been done for two varieties of the crop viz., ICTP-8203 and Shraddha. The study revealed that pearl millet crop consumed maximum amount of water during earhead emergence phase, followed by flowering phase. During earhead emergence and flowering phase together, ICTP-8203 variety used nearly 50% of total water used while shraddha consumed about 60%. The highest values of crop coefficient are seen during earhead emergence phase for both the varieties. Maximum photosynthetically active radiation is availed by the crop during its vegetative phase. Radiation use efficiency is more for ICTP-8203 variety than Shraddha variety.

Evaluating radiation interception pattern and RUE of green gram grown in Lower Gangetic Plains and assessing future yield based on RUE

An experiment was conducted in the Lower Gangetic Plains of West Bengal during 2017 and 2018 with three popular green gram varieties of the region (viz. Samrat, PM05 and Meha). Along with studying the variation of PAR components, a radiation use efficiency (RUE) based equation irrespective of varieties was developed and used to estimate the green gram yield for 2040-2090 period under RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. Field experimental results showed that almost 33.33 to 52.12% higher yield was recorded in 2017 in comparison to 2018. As observed through pooled experimental data of two years, PM05 produced 3 to 4% higher pod and 4 to 15% more biomass than Samrat and Meha with the highest radiation use efficiency (1.786 g MJ-1). Results also depicted that enhanced thermal condition would cause 9 to 15 days of advancement in maturity. Biomass and yield would also decrease gradually from 2040 to 2090 with an average rate of 7.60-11.70% and 10.19-14.17% respectively. The supporting literature confirms that future yield prediction under projected climate based on “radiation to biomass” conversion efficiency can be used successfully as a method to evaluate climate change impact on crop performance.

Optimization of Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density and Light Quality for Increasing Radiation-Use Efficiency in Dwarf Tomato under LED Light at the Vegetative Growth Stage

Dwarf tomatoes are advantageous when cultivated in a plant factory with artificial light because they can grow well in a small volume. However, few studies have been reported on cultivation in a controlled environment for improving productivity. We performed two experiments to investigate the effects of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD; 300, 500, and 700 μmol m−2 s−1) with white light and light quality (white, R3B1 (red:blue = 3:1), and R9B1) with a PPFD of 300 μmol m−2 s−1 on plant growth and radiation-use efficiency (RUE) of a dwarf tomato cultivar (‘Micro-Tom’) at the vegetative growth stage. The results clearly demonstrated that higher PPFD leads to higher dry mass and lower specific leaf area, but it does not affect the stem length. Furthermore, high PPFD increased the photosynthetic rate (Pn) of individual leaves but decreased RUE. A higher blue light proportion inhibited dry mass production with the same intercepted light because the leaves under high blue light proportion had low Pn and photosynthetic light-use efficiency. In conclusion, 300 μmol m−2 s−1 PPFD and R9B1 are the recommended proper PPFD and light quality, respectively, for ‘Micro-Tom’ cultivation at the vegetative growth stage to increase the RUE.

Impact of weather on lowland rice cultivation and planning decisions over humid tropical India

The present study investigates the effect of the climatic environment on three different varieties of paddy. Crop coefficient in different stages of growth, the consumptive uses and radiation use efficiency has been determined and discussed in each case. Ideal date which could give optimum yield, has been determined in two varieties. The yield was correlated with weather parameters for each of the phases of the crop growth by forward ranking method and a statistical prediction model developed. Path analysis was applied to the predictors thus selected and direct and indirect contribution of the predictors to yield determined and discussed.

The Interrelationship Between Water Use Efficiency and Radiation Use Efficiency Under Progressive Soil Drying in Maize

The maximizing of water use efficiency (WUE) and radiation use efficiency (RUE) is vital to improving crop production in dryland farming systems. However, the fundamental question as to the association of WUE with RUE and its underlying mechanism under limited-water availability remains contentious. Here, a two-year field trial for maize designed with five progressive soil drying regimes applied at two different growth stages (three-leaf stage and seven-leaf stage) was conducted during the 2013–2014 growing seasons. Both environmental variables and maize growth traits at the leaf and canopy levels were measured during the soil drying process. The results showed that leaf WUE increased with irrigation reduction at the early stage, while it decreased with irrigation reduction at the later stage. Leaf RUE thoroughly decreased with irrigation reduction during the progressive soil drying process. Aboveground biomass (AGB), leaf area index (LAI), a fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR), and light extinction coefficient (k) of the maize canopy were significantly decreased by water deficits regardless of the growth stages when soil drying applied. The interrelationships between WUE and RUE were linear across the leaf and canopy scales under different soil drying patterns. Specifically, a positive linear relationship between WUE and RUE are unexpectedly found when soil drying was applied at the three-leaf stage, while it turned out to be negative when soil drying was applied at the seven-leaf stage. Moreover, the interaction between canopy WUE and RUE was more regulated by fAPAR than LAI under soil drying. Our findings suggest that more attention must be paid to fAPAR in evaluating the effect of drought on crops and may bring new insights into the interrelationships of water and radiation use processes in dryland agricultural ecosystems.

Effect of tillage, residue and nitrogen management on radiation interception, radiation use efficiency and evapotranspiration partitioning

In this study, we have evaluated the effect of different tillage (conventional tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT)), residue (with crop residue mulch (R+) and without residue (R0)) and nitrogen (60, 120 and 180 kgN ha-1) interaction for radiation interception, radiation use efficiency (RUE), evapotranspiration (ET) partitioning and yield of wheat in a split-split plot design for 2017-18 and 2018-19. Results showed that Leaf Area Index (LAI), Leaf area duration (LAD), Total intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (TIPAR), Grain and Biomass yields were higher in R+ during both the years of study. With increasing Ndoses LAI, LAD, TIPAR, RUE, grain and biomass yields increased and extinction coefficient decreased significantly in both the years. Fraction intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (fIPAR) followed a similar trend with LAI. Seasonal ET was partitioned into soil evaporation (Ep) and crop transpiration (Tp) to take into account the productive transpiration effects on crop growth and yield. It was found that NT and residue could reduce Ep (6% and 5.6%) and increased Tp (2.6% and 2.4%) over CT and no mulch treatments, respectively. With higher N-dose, Ep decreased while Tp increased significantly. Thus besides higher nitrogen doses, NT and crop residue mulching could be a better strategy to harness higher radiation interception vis-a-vis higher crop productivity.

Radiation dimming induced modifications in radiation utilization of wheat (Triticumaestivum) crop

Global dimming has many environmental and climatic implications. India has also experienced a steady and continuous radiation dimming since 1960s due to increasing load of dust and aerosol in the atmosphere. Radiation interception, temperature, humidity and wind profile are altered under reduced light condition which are determining factor for crop phenology, leaf area index, biomass production, grain yield and radiation use efficiency of crops.In this experiment, three wheat cultivars (HD 2967, WR 544 and PBW 502) were grown under five solar radiation treatments i.e. R1 (no shading), R2 (20% shading), R3 (35% shading), R4 (50% shading) and R5 (75% shading) during rabi season of 2014-15 and 2015-16 at research farm of ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR-IARI), New Delhi to study the effect of radiation dimming on performance of selected wheat cultivars.In both the years the canopy temperature of wheat from crop vegetative stage to maturity was decreased with increase of shading level. The effect of reduced solar radiation significantly decreased the biomass production and yield.The radiation use efficiency (RUE) for biomass was increased due to shading treatments whereas the RUE for yield decreased with radiation reduction.The RUE for yield was the highest for no shading treatment (0.85 and 0.75 g MJ-1 in 2014-15 and 2015-16, respectively). Among the cultivars, the radiation use efficiency for biomass as well as yield was the highest in HD 2967 followed by WR 544 and PBW 502,respectively.

Effects of low light intensity on radiation use efficiency and productivity of tropical pulses

Pulses have distinct morpho-physiological response under reduced sunlight. But little is known for their capacity to adapt to the level of shading encountered in crop mixtures. Field experiment was conducted to evaluate the pulses under artificial shade during rainy season at Raichur, Karnataka. Objectives were to select potential pulse crop tolerant to shade based on productivity and radiation use efficiency (RUE). Experiment was laid out in split-plot design, wherein light intensity (unshade, 50 and 75% shade) in main plots and pigeon-pea, cowpea, lablab and black-gram were in sub plots. Shade levels were created by the erection of white shade nets at 25 DAS continued upto harvest. Results indicated that irrespective of the crop more pods, grain, stover and protein yield were recorded under unshade. While, pigeon-pea and lablab were produced significantly higher yield under unshade, however, these were also well performed under 50 per cent shade over black-gram and cowpea. However, seeds crude protein was higher in shaded plants compared to unshaded. Significantly higher RUE (2.22 gMJ-1) was recorded in pigeon-pea under 75 per cent shade and lowest in unshaded lablab (0.35 gMJ-1) and black-gram (0.40 g MJ-1). Results inferred that pigeon-pea and lablab were found tolerant to shade compared to cowpea and black-gram and may be suitable for crop mixtures cultivation.

Impact of Foliar Fungicides on Frogeye Leaf Spot Severity, Radiation Use Efficiency and Yield of Soybean in Iowa

Frogeye leaf spot, caused by Cercospora sojina K. Hara, is a major soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) disease that has become more prevalent in the upper Midwest and can be managed with foliar fungicides. Incorporating disease severity into a parameter directly related to yield may better relay the impact of disease on yield and yield components than severity alone. Experiments during the 2018 and 2019 growing seasons in fields located in north central and southwestern Iowa were completed to (i) determine how foliar fungicides affected frogeye leaf spot, remotely sensed plant health indicators, and soybean yield, and (ii) compare the relationship and impact of foliar fungicides and frogeye leaf spot on radiation-use efficiency (RUE) estimated using unmanned aerial vehicle reflectance data. Fungicides affected frogeye severity and yield in one of the three locations; in Lewis 2018, the flutriafol + fluoxastrobin treatment reduced frogeye leaf spot severity by over 50% and increased yield by 19% compared to non-treated controls. Applications of foliar fungicides increased canopy coverage compared to non-treated controls (p = 0.012), but NDVI, SPAD values, and RUE values did not differ between fungicide treatments at all three locations. Estimated soybean RUE values (1.05 to 1.66 g Mj−1) were within the range of known values. Overall, this study indicates that RUE can be a valuable resource to estimate the impact of the disease on yield, however, additional research will be needed to use RUE within certain pathosystems.

Grafting effect on photosynthetic activity and yield of tomato under a plastic house in Colombia

Grafting is an effective approach to improve tomato yield and for tolerance to various abiotic and biotic stresses. This technique consists of using a vigorous or resistant plant (rootstock) to replace the root system of a genotype of economic interest (scion) but susceptible to one or more stress factors. The present work aimed to evaluate the physiological and productive response of a commercial tomato scion grafted on different rootstocks in Colombia’s high-Andean region. For this purpose, a tomato cv. Libertador was grafted on two commercial (“Olimpo” and “Armada”) tomato rootstocks in a randomized complete block experimental design. Four scion×rootstock combinations were evaluated by vigor rootstock, resistant rootstock, self-grafting, and non-grafted plants. Net photosynthesis, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, and radiation use efficiency were evaluated during six phenological stages (701, 704, 706, 708, 710, and 712), according to the BBCH scale; while the leaf area index and quantum yield were analyzed in five phenological stages (except 706). The highest values of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, water and radiation use efficiency were registered in the initial phase of the production stage (701), which tended to decline at the end of the life cycle (712). Transpiration rate was similar throughout the growth cycle. Nevertheless, vigor rootstock presented the lowest photosynthesis rate; it was superior in terms of leaf area index, leaves dry matter, and tomato yield. The quantum yield values of the photosystem II did not indicate photochemical injuries in any of the scion×rootstock combinations. The higher tomato yield was reached in vigor rootstock and was associated with a more significant accumulation of dry matter in the leaf and higher leaf area index.