STUDIES ON METHODS AND MATERIALS FOR TESTING ALFALFA FOR RESISTANCE TO BACTERIAL WILT

1957 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Cormack ◽  
R. W. Peake ◽  
R. K. Downey
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Hypodermic Injection ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Extensive Formation ◽  
Bare Root ◽  
Greenhouse Tests

Several methods for inoculation of alfalfa with the bacterial wilt organism were compared in the greenhouse and field. The root-ball soak method, not previously described, proved particularly rapid and effective for greenhouse tests. All methods of root and crown inoculation tested gave good results, but spraying and other methods of stem inoculation were not dependable. In the field, the best results were obtained with bare-root soak inoculation before transplanting, and with hypodermic injection of the roots in the fall.Cultures of the bacterium of tested virulence and infected plant materials proved equally effective as inoculum, but the latter were more easily handled and stored. The organism remained highly viable in dried plant material stored for three years at room temperature, 5 °C, and −20 °C. The pulverized plant inoculum gave best results when soaked in water for 4 to 12 hours before use. It was gradually inactivated with longer periods of soak.Infection increased progressively with age in seedlings and rooted cuttings of Grimm alfalfa inoculated in the greenhouse at ages ranging from 3 to 10 weeks. Maximum susceptibility at 7 to 10 weeks of age was associated with the extensive formation of secondary tissues in the root and crown. The disease generally developed more rapidly in seedlings than in clonal material.

EVALUATION OF ALFALFA FOR RESISTANCE TO BACTERIAL WILT IN FIELD AND GREENHOUSE TESTS

1958 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Peake ◽  
M. W. Cormack ◽  
R. K. Downey
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Hypodermic Injection ◽  
Wilt Resistance ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Bare Root ◽  
Greenhouse Tests

This paper describes the application of improved methods to large scale field and greenhouse tests of alfalfa for resistance to bacterial wilt, Corynebncterium insidiasum (McCull.) Jeoson. In field tests rooted cuttings or seedlings were inoculated by the bare-root soak method when planted in the field in May and by hypodermic injection of each root in the fall. In the following spring or fall the plants were cut off below ground with a special blade, pulled and individually evaluated for wilt resistance. In the greenhouse the root-ball soak method of inoculation was used and readings of seedlings were made after 3 months.Greenhouse tests were as reliable as those obtained in the field, and were particularly useful for rapid screening of large populations. Field tests proved desirable for simultaneous studies on wilt resistance, growth habit, winter hardiness, and other qualities, and for final evaluation of potential variety material.

Ralstonia solanacearum (bacterial wilt of potato).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebrahim Osdaghi
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Weed Host ◽  
Race 1

Abstract Ralstonia solanacearum is included in the A2 (high risk) list of quarantine organisms by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). EPPO Code for R. solanacearum is RALSSO, while the phytosanitary categorization of the species in EPPO A2 list is no.58, EU: I/A2 (EPPO, 2018). Bacterial wilt disease was first reported in southern USA in the late nineteenth century on tomato plants (Smith, 1896). Infected plant materials (e.g. potato tubers) transmit the pathogen over long distances; hence, quarantine inspections and plant sanitary practices are the cornerstone of disease management (EPPO, 2018). R. solanacearum strains in the race 3 group are a select agent under the US Agricultural Bioterrorism Protection Act of 2002 (USDA, 2005). Peculiarly, the organism, if not yet already present in North America in pelargonium (Strider et al., 1981), was introduced with cuttings of this host by American companies producing these cuttings for their markets in countries like Kenya and Guatemala (Norman et al., 1999, 2009; Kim et al., 2002; Williamson et al., 2002; O'Hern, 2004). A similar situation led to introductions of the pathogen from Kenya into some northern European nurseries. Once the source (contaminated surface water) was recognized and proper control measures (use of deep soil water, disinfection of cutting producing premises and replacement of mother stock), the problem was solved and the disease in greenhouses eradicated (Janse et al., 2004). Similarly race 1 has been introduced into greenhouses with ornamental plants (rhizomes, cuttings or fully grown plants) such as Epipremnum, Anthurium, Curcuma spp. and Begonia eliator from tropical areas (Norman and Yuen, 1998, 1999; Janse et al., 2006; Janse, 2012). Introduction can and did occur from Costa Rica and the Caribbean, Indonesia, Thailand and South Africa. However, this idea of placing pathogens on bioterrorist list for unclear and perhaps industry-driven reasons and its effects, is strongly opposed in a recent publication from leading phytobacteriologists. This is because R. solanacearum is an endemic pathogen, causing endemic disease in most parts of its geographic occurrence, moreover normal quarantine regulations are already in place where the disease is not present or only sporadically and are thought to be more efficient and less damaging to trade and research than placing this pathogen on select agent lists and treating it as such (Young et al., 2008). Peculiarly, it has been used in the control of a real invasive species, the weed kahili ginger (Hedychium gardenarium) in tropical forests in Hawaii. This is not without risks because strains occurring on this weed host were thought to be non-virulent, but later appeared to be virulent on many edible and ornamental ginger species as well (Anderson and Gardner, 1999; Paret et al., 2008). Another threat for these countries could be strains belonging to race 1, biovar 1 (phylotype I) that have already been reported from field-grown potatoes in Portugal (Cruz et al., 2008).

scholarly journals Extraction of flavonoids from garden (Salvia officinalis L.) and glutinous (Salvia glutinosa L.) sage by ultrasonic and classical maceration

2007 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragan Velickovic ◽  
Milena Nikolova ◽  
Stephanie Ivancheva ◽  
Jelena Stojanovic ◽  
Vlada Veljkovic
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ether ◽  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Salvia Officinalis ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Trimethyl Ether ◽  
Salvia Officinalis L ◽  
Extracting Solvent ◽  
Residual Plant

Flavonoids were analyzed in the extracts of garden (Salvia officinalis L.) and glutinous (Salvia glutinosa L.) sage. Ultrasonic extraction (20 minutes at 40?C) and classical maceration (6 h at room temperature) of the extractable substances from dried herbs and dried residual plant materials from which the essential oil had previously been removed by hydrodistillation were performed with petroleum ether, 70 % aqueous solution of ethanol and water. It was found that the extracts from both plants contained flavonoids, but their compositions were dependent of the plant species, the polarity of the extracting solvent and the extraction technique applied. Apigenin and its derivatives (e.g., apigenin 4'-methyl ether), scutellarein 6-methyl ether, isoscutellarein 8-methyl ether, luteolin and 6-OH-luteolin-6-methyl ether where distinctive for S. officinalis. Apigenin, luteolin, 6-OH-luteolin-6-methyl ether, kaempherol 3-methyl ether, kaempherol 3,7-dimethyl ether, quercetin 3,7,3'-trimethyl ether and quercetin 3,7,3',4'-tetramethyl ether were distinctive for S. glutinosa. The flavonoids were also detected in considerable quantities in the plant material from which the essential oils had been already removed. Hence, this industrial waste plant material might be further used as a source of the flavonoids. .

scholarly journals Ralstonia solanacearum (bacterial wilt of potato).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebrahim Osdaghi
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Weed Host ◽  
Race 1

Abstract Ralstonia solanacearum is included in the A2 (high risk) list of quarantine organisms by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). EPPO Code for R. solanacearum is RALSSO, while the phytosanitary categorization of the species in EPPO A2 list is no.58, EU: I/A2 (EPPO, 2018). Bacterial wilt disease was first reported in southern USA in the late nineteenth century on tomato plants (Smith, 1896). Infected plant materials (e.g. potato tubers) transmit the pathogen over long distances; hence, quarantine inspections and plant sanitary practices are the cornerstone of disease management (EPPO, 2018). R. solanacearum strains in the race 3 group are a select agent under the US Agricultural Bioterrorism Protection Act of 2002 (USDA, 2005). Peculiarly, the organism, if not yet already present in North America in pelargonium (Strider et al., 1981), was introduced with cuttings of this host by American companies producing these cuttings for their markets in countries like Kenya and Guatemala (Norman et al., 1999, 2009; Kim et al., 2002; Williamson et al., 2002; O'Hern, 2004). A similar situation led to introductions of the pathogen from Kenya into some northern European nurseries. Once the source (contaminated surface water) was recognized and proper control measures (use of deep soil water, disinfection of cutting producing premises and replacement of mother stock), the problem was solved and the disease in greenhouses eradicated (Janse et al., 2004). Similarly race 1 has been introduced into greenhouses with ornamental plants (rhizomes, cuttings or fully grown plants) such as Epipremnum, Anthurium, Curcuma spp. and Begonia eliator from tropical areas (Norman and Yuen, 1998, 1999; Janse et al., 2006; Janse, 2012). Introduction can and did occur from Costa Rica and the Caribbean, Indonesia, Thailand and South Africa. However, this idea of placing pathogens on bioterrorist list for unclear and perhaps industry-driven reasons and its effects, is strongly opposed in a recent publication from leading phytobacteriologists. This is because R. solanacearum is an endemic pathogen, causing endemic disease in most parts of its geographic occurrence, moreover normal quarantine regulations are already in place where the disease is not present or only sporadically and are thought to be more efficient and less damaging to trade and research than placing this pathogen on select agent lists and treating it as such (Young et al., 2008). Peculiarly, it has been used in the control of a real invasive species, the weed kahili ginger (Hedychium gardenarium) in tropical forests in Hawaii. This is not without risks because strains occurring on this weed host were thought to be non-virulent, but later appeared to be virulent on many edible and ornamental ginger species as well (Anderson and Gardner, 1999; Paret et al., 2008). Another threat for these countries could be strains belonging to race 1, biovar 1 (phylotype I) that have already been reported from field-grown potatoes in Portugal (Cruz et al., 2008).

scholarly journals Variation of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites in Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra from Wild Populations of Turkey

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 1934578X0800301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Necdet Çamaş ◽  
Jolita Radušienė ◽  
Ali Kemal Ayan ◽  
Cüneyt Çırak ◽  
Valdimaras Janulis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Full Flowering ◽  
Bioactive Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Chemical Contents

The present study was conducted to determine the variation in the content of hyperforin, hypericin and pseudohypericin in Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra growing wild in four locations of Turkey. The aerial parts, representing a total of 30 individuals, were collected at full flowering and dissected into floral, leaf and stem tissues. After drying at room temperature, the plant materials were assayed for their chemical contents by HPLC. The populations varied significantly in chemical contents. Hyperforin content ranged from 0.05 to 0.56 mg/g, hypericin from 0.74–1.98 mg/g, and pseudohypericin from 0.72–2.26 mg/g, dry weight. Among the different plant parts, the flowers were found to be the principle organ for hyperforin accumulation, while hypericin and pseudohypericin were accumulated mainly in leaves. Such kinds of data could be useful for optimizing the processing methodology of wild-harvested plant material and phytochemical evaluation of H. triquetrifolium.

BIOEFFICACY OF PLANT EXTRACTS AGAINST MUSTARD APHID AND THEIR NATURAL ENEMIES

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
NARENDRA SINGH ◽  
N. S. BHADAURIA ◽  
PRADYUMN SINGH
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Aphid Population ◽  
College Of Agriculture ◽  
Mustard Aphid ◽  
Plant Materials

The Bio-efficacy of eleven plant extracts namely viz.Neem Kernel; Rhizome of Ginger; Leaves of Datura, Gajarghas, Harsingar, Oak and Latjeera; Bulb of Garlic and Onion; Flowers of Chrysenthemum and Fruits of Chilli in the concentration of 5 percent and imidacloprid @ 40 g ai/ha was tested against mustard aphid, Lipaphiserysimi and their effect on D. rapae and Coccinellid beetle were tested in the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Gwalior (M.P.). All the tested plant materials and imidacloprid @ 40 g ai/ha were effective significanty in reducing the aphid population over control.The aphid population in treated plots ranged from 7.2 to 40.0 as against 85.4 aphid/twig in untreated control. Among the plant material, three sprays of Neem Kernel were found most effective followed by three sprays of chilli fruits.All the plant extracts were found significantly safer to D. rapae and coccinellid bettle in comparision to insecticide (imidacloprid).

scholarly journals Sonication, a Potential Technique for Extraction of Phytoconstituents: A Systematic Review

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Modassar A. N. Ranjha ◽  
Shafeeqa Irfan ◽  
José M. Lorenzo ◽  
Bakhtawar Shafique ◽  
Rabia Kanwal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Fields ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Green Technologies ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Novel Technologies ◽  
Green Food ◽  
Microwave Assistance ◽  
Subcritical Fluid

Traditional extraction techniques have lost their optimum performance because of rising consumer demand and novel technologies. In this regard, several techniques were developed by humans for the extraction of plant materials from various indigenous sources, which are no longer in use. Many of the techniques are not efficient enough to extract maximum plant material. By this time, evolution in extraction has led to development of various techniques including microfiltration, pulsed electric fields, high pressure, microwave assistance, enzyme assistance, supercritical fluid, subcritical fluid and ultrasonication. These innovations in food processing/extraction are known as “Green Food Processing”. These technologies were basically developed by focusing on three universal parameters: simplicity, energy efficiency and economy. These green technologies are practical in a number of different food sectors, mostly for preservation, inhibition of microorganisms, inactivation of enzymes and extraction of plant material. Like the others, ultrasonication could also be used for the said purposes. The primary objective of this review is to confine the potential use of ultrasonication for extraction of oils, pectin and phytochemicals by reviewing the literature systematically.

scholarly journals Bare Root Liner Production Can Alter Tree Root Architecture

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Hewitt ◽  
Gary Watson
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Root Architecture ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Structural Roots ◽  
Production Practices ◽  
Bare Root

Abstract Typical nursery production practices, such as root pruning and transplanting, can alter tree root architecture and contribute to root systems that are too deep. In a study of field-grown liner production, root architecture was examined at each stage of the production process, from first year seedlings or rooted cuttings, through 4 to 5 year old branched liners. Depth and diameter of structural roots were recorded on ten replications each of Acer saccharum, Gleditsia triancanthos, Pyrus calleryana, and apple seedling rootstocks; Platanus ‘Columbia’ clonal rooted cuttings; and apple EMLA 111 clonal rootstock produced by mound propagation. By the time the liners reached marketable size, most natural lateral roots emerging from the primary root were lost. Simultaneously, adventitious roots were produced deeper on the root shank at the pruned end of the primary root. These changes in architecture result in the formation of an ‘adventitious root flare’ that is deeper in the soil than a natural root flare. The depth of this new root flare is dependent upon nursery production practices and may influence the ultimate depth of structural roots in the landscape.

scholarly journals Multiple DNA Markers for Identification of Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis Isolates and its Direct Detection in Plant Samples

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 858-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Fernandes ◽  
Pedro Albuquerque ◽  
Rui Sousa ◽  
Leonor Cruz ◽  
Fernando Tavares
Keyword(s):  
Dna Markers ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Dot Blot ◽  
Plant Samples ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Xanthomonas Arboricola

Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis (Xaj) is the etiological agent of walnut (Juglans regia L.) bacterial blight (WBB), and has been associated to other walnut emerging diseases, namely brown apical necrosis (BAN) and vertical oozing canker (VOC), altogether severely affecting the walnut production worldwide. Despite the research efforts carried out to disclose Xaj genetic diversity, reliable molecular methods for rapid identification of Xaj isolates and culture-independent detection of Xaj in infected plant samples are still missing. In this work, we propose nine novel specific DNA markers (XAJ1 to XAJ9) selected by dedicated in silico approaches to identify Xaj isolates and detect these bacteria in infected plant material. To confirm the efficacy and specificity of these markers, dot blot hybridization was carried out across a large set of xanthomonads. This analysis, which confirmed the pathovar specificity of these markers, allowed to identify four broad-range markers (XAJ1, XAJ4, XAJ6, and XAJ8) and five narrow-range markers (XAJ2, XAJ3, XAJ5, XAJ7, and XAJ9), originating 12 hybridization patterns (HP1 to HP12). No evident relatedness was observed between these hybridization patterns and the geographic origin from which the isolates were obtained. Interestingly, four isolates that clustered together according the gyrB phylogenetic analysis (CPBF 1507, 1508, 1514, and 1522) presented the same hybridization pattern (HP11), suggesting that these nine markers might be informative to rapidly discriminate and identify different Xaj lineages. Taking into account that a culture-independent detection of Xaj in plant material has never been described, a multiplex PCR was optimized using markers XAJ1, XAJ6, and XAJ8. This triplex PCR, besides confirming the dot blot data for each of the 52 Xaj, was able to detect Xaj in field infected walnut leaves and fruits. Altogether, these nine Xaj-specific markers allow conciliating the specificity of DNA-detection assays with typing resolution, contributing to rapid detection and identification of potential emergent and acutely virulent Xaj genotypes, infer their distribution, disclose the presence of this phytopathogen on potential alternative host species and improve phytosanitary control.

Genetic Considerations in Plant Ecological Restoration

Ecology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danny J. Gustafson ◽  
Alexis Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Ecological Restoration ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Outbreeding Depression ◽  
Founder Effects ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Fitness Consequences ◽  
Seed Provenance

Ecological restoration is most commonly described as the process of aiding in the recovery of a damaged or destroyed system. In many cases, restoration may not be possible when self-sustaining populations, functions, and trajectories cannot be maintained due to the type of disturbance sustained by a site; in these cases, revegetation or remediation are more achievable goals. The definition of ecological restoration has been expanded to incorporate scientific inquiry into the process of the recovery of a natural range of ecosystem composition, structure, and dynamics. Ecological restoration research spans different levels of organization from genes to ecosystems. Genetic considerations are fundamental to the success of ecological restoration, and considerations of this issue will impact choices from seed source selection to genetic control of ecosystem services. A major decision for restorationists is the use of local versus nonlocal plant material, as well as the mixing of source populations; ideally, these choices can be based on sound population genetic, ecological, and evolutionary theory research. Ultimately, selection of plant material to be used in ecological restoration is driven by the specific project goals, availability and quality of plant materials, site conditions, and scale of the project. Beyond the local versus nonlocal selection issue, genetic issues related to small population dynamics, gene flow in the modern landscape, and gene expression affecting community structure and ecosystem functions can affect the success of ecological restoration activities. This article focuses primarily on plants; however, issues related to genetics of small populations (inbreeding and outbreeding depression, founder effects, and fitness consequences of reduced genetic variation) are important considerations for animal species too. The readings contained within this bibliography include: Ecotypic Variation, Seed Provenance for Restoration, Seed Transfer Zones for Restoration, Seed Provenance for Revegetation, Life History Traits, Moving beyond Neutral Markers, Inbreeding Depression, Outbreeding Depression, Founder Effects, Fitness Consequences of Reduced Genetic Variation, Community and Landscape Genetics, Testing Genotypic Effects on Community and Ecosystem Processes, Evaluating Success, and Genetic Composition and Diversity in Restored Populations.

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