THE PRECISION OF FIELD EXPERIMENTS WITH VEGETABLE CROPS AS INFLUENCED BY PLOT AND BLOCK SIZE AND SHAPE: I. SWEET CORN

1959 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. L. Nonnecke
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Block Size ◽  
Variation Method ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Optimum Size ◽  
Plot Size ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Block Sizes

In 1956 weights of marketable ears of hybrid sweet corn from three irrigated uniformity trials were recorded to determine the effect of varying plot and block sizes and shapes on yield variability. The coefficients of variation decreased with increased plot size. For block shapes of 1 × 6 plots (1 plot long and 6 plots wide) and block shapes of 3 × 2 plots (3 plots long and 2 plots wide) widening the plots was more effective in reducing variation than lengthening them. However, for block shapes of 6 × 1 plots and block shapes of 2 × 3 plots lengthening the plots was most effective. Estimates of cost were obtained showing the percentage of the total cost that was proportional to the number of plots used and the percentage that was proportional to the total area used per treatment. Optimum plot size for yield and quality studies was found to be one of two basic units (10 ft. by 6 ft., or 20 ft. by 3 ft.) depending upon cost assumed and the value of the regression coefficient. Smith's method for determining optimum size of plot agreed with the coefficients of variation method as to optimum size of plot.

THE PRECISION OF FIELD EXPERIMENTS WITH VEGETABLE CROPS AS INFLUENCED BY PLOT AND BLOCK SIZE AND SHAPE.: II. CANNING PEAS

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 396-404
Author(s):  
I. L. Nonnecke
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Block Size ◽  
Yield Variability ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Optimum Size ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Plot Size ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
Block Sizes ◽  
Uniform Reduction

In 1957, vine and shelled pea weights of canning peas from an irrigated uniformity trial were recorded to determine the effect on yield variability of varying plot and block sizes and shapes. The most uniform reduction in variation occurred in block shapes of one plot long and six plots wide with each increase in plot length. These results agree with those of other workers, that long, narrow blocks are more efficient than square blocks. The optimum plot size was found to be 5 feet long and 10 feet wide. Considerably more shelled peas were required for processing than could be obtained from the optimum size of plot for yield.

scholarly journals OPTIMUM PLOT SIZE AND NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS IN PAPAYA FIELD EXPERIMENT

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
EDILSON ROMAIS SCHMILDT ◽  
OMAR SCHMILDT ◽  
COSME DAMIÃO CRUZ ◽  
LAERCIO FRANCISCO CATTANEO ◽  
GERALDO ANTÔNIO FERREGUETTI
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Optimum Size ◽  
Plot Size ◽  
Maximum Curvature ◽  
The North ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Planting Season

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to estimate the optimum plot size and number of replications in papaya field experiments. Eleven variables were evaluated in four cultivars of papaya with planting in different seasons between 2011 and 2013 in the north of the Espírito Santo state. Analysis were made from blank test applied to 240 selected for planting season and cultivate plants in commercial fields. The determination of optimum plot size was performed by applying the methodologies of modified maximum curvature and maximum curvature of coefficient of variation. The determination of the number of repetitions was taken from the least significant difference in average 20% and 30%. The optimum plot size proved the same by the two methods studied for most evaluations. The optimum size required differs among cultivars, between variables and between planting seasons, with the largest number of plants was required for the variables number of fruits per plant and yield per plant. We conclude that the optimal number of papaya plants planted in the field is six plants per plot using three replications.

scholarly journals (185) Response of Vegetable Crops to Mycorrhizal Inoculation in a Calcareous Soil in the Tropics

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1000C-1000
Author(s):  
Mari Marutani ◽  
Joseph Tuquero ◽  
Robert Schlub ◽  
James McConnell
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Mycorrhizal Inoculation ◽  
The Tropics

The effects of a vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus aggregatum inoculation were examined on growth of vegetable crops in pot culture and field experiments with Guam cobbly clay loam soil (clayey, gibbsitic, nonacid, isohyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents). In pot experiments, the growth response of yard-long beans (Vigna unguiculata subs. sesquipendalis), sweet corn (Zea mays), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), green onion (Allium fistulosum), eggplant (Solanum melongena), and papaya (Carica papaya) were significantly improved with mycorrhizal inoculation. A pot experiment was also conducted to evaluate effects of G. aggregatum inoculation on the growth of corn seedlings at four different water regimes. Seedlings inoculated with G. aggregatum significantly improved the plant growth and the mineral uptake at all levels of water treatments. In the first field trial, prior to seed sowing the media in seedling trays were either inoculated or not inoculated with G. aggregatum. Treated watermelon and eggplant seedlings were transplanted in field. It was found that inoculating seedlings did not improve the harvest yield of two fruit-bearing crops. The second field experiment was conducted to study G. aggregatum inoculation and different levels of inorganic fertilizer application on growth of corn. Mycorrhizal colonization had positive effects on corn development and uptake of some minerals such as Fe. Experiments in the study suggested potential uses of a mycorrhizal fungus in an alkaline soil in the tropics.

scholarly journals Effect of Pesticides on the Yield of Some Vegetable Crops in the Isabela Area of Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
R. Abrams ◽  
D. Walker ◽  
M. Rico Ballester
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Foliar Sprays ◽  
Snap Beans ◽  
Yield And Quality

The effects of different pesticides, namely, Parathion, DDT, Guthion, Di-Syston, and Dylox on the yield and quality of vegetable crops, were studied in the Isabela Area. The following major results were obtained: 1. Cucumbers: Sprays with Parathion or Guthion had no effect on the yield and number of fruits produced. 2. Snap beans: DDT application at the rate of 2 pounds per acre gave a significant increase in yield. Guthion, sprayed at the rate of 6 pounds per acre per spray, also produced a significant increase in the yield. 3. Sweet corn: DDT applications at the rate of 4 pounds per acre, sprayed on weekly, controlled foliage injury and, consequently, healthier and more vigorous plants were obtained. Foliar sprays of DDT, at the same rate as above, increased the number of ears produced. Spraying the silks with DDT at the rate of 4 pounds per acre per application, or dusting them with Dylox granular, 1 pound per acre, improved the quality of the ears produced. 4. Tomatoes: Foliar sprays with DDT and Parathion did not cause a significant increase in yield nor in the number of marketable fruits produced. Granular Di-Syston at the rate of 10 pounds per acre, had no effect on the yield or number of marketable fruits in this experiment.

scholarly journals Soil-biodegradable Mulches for Growth, Yield, and Quality of Sweet Corn in a Mediterranean-type Climate

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuresh Ghimire ◽  
Edward Scheenstra ◽  
Carol A. Miles
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Soluble Solid Content ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Bare Ground ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Black Plastic

Plastic mulch is commonly used to produce many vegetable crops because of its potential to decrease days to harvest, control weeds, and improve soil moisture conservation. However, use of plastic mulch is relatively new for sweet corn (Zea mays L.) in North America. We compared five plastic soil-biodegradable mulches [BDMs; Bio360, Organix AG, Clear Organix AG, Naturecycle, and Experimental polylactic acid/polyhydroxyalkanoates (Metabolix, Inc., Cambridge, MA)] and a paper mulch (WeedGuardPlus) against standard black polyethylene (PE; nonbiodegradable) mulch and bare ground cultivation for growth, yield, and quality of sweet corn cultivar Xtra Tender 2171. This field experiment was carried out in Mount Vernon, WA, which has a Mediterranean-type climate with an average air temperature of 16.1 °C during the 2017 and 2018 growing seasons. The experiment was drip irrigated; and in both years, preemergence herbicides were applied to the entire experimental area 1 to 2 days after seeding, and post-emergence herbicides were applied to alleys. While most mulches remained intact until the end of the growing season, Clear Organix AG started to split shortly after laying, resulting in significant weed pressure by midseason in both 2017 and 2018. Plant height toward the end of the season was lowest for plants grown on bare ground, intermediate for Clear Organix AG and WeedGuardPlus, and highest for the black plastic BDM and PE mulch treatments both years, except for Bio360 in 2018 where plant height was intermediate. Days to 50% tasseling and 50% silking were delayed 9 and 13 days, respectively, for bare ground and WeedGuardPlus compared with all other treatments in both years. Marketable ear yield was highest with the black plastic BDMs and PE mulch and lowest with bare ground, WeedGuardPlus, and Clear Organix AG treatments in both years. Total soluble solid content of kernels, and length and diameter of ears grown on the plastic BDM and PE mulch treatments were equal to or greater than, but never lower than, bare ground and WeedGuardPlus. These results indicate that growth, yield, and quality of sweet corn grown with black plastic BDMs are comparable to PE mulch, making black plastic BDMs an effective alternative to black PE mulch for sweet corn production in a Mediterranean-type climate.

scholarly journals Plastic Mulches for the Production of Vegetable Crops

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
William James Lament
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Subsequent Introduction

The development of polyethylene as a plastic film in 1938 and its subsequent introduction as a plastic mulch in the early 1950s revolutionized the commercial production of selected vegetable crops. Throughout the succeeding years, research, extension, and industry personnel, together with growers, have documented the advantages of using plastic mulch as one component of a complete intensive vegetable production system. Although a variety of vegetables can be grown successfully using plastic mulches, muskmelons, honeydews, watermelons, squash, cucumbers, tomatoes, peppers, eggplant, okra, sweet corn, and cole crops have shown significant increases in earliness, total yield, and quality. Research continues on field evaluation of new formulations of degradable, wavelength-selective, and colored plastic mulches and on cropping systems to use best these specific improvements. The use of plastic mulches for the production of vegetable crops continues to increase throughout the United States and the world.

PRECISION OF FIELD EXPERIMENTS WITH VEGETABLE CROPS AS INFLUENCED BY PLOT SIZE AND SHAPE: III. POTATOES

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. L. Nonnecke ◽  
K. W. Smillie
Keyword(s):  
Digital Computer ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Computer Calculation ◽  
Trial Data ◽  
Logical Analysis ◽  
Flow Diagram ◽  
Basic Unit ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Plot Size

Uniformity trial data together with certain cost assumptions for potatoes indicate that long narrow plots are the most efficient. The basic unit was 4 ft long and 3 ft wide. A minimum of two basic units would be necessary for most potato studies with a maximum of six basic units depending upon the requirements for each experiment. Thus the optimum plot size could range from 3 ft wide and 8 to 18 ft long. Where smaller size becomes optimum more replications are required. Long narrow replicates likewise appear to be more efficient than either wide or square ones.The logical analysis and a generalized flow diagram for digital computer calculation of these data are presented.

Establishment theoretical of recommendation fertilization guide of vegetable crops in Algeria: concept and validation

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 606-620
Author(s):  
Mahtali Sbih ◽  
Zoubeir BENSID ◽  
Zohra BOUNOUARA ◽  
Fouad DJAIZ ◽  
Youcef FERRAG
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Critical Value ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Fertilizer Recommendation ◽  
Continuous Models ◽  
Poor Soil

The goal of fertilization is to meet the nutritional needs of plants by completing the supply of soil nutrients in an economically profitable and environmentally friendly. Achieving on-farm optimum economic crop yields of marketable quality with minimum adverse environmental impact requires close attention to fertilization guide. The recommendations seek to do this by ensuring that the available supply of plant nutrients in soil is judiciously supplemented by additions of nutrients in fertilizers. The objective is that crops must have an adequate supply of nutrients, and many crops show large and very profitable increases in yield from the correct use of fertilizers to supply nutrients. The main objective of this work is to establishing a reference guide of fertilization of vegetable crops and cereal in Algeria. To meet this objective, we have processes in two steps: 1) Establishment of theoretical fertilizer recommendation from international guide of crop fertilization; 2) Validation of these developed theoretical fertilizer recommendation by trials in the fields. Sixteen fertilization guides of vegetable crops from the Canadian provinces (5 guides), USA (10 guides) and countries of northern Europe England (1 guide). Generally, the rating of these recommendation is ranging from poor soil to soil exceedingly rich; however, the numbers of fertility classes are very different. Indeed, Quebec Ontario, Minnesota, Wisconsin New England, Maryland and Kentucky and Florida guides are subdivided into 5 fertility classes, ranging from poor soil to soil exceedingly rich. The recommendation of New Brunswick and Manitoba contain six classes. The recommendation of Michigan, Nova Scotia and England contain 10 and 7 fertility classes respectively. The recommendation fertilizer of New York and New Jersey have 3classes. Unlike the systems of fertilization recommendation mentioned above, the recommendation fertilizer of Pennsylvania is based on continuous models of P, K and contains 34 classes for P and 22 classes K. Then we standardized the P soil analysis with conversion equations (Olsen method) and units of measurement (kg/ha, mg/kg…).Following this procedure we transformed discontinued systems of fertility classes in to continuous models to facilitate comparison between the different fertilization recommendation models in one hand, in other hand to obtain critical value (CV).Finally, we used statistics of the conditional expectation in order to generate the theoretical recommendation fertilization guide of fertilization with 7 fertility classes (VL, L, M, MH, OP, H and VH). The next step was calibrating soil tests against yield responses to applied nutrient in field experiments. A database (not published data) from agriculture and agri-food Canada, were used. Production of pumpkin responded positively and significantly to P or K soil fertility levels, increases being observed with P more often than with K. According to the Cate-Nelson methods, the critical value of Olsen-P in the top 20 cm of soil was about 25 mg/kg: at values of greater than or equal to 25 mg/kg, crops achieved about 80% of their maximal yield in the absence of fertilizer application. The CV of K in soil for this crop was about 140 mg/kg. The CV found was very close to this generated by the theoretical method for recommendation of fertilization guide. Finally, we used the procedure of Cope and Rouse in both sides of the CV in order to make subdivisions of different groups of soil fertility. One calibrates the soil-test value against yield response to tile nutrient to predict fertilizer requirement.

THE INFLUENCE OF TILLAGE SYSTEMS ON THE GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND YIELD OF LONG-FLAX

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Dumych ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Flax Seeds

The purpose of research: to improve the technology of growing flax in the Western region of Ukraine on the basis of the introduction of systems for minimizing tillage, which will increase the yield of trusts and seeds. Research methods: field, laboratory, visual and comparative calculation method. Research results: Field experiments included the study of three tillage systems (traditional, canning and mulching) and determining their impact on growth and development and yields of trusts and flax seeds. The traditional tillage system included the following operations: plowing with a reversible plow to a depth of 27 cm, cultivation with simultaneous harrowing and pre-sowing tillage. The conservation system is based on deep shelfless loosening of the soil and provided for chiseling to a depth of 40 cm, disking to a depth of 15 cm, cultivation with simultaneous harrowing, pre-sowing tillage. During the implementation of the mulching system, disking to a depth of 15 cm, cultivation with simultaneous harrowing and pre-sowing tillage with a combined unit was carried out. Tillage implements and machines were used to perform tillage operations: disc harrow BDVP-3,6, reversible plow PON-5/4, chisel PCh-3, cultivator KPSP-4, pre-sowing tillage unit LK-4. The SZ-3,6 ASTPA grain seeder was used for sowing long flax of the Kamenyar variety. Simultaneously with the sowing of flax seeds, local application of mineral fertilizers (nitroammophoska 2 c/ha) was carried out. The application of conservation tillage allows to obtain the yield of flax trust at the level of 3,5 t/ha, which is 0,4 t/ha (12.9 %) more than from the area of traditional tillage and 0,7 t/ha (25 %) in comparison with mulching. In the area with canning treatment, the seed yield was the highest and amounted to 0,64 t/ha. The difference between this option and traditional and mulching tillage reaches 0,06 t/ha (10,3 %) and 0.10 t/ha (18.5 %), respectively. Conclusions. Preservation tillage, which is based on shelf-free tillage to a depth of 40 cm and disking to a depth of 15 cm has a positive effect on plant growth and development, yield and quality of flax.

Drip Irrigation and Stand Establishment Affect Yield and Quality of Cantaloupe

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 545d-545
Author(s):  
D.I. Leskovar ◽  
J.C. Ward ◽  
R.W. Sprague ◽  
A. Meiri
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Stand Establishment ◽  
Yield And Quality

Water pumping restrictions of high-quality irrigation water from underground aquifers is affecting vegetable production in Southwest Texas. There is a need to develop efficient deficit-irrigation strategies to minimize irrigation inputs and maintain crop profitability. Our objective was to determine how growth, yield, and quality of cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L. cv. `Caravelle') are affected by irrigation systems with varying input levels, including drip depth position and polyethylene mulch. Stand establishment systems used were containerized transplants and direct seeding. Field experiments were conducted on a Uvalde silty clay loam soil. Marketable yields increased in the order of pre-irrigation followed by: dry-land conditions, furrow/no-mulch, furrow/mulch, drip-surface (0 cm depth)/mulch, drip-subsurface (10-cm depth)/mulch, and drip-subsurface (30 cm depth)/mulch. Pooled across all drip depth treatments, plants on drip had higher water use efficiency than plants on furrow/no-mulch or furrow/mulch systems. Transplants with drip-surface produced 75% higher total and fruit size No. 9 yields than drip-subsurface (10- or 30-cm depth) during the first harvest, but total yields were unaffected by drip tape position. About similar trends were measured in a subsequent study except for a significant irrigation system (stand establishment interaction for yield. Total yields were highest for transplants on drip-subsurface (10-cm depth) and direct seeded plants on drip-subsurface (10 and 30 cm depth) with mulch.

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