The prediction of pork carcass composition using live animal echographic measurements from the Krautkramer USK7, Ithaca Scanoprobe 731C and Aloka SSD-210DXII Echo Camera

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 1001-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Sather ◽  
J. A. Newman ◽  
S. D. M. Jones ◽  
A. K. W. Tong ◽  
S. M. Zawadski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Residual Variance ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Ultrasonic Measurements ◽  
Yorkshire Pigs ◽  
Fat Yield

Live animal ultrasonic measurements of back fat depth and muscle depth were made on 130 Lacombe and 96 Yorkshire pigs within a weight range of 85.5–114.2 kg, using a Krautkramer USK7 (KK), an Ithaca Scanoprobe 731C (SC) and an Aloka SSD-210DXII Echo Camera (AEC), with an average carcass weight of 80.8 kg. Animals were assessed 1 d prior to slaughter at the mid-back and the loin site as specified by the Canadian Swine Improvement Program and the carcass grade site. Back fat depth measurements made by the SC, KK and AEC reduced the residual variance for lean yield by an additional 35, 43 and 45%, respectively, beyond adjusting for gender, breed and live weight. The mid-back site had less precision than the loin or grade sites for the prediction of both lean yield and fat yield, and there were no clear advantages for using the loin site in preference to the grade site. Since there are no easily identifiable landmarks for locating the grade site on the live pig, the loin site remains the preferred site for live animal evaluation. The addition of muscle-depth measurements to fat-depth measurements resulted in modest increases in the R2 (1–4%) in precision for the prediction of carcass composition. Differences in the ability of the KK and AEC to predict lean yield were small and, considering their cost, suggest that the application of real-time ultrasonics to live animal evaluation may not be practical at this time. Key words: Swine, ultrasound, lean yield, probe sites

The prediction of pork carcass composition using the Hennessy Grading Probe and the Aloka SSD-210DXII Echo Camera

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 993-1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Sather ◽  
J. A. Newman ◽  
S. D. M. Jones ◽  
A. K. W. Tong ◽  
S. M. Zawadski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Residual Standard Deviation ◽  
Yorkshire Pigs

Carcasses, with an average weight of 80.8 kg, from 130 Lacombe and 96 Yorkshire pigs were probed for fat and muscle depth at the carcass grade site using the Hennessy Grading Probe (HGP). Similar data were collected by the Aloka SSD-210DXII Echo Camera (AEC) at the carcass grade site and at the Canadian Swine Improvement Program loin and mid-back sites. Muscle-width and muscle-area measurements were also made with the AEC. The R2 (residual standard deviation: RSD), using the HGP, for prediction of carcass lean yield at the grade site using fat and muscle depth was 0.58 (16.4). When fat and muscle depth were measured by the AEC, the R2 (RSD) at the mid-back, loin and grade sites to predict carcass lean yield was 0.41 (19.7), 0.47 (18.5), and 0.53 (17.5), respectively. When the AEC muscle-depth measurements were replaced with muscle-area measurements, the R2 increased (RSD decreased) at the mid-back, loin and grade sites to predict carcass lean yield (0.60 (16.0), 0.64 (15.2), and 0.59 (16.4), respectively). Real-time ultrasound (AEC) provides precision for the prediction of carcass lean content similar to that of the electronic grade probe (HGP). However, combining fat- and muscle-depth measurements made by the HGP with muscle-area measurements made by the AEC at the loin increased the R2 from 58 to 66% for the prediction of carcass lean yield. The suitability of the use of real-time ultrasound as an alternative to electronic grading probes, at this time, appears to be limited. Key words: Swine, real-time ultrasound, carcass grading

LIVE ANIMAL ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENTS OF SUBCUTANEOUS FAT THICKNESS AS PREDICTORS OF BEEF CARCASS COMPOSITION

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. W. TONG ◽  
J. A. NEWMAN ◽  
A. H. MARTIN ◽  
H. T. FREDEEN
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Residual Variance ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Modest Improvement ◽  
Ultrasonic Measurements ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Residual Variances ◽  
Beef Carcass

Data on the total dissectible muscle and fat tissue from primal cuts of the left hindquarters of 356 crossbred steers and heifers, and from the entire left side of 98 Shorthorn steer carcasses were used to evaluate the usefulness of subcutaneous fat depth measurements between the 11th and 12th ribs for predicting carcass composition. Analyses revealed that the use of multiple fat depth measurements from different sites on one or both sides conferred no advantage over the use of the best single measurement. The major sources of variation in total weight of muscle and fat tissue from the crossbreds were breeding group, sex and weight. The residual variances remaining after adjustment for these sources of variation were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) by inclusion of a single fat measurement with reductions of 12.5% (muscle) and 22.0% (fat) provided by the carcass fat measurement and 7.1% (muscle) and 13.1% (fat) for the Krautkramer measurement. For the Shorthorn steers, line and weight were the major sources of variation and larger reductions in the residual variances (16.3% for muscle and 24.6% for fat) were obtained by inclusion of carcass fat in the model. The ultrasonic fat measurements were less effective than carcass fat and the Scanogram gave larger reductions in residual variance than the Krautkramer (e.g., 8.1 vs. 3.9% for weight of muscle tissue). The results of this study suggest that live animal ultrasonic measurements of subcutaneous rib fat depth can be used to achieve modest improvement in predictors of beef carcass composition.

HERITABILITIES AND GENETIC CORRELATIONS FOR ULTRASONIC BACKFAT MEASUREMENTS, GROWTH AND CARCASS TRAITS IN SWINE

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 665-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. JEFFRIES ◽  
R. G. PETERSON
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Phenotypic Correlation ◽  
Ultrasonic Measurements ◽  
Yorkshire Pigs ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Season Interaction

Genetic parameters were estimated for 2403 purebred Yorkshire pigs over a 2-yr period, representing 21 sires. The traits studied included average daily gain, age adjusted to 90 kg, ultrasonic measurements of backfat at the mid-back and loin positions, total and adjusted total ultrasonic backfat and corresponding carcass backfat measurements. Least squares analyses were used to estimate and adjust for the effects of sex, year-season and sex by year-season interaction. Heritabilities and genetic correlations were calculated for all traits using both half- and full-sib estimates. Adjusted age and adjusted total ultrasonic backfat measurements were found to have the highest heritabilities of the live traits in this study. Estimates of heritability for adjusted age and adjusted total ultrasonic backfat were 0.24 ± 0.10 and 0.26 ± 0.10 based on half-sib and 0.56 ± 0.07 and 0.41 ± 0.06 from full-sib analyses. The genetic correlation between these two traits was −0.07 ± 0.28 based on the half-sib method. The total phenotypic correlation was −0.01 ± 0.02. Key words: Swine, ultrasonic backfat, heritabilities, genetic correlations

scholarly journals Changes of Longissimus Muscle Area and Rump Fat Thickness in Hungarian Simmental Fattening Bulls Measured Using Real-Time Ultrasound Equipment

2005 ◽  
pp. 11-15
Author(s):  
János Tőzsér ◽  
Gabriella Holló ◽  
István Holló ◽  
János Seregi ◽  
Andrea Szentléleki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Cattle Breed ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Longissimus Muscle ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Lower Body Weight ◽  
Pricing System ◽  
Ultrasonic Measurements ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Simmental Cattle

The aim of the authors was to evaluate changes in the longissimus muscle area (LMA) and rump fat thickness (P8) based on real-time ultrasound scanning in the Hungarian Simmental cattle breed. Ultrasonic measurements were carried out on the same 11 Hungarian Simmental fattening bulls by Falco 100 (Pie Medical) equipment (I.: age: 357±23.47 days, live weight: 475.55±51.40 kg; II.: age: 418±23.47 days, live weight: 555.10±54.11 kg) on two occasions. Animals were kept in small groups, on deep litter, and fed on silage and concentrate. LMA and P8 were measured on the scans, between the 12th and 13th ribs by manual outlining. Results for the investigated traits during the examinations were as follows: P8: I.: 0.373±0.154 cm, II.: 0.624±0.161 cm; LMA: I.: 65.72±5.89 cm2, II.: 71.74±8.94 cm2. During the fattening period, P8 increased significantly (I-II.: t=3.73, P<0.001). A significant positive correlation was calculated between results of measurements I. and II. in the case of LMA (r=0.71, P<0.05). Results imply the possibility of selling bulls with smaller LMA earlier, at lower body weight. Application of ultrasonic measurements in fattening technology could generate a more quality-related pricing system.

Evaluation of electronic meat-measuring equipment in predicting carcass composition in the live pig

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Joyal ◽  
S. D. M. Jones ◽  
B. W. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Measuring Equipment ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Yorkshire Pigs ◽  
Fat Thickness

AbstractAn electronic meat-measuring equipment (EMME) determination (average of three consecutive readings) and backfat thickness (averaged over two sites) were taken on each of 107 live Yorkshire pigs weighing approximately 110 kg. After slaughter, 10 carcass traits: killing out, grade fat (fat thickness at maximum loin of split carcass), in. longissimus area, total and individual weights of the four untrimmed primal cuts (butt, picnic, loin and ham) and total weight of lean and subcutaneous fat in the four primal cuts, were measured and used to evaluate the EMME and ultrasound backfat probe, alone and in combination, in predicting carcass merit. Value of prediction was measured as significant improvement in correlation over a base model (A/?2). After adjustment for live weight and treatment (diet, sex and housing) differences, the EMME alone was significant in predicting grade fat (A/?2 = 007), weight of the four untrimmed primal cuts (A/?2 = 0·03) and weights of ham (A/?2 = 0·04), lean (A/?2 = 0·17) and subcutaneous fat (A/?2 = 0·08). Backfat thickness alone was significant in predicting grade fat (AR2 = 0·21) and the weights of loin (AR2 = 0·03), ham (AR2 = 0·02), lean (AR2 = 0·09) and subcutaneous fat (AR2 = 0·42). Their combined information was superior in predicting fat thickness (AR2 = 0·24), weight of lean (AR2 = 0·21) and weight of subcutaneous fat (AR2 = 0·44). Similar results were obtained when treatment effects were ignored. Correlations of the EMME number with fat thickness, weight of total lean and total subcutaneous fat were 0·31, 0·49 and -0·30, respectively. Correlations of backfat thickness with grade fat, weight of total lean and total subcutaneous fat were 0·53, -0·35 and 0·72, respectively.

Carcass composition of lambs including a method of assessment using tritiated water in vivo

1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-299
Author(s):  
D. A. R. Davies ◽  
J. B. Owen ◽  
A. Cuthbertson ◽  
J. L. Read
Keyword(s):  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Body Component ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Method Of Assessment

AbstractTwenty-four Suffolk cross lambs, the progeny of three sires, were reared artificially under standardized conditions and slaughtered at 40 kg live weight.The tritiated water technique as a means of estimating carcass composition in vivo was evaluated and carcass composition was established using both physical dissection and chemical analysis. Live-weight gain of the lambs from weaning was 389 g/day but the carcasses were lean. Dissected fat, lean and bone percentages were 20·5, 58·4 and 18·9 respectively. Differences between progeny groups were non-significant.Fat percentage was the most variable body component, although lower than in many other reported studies. The CV for dissected fat was 15·2% and for chemically analysed fat 15·9%. The correlation between estimates for the two methods was high (r = 0·90) despite there being quantities of other constituents in the dissected fat. It was not possible to demonstrate any relationship between reciprocal of tritiated water count and fat percentage or any other measurement of the composition of the whole carcass. Other measurements made on the live animal, such as fasted live weight and ultrasonic determinations of fat thickness and area of m. longissimus dor si were also not related to carcass composition.It is concluded that neither tritiated water count nor any of the other measurements of the live animal would be sufficiently accurate to be of value in performance testing.

Halothane genotype by weight interactions on lean yield from pork carcasses

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 633-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Sather ◽  
S. D. M. Jones ◽  
A. K. W. Tong
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Apparent Increase ◽  
Slaughter Weight ◽  
Weight Range ◽  
Yorkshire Pigs ◽  
Dressing Percentage ◽  
Relative Differences ◽  
Crossbred Pigs

Data on 42 halothane-sensitive pigs (HSL, nn-genotype), 169 Lacombe pigs (LAC, NN-genotype), 41 crossbred pigs (XBD, Nn-genotype), and 72 Yorkshire pigs (YRK, NN-genotype) representing 145 gilts and 179 castrates, were obtained over the liveweight range from 74.0 to 134.5 kg (average 105 kg) to examine the effect of genotype, gender and slaughter weight on the composition of the four lean cuts (ham, loin, picnic and butt). Gilts had a greater proportion of dissectible lean from lean cuts than castrates (557 ± 2.8 vs. 525 ± 2.6 g kg−1). The HSL pigs had the highest and LAC pigs the lowest commercial dressing percentage, increasing respectively from 85.3 to 86.0% and 79.7 kg to 82.6% as slaughter weight increased from 80 to 130 kg. Corresponding figures for XBD and YRK pigs, were 82.5 to 85.4 and 80.6 to 84.6%, respectively. Dissectible lean from lean cuts from 65-kg carcasses was 606, 525, 536 and 575 g kg−1 for HSL, XBD, LAC and YRK pigs, respectively. Corresponding figures for 85-kg and 105-kg carcasses were 574, 525, 515, and 555 g kg−1 and 542, 525, 494, and 535 g kg−1, respectively from HSL, XBD, LAC and YRK pigs. LAC and YRK pigs, each with exclusively NN-genotypes but differing in composition of lean cuts, maintained their relative differences in composition over the weight range studied. Heterogeneity of slopes for changes in proportion of lean in the lean cuts with increasing weight among the HSL, XBD and LAC pigs implied a genotype × weight interaction that could best by explained by an apparent increase in the dominance of the halothane gene with increasing carcass weight. Key words: Swine, carcass composition, halothane gene, weight, Lacombe, Yorkshire

LIVE ANIMAL EVALUATION OF TWO ULTRASONIC PROBES AS ESTIMATORS OF SUBCUTANEOUS BACKFAT AND CARCASS COMPOSITION IN PIGS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 943-949 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. SATHER ◽  
H. T. FREDEEN ◽  
A. H. MARTIN
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Additional Cost ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Ultrasonic Probe ◽  
Probe Site

Ultrasonic probe data recorded on a total of 186 Lacombe barrows and gilts were obtained by two operators using the Krautkramer USM2 and Scanoprobe 731A. Backfat measurements were taken, prior to marketing, at approximately 90 kg at locations 5 cm off either side of the midline on the mid-back and on the loin, corresponding to Canadian Swine ROP policy. These measurements were then repeated on the carcass. Correlations between average probe backfat (PF) and average probe site carcass fat (CF) were similar for both operators using the USM2 (r = 0.78, 0.84) and the 731A (r = 0.78, 0.82). The two units accounted for similar proportions of the variances of percent carcass lean (R2 = 0.35, 0.35) and of percent carcass fat (R2 = 0.45, 0.47). Consideration of the effects of sex and weight increased the R2 value by 2–6% for percent carcass lean and 6–7% for percent carcass fat. The USM2 (PF = 19.2, 20.4 mm) produced results in closer agreement with CF (20.0 mm) than did the 731A (PF = 18.9, 19.4 mm), for each operator. However, greater bias appeared to be associated with the USM2 than with the 731A, for measuring PF as an estimator of CF. Overall, it was judged that both machines were equivalent in their ability to measure subcutaneous backfat and to predict carcass composition from the live animal. Considering the additional cost of the USM2, purchase of this machine could not be justified on the basis of performance. Key words: Swine, ultrasonic probes, backfat, live animal evaluation, carcass evaluation

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