EVALUATION OF ALFALFA FOR RESISTANCE TO BACTERIAL WILT IN FIELD AND GREENHOUSE TESTS

1958 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Peake ◽  
M. W. Cormack ◽  
R. K. Downey
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Hypodermic Injection ◽  
Wilt Resistance ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Bare Root ◽  
Greenhouse Tests

This paper describes the application of improved methods to large scale field and greenhouse tests of alfalfa for resistance to bacterial wilt, Corynebncterium insidiasum (McCull.) Jeoson. In field tests rooted cuttings or seedlings were inoculated by the bare-root soak method when planted in the field in May and by hypodermic injection of each root in the fall. In the following spring or fall the plants were cut off below ground with a special blade, pulled and individually evaluated for wilt resistance. In the greenhouse the root-ball soak method of inoculation was used and readings of seedlings were made after 3 months.Greenhouse tests were as reliable as those obtained in the field, and were particularly useful for rapid screening of large populations. Field tests proved desirable for simultaneous studies on wilt resistance, growth habit, winter hardiness, and other qualities, and for final evaluation of potential variety material.

STUDIES ON METHODS AND MATERIALS FOR TESTING ALFALFA FOR RESISTANCE TO BACTERIAL WILT

1957 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Cormack ◽  
R. W. Peake ◽  
R. K. Downey
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Hypodermic Injection ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Extensive Formation ◽  
Bare Root ◽  
Greenhouse Tests

Several methods for inoculation of alfalfa with the bacterial wilt organism were compared in the greenhouse and field. The root-ball soak method, not previously described, proved particularly rapid and effective for greenhouse tests. All methods of root and crown inoculation tested gave good results, but spraying and other methods of stem inoculation were not dependable. In the field, the best results were obtained with bare-root soak inoculation before transplanting, and with hypodermic injection of the roots in the fall.Cultures of the bacterium of tested virulence and infected plant materials proved equally effective as inoculum, but the latter were more easily handled and stored. The organism remained highly viable in dried plant material stored for three years at room temperature, 5 °C, and −20 °C. The pulverized plant inoculum gave best results when soaked in water for 4 to 12 hours before use. It was gradually inactivated with longer periods of soak.Infection increased progressively with age in seedlings and rooted cuttings of Grimm alfalfa inoculated in the greenhouse at ages ranging from 3 to 10 weeks. Maximum susceptibility at 7 to 10 weeks of age was associated with the extensive formation of secondary tissues in the root and crown. The disease generally developed more rapidly in seedlings than in clonal material.

Large scale field tests on geogrid-reinforced granular fill underlain by clay soil

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmet Demir ◽  
Mustafa Laman ◽  
Abdulazim Yildiz ◽  
Murat Ornek
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Granular Fill ◽  
Large Scale Field

Large scale field tests for slope stabilizations made with flexible facings

2013 ◽  
pp. 659-662
Author(s):  
M Cala ◽  
M Stolz ◽  
P Baraniak ◽  
A Rist ◽  
A Roduner
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Large Scale Field

Experimental and large-scale field tests of grid-anchor system performance in increasing the ultimate bearing capacity of granular soils

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 1047-1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Mosallanezhad ◽  
N. Hataf ◽  
S.H. Sadat Taghavi
Keyword(s):  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Ultimate Bearing Capacity ◽  
Soil Reinforcement ◽  
Granular Soils ◽  
Anchor System ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Large Scale Field

Soil reinforcement by means of geogrid is an effective method of increasing the ultimate bearing capacity (UBC) of granular soils. In this study a new system, created by adding cubic anchors to ordinary geogrids, is introduced to increase the UBC of granular soils. This system is called “grid-anchor” (G-A). To analyse the performance of the G-A system in increasing the UBC of granular soils, 45 experimental tests and 9 field tests were performed, the results of which show that the G-A system is 1.8 times more capable than ordinary geogrids in increasing the UBC in square foundations. Furthermore, the failure of soil reinforced by the ordinary geogrid takes place at a settlement of 9% of the foundation width, while the same value for the G-A system is almost 13%.

scholarly journals Permeability Enhancement Using Explosive Techniques

1981 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. F. Adams ◽  
S. C. Schmidt ◽  
W. J. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Initial Boundary ◽  
Rock Breakage ◽  
Computer Prediction ◽  
Permeability Enhancement ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Large Scale Field

In-situ recovery methods for many of our hydrocarbon and mineral resources depend on the ability to create or enhance permeability in the resource bed to allow uniform and predictable flow. To meet this need, a new branch of geomechanics devoted to computer prediction of explosive rock breakage and permeability enhancement has developed. The computer is used to solve the nonlinear equations of compressible flow, with the explosive behavior and constitutive properties of the medium providing the initial/boundary conditions and material response. Once the resulting computational tool has been verified and calibrated with appropriate large-scale field tests, it can be used to develop and optimize commercially used explosive techniques for in-situ resource recovery.

scholarly journals Alkali Effect on Alkali-Surfactant-Polymer (ASP) Flooding Enhanced Oil Recovery Performance: Two Large-Scale Field Tests’ Evidence

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Sun ◽  
Hu Guo ◽  
Yiqiang Li ◽  
Guipu Jiang ◽  
Ruicheng Ma
Keyword(s):  
Enhanced Oil Recovery ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Asp Flooding ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Better Than

Alkali-surfactant-polymer (ASP) flooding is very promising chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology which can make an incremental oil recovery factor (IORF) of 30% original oil in place (OOIP). How to choose alkali in ASP flooding remains a question for a long time. As the world’s only and largest ASP flooding application place, Daqing Oilfield has always adhered to the strategy of parallel development of strong alkali ASP flooding (SASP) and weak alkali ASP flooding (WASP), but SASP is in a dominant position, indicated by more investments and more project numbers. This leaves an impression that SASP is better than WASP. However, WASP is drawing more interest than SASP recently. Moreover, as the ASP flooding in Daqing went from field tests to commercial applications since 2014, how to comprehensively consider the benefit and cost of ASP flooding has become a new focus at low oil prices. This paper compares two typical large-scale field tests (B-1-D SASP and B-2-X WASP) completed in Daqing Oilfield and analyzes and discusses the causes of this difference. The injection viscosity and interfacial tension (IFT) for the two field test areas are substantially equivalent under the conditions of Daqing Oilfield, and WASP is better than SASP when reservoir geological conditions are considered. WASP exhibits the same IORF of 30% as SASP while having a much better economic performance. For the SASP field test, the injected strong alkali NaOH makes the test behave unlike a typical strong ASP flooding due to the presence of CO2 in the formation fluid, which well explains why IORF is much higher than all the other SASPs but scaling is less severe than others. This paper confirms that under Daqing Oilfield reservoir conditions, it is the alkali difference that caused the performance difference of these two tests, although some minor uncertainties exist. WASP is better than the SASP providing the same conditions . In addition, the detailed information of the two ASP field tests provided can give reference for the implementation of ASP flooding in other oilfields. After all, the study of ASP flooding enhanced oil recovery technology under low oil prices requires great foresight and determination.

Prospects of Biodiversity in Herbicide-Resistant Crops

2002 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gesine Schütte
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Farming Practice ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Vegetation Surveys

Long-term and large-scale field tests with different weed control methods and agricultural vegetation surveys provide an appropriate tool for an evaluation of the effects on biodiversity of different weed control strategies. In this paper, the toxicological effects, amounts and frequencies of applications, and changes in farming practice are described and compared. The test results are discussed in relation to the question of whether environmental benefits can be achieved by the herbicide-resistance technique. Cropping history and the absence of beneficial plant species invading from the vicinity often override the effects of actual farming practice. Thus long-term strategies are necessary in order to increase biodiversity.

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