EFFECTS OF EXTRUSION COOKING OF BARLEY ON ILEAL AND FECAL DIGESTIBILITIES OF DIETARY COMPONENTS IN PIGS

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 891-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES G. FADEL ◽  
C. WALT NEWMAN ◽  
ROSEMARY K. NEWMAN ◽  
HADDEN GRAHAM
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crossover Design ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Extrusion Cooking ◽  
Klason Lignin ◽  
Nonstarch Polysaccharides ◽  
Dietary Component ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Matter Energy

The effect of extrusion cooking on ileal and fecal digestibilities of dietary components in the pig was studied. Five crossbred ileal-cannulated pigs were fed a raw barley-based diet or an extruded barley-based diet in a crossover design. Klason lignin increased and starch decreased with extrusion cooking. Extrusion cooking also caused a shift of insoluble nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) to soluble NSP. Ileal dry matter was lower and fecal dry matter higher from pigs fed the extruded diet compared to pigs fed the raw diet. Pigs fed the extruded diet had higher ileal digestibilities for dry matter, energy, starch and Klason lignin. No significant differences in fecal digestibilities were found, except for Klason lignin, when comparing pigs fed raw and extruded diets. Fecal digestibilities tended to be higher than ileal digestibilities for all dietary components for both diets except for crude fat, where there was no difference. Pigs fed the extruded diet had higher soluble NSP and lower insoluble NSP ileal digestibilities. Extrusion altered the chemical composition and dietary component digestibilities at the ileum but not at the feces. Increased energy utilization of the extruded diet in the upper tract occurred primarily because of an increased digestion of starch. Key words: Extrusion cooking, barley, digestibility, pigs

Nutritional evaluation of wheat 1. Effects of preparation on digestibility of dry matter, energy and nitrogen in pigs

1974 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ivan ◽  
L. R. Giles ◽  
A. R. Alimon ◽  
D. J. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Matter Energy ◽  
Plot Design

SUMMARY1. A split-plot design was used to study apparent digestibility of dry matter, gross energy and nitrogen of a whole grain wheat diet and processed (hammermilled, rolled or hammermilled and then steam-pelleted) wheat diets by eight small (33·9 ± 0·1 kg) and eight large (70±1·7 kg) pigs. Metabolizable energy and nitrogen retention were also studied with the small pigs.2. The processed wheat diets were superior to the whole grain wheat diet in all the parameters measured.3. There were no significant differences between the performance of pigs given the differently processed wheat diets.4. Apparent digestibility of dietary components particularly in the whole wheat diet was significantly higher when diets were given to small pigs than when given to large pigs.

COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF DARK AND YELLOW RAPESEED HULLS, SOYBEAN HULLS AND A PURIFIED FIBER SOURCE ON GROWTH, FEED CONSUMPTION AND DIGESTIBILITY OF DIETARY COMPONENTS IN STARTER PIGS

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-237
Author(s):  
B. N. MITARU ◽  
R. BLAIR
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Soybean Hulls ◽  
Soybean Hull ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Average Weight Gain ◽  
Matter Energy

A trial involving a total of 56 weanling pigs was conducted to investigate the effects of including dark (Tower) and yellow (R500) rapeseed hulls, soybean hulls and a purified fiber source (Celufil) as 10% of the diets of starter pigs. The animals were offered the experimental diets from 5 to 9 wk of age. The pigs fed on the R500 hull diet had lower (P < 0.05) average weight gain (273 g/day) and feed consumption (481 g/day) values than those fed the other diets, which ranged from 400 to 466 g/day and from 755 to 882 g/day, respectively. The feed efficiency (gain:feed) values were similar for all dietary treatments with values ranging from 0.53 to 0.57. The lower feed consumption observed for the R500 hull diet was suspected to be due to poor palatability of these hulls probably caused by some hydrolytic products of glucosinolates. The dry matter, energy and protein digestibility coefficients for both rapeseed hull diets were similar. The R500 rapeseed hull diet had higher (P < 0.05) digestibility values for dry matter, energy and protein than the soybean hull diet while the Tower rapeseed and soybean hull diets had similar digestibility values for these components. The Celufil diet had similar dry matter and energy digestibility values with the SBH diet but the protein digestibility value for Celufil was higher (P < 0.05) than that of the soybean hull diet and similar to those of the rapeseed hull diets. The crude fiber digestibility values were similar for all diets. Key words: Dark and yellow rapeseed, hulls, fiber, growth performance, digestibility, swine

NUTRITIVE VALUE OF STEAM-TREATED CORN STOVER

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. I. OJI ◽  
D. N. MOWAT
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Corn Stover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Crossover Design ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Steam Treatment ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Matter Energy

Corn stover, ground through a 1.6-cm screen, was steam-processed at 16.2 kg/cm2 and 205 °C for 15 min. Control and treated stover were evaluated for intake and digestibility of organic constituents with eight wether lambs in a single crossover design. Prior to feeding, water was added to control corn stover to approximate the moisture content of treated stover and to reduce dustiness. Soybean meal was added to both rations and, in addition, urea was added to treated stover to attempt to make up for nitrogen rendered unavailable by treatment. Steam treatment increased (P < 0.05) ADF, ADIN, permanganate lignin and acetic acid. Dry matter intake increased (P < 0.05) by 55% with steam treatment. Treatment also increased (P < 0.05) apparent digestibilities of organic matter, energy, non cell wall contents and cellulose but decreased (P < 0.05) digestibilities of NDF and ADF. The extent of improvement in energy digestibility was limited by heat damage due to processing. Modifications in treatment conditions should reduce this effect.

scholarly journals PSIV-21 Pellet processing reduces variability of corn soybean meal-based diet digestibility in growing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 175-175
Author(s):  
Élisabeth Chassé ◽  
Frédéric Guay ◽  
Marie-Pierre Létourneau-Montminy
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crossover Design ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Distal Ileum ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
The One

Abstract This study was conducted to determine the effect of pelleting on the digestibility of corn-soybean meal-based diet in growing pigs. Two trials with 6 pigs cannulated at the distal ileum were conducted. In each trial, pigs were assigned to each treatment following a crossover design. In each experiment, the same diet, composed of corn and soybean meal with 10% wheat from two different feed mills, was served in pellet or mash form. Pelleting allowed an increase in digestibility in one of the trials. Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and digestible energy (DE) were improved with pelleting by 8, 12 and 9% (P&lt; 0.01). The AID of amino acids (AA) was also improved (P&lt; 0.05). Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) was increased by pelleting in DM, CP and DE by 5, 7 and 6% respectively (P&lt; 0.01). The digestibility of the mash diet in experiment 1 was lower than in the pelleted diet in the experiment 1 and both diets in experiment 2 as shown by the interaction Pelleting X Trial which was significant for the AID and ATTD of DM, CP and DE (P&lt; 0.01). Therefore, in experiment 1, pelleting allows to improve the digestibility of diet to the same level as in experiment 2. The AID of CP was higher by 37% in the mash diet from the second experiment compared to the one in the first experiment. Even though the same ingredients were chosen in the two experiments, this shows the variability in digestibility existing between different feed mills and ingredient sources. This difference was not observed in pelleted diets. The results obtained in these two trials show that pelleting can reduce the variability of digestibility and then give a good digestibility of diets even if the ingredients are of different quality or sources.

Relationship Between Gas Emissions and Dry Matter Intake in Mature Angus Cows

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 32-33
Author(s):  
Amanda Holder ◽  
Megan A Gross ◽  
Alexi Moehlenpah ◽  
Paul Beck
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Crossover Design ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Second Period

Abstract The objective of this study was to examine the effects of diet quality on greenhouse gas emissions and dry matter intake (DMI). We used 42 mature, gestating Angus cows (600±69 kg; and BSC 5.3±1.1) with a wide range in DMI EPD (-1.36 to 2.29). Cows were randomly assigned to 2 diet sequences forage-concentrate (FC) or concentrate-forage(CF) determined by the diet they consumed in each period (forage or concentrate). The cows were adapted to the diet and the SmartFeed individual intake units for 14 d followed by 45 d of intake data collection for each period. Body weight was recorded on consecutive weigh days at the beginning and end of each period and then once every two wk for the duration of a period. Cows were exposed to the GreenFeed Emission Monitoring (GEM) system for no less than 9 d during each period. The GEM system was used to measure emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). Only cows with a minimum of 20 total &gt;3-m visits to the GEM were included in the data set. Data were analyzed in a crossover design using GLIMMIX in SASv.9.4. Within the CF sequence there was a significant, positive correlation between TMR DMI and CH4 (r=0.81) and TMR DMI and CO2 (r=0.69), however, gas emissions during the second period on the hay diet were not correlated with hay intake. There was a significant, positive correlation between hay DMI and CO2 (r=0.76) and hay DMI and CH4 (r=0.74) when cows first consumed forage (FC). In comparison to the CF sequence, cows on the FC sequence showed a positive correlation between CO2 and TMR DMI during the second period. There was also a significant positive correlation between hay and TMR DMI when assessed across (r=0.43) or within sequence (FC r=0.41, CF r=0.47).

scholarly journals Some factors influencing the chemical composition of mixed rumen bacteria

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Smith ◽  
A. B. Mcallan
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Host Animal ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Total N ◽  
Adult Sheep ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Mixed Bacteria ◽  
Ciliate Protozoa

1. Sheep, cows and calves fitted with rumen cannulas were given diets mostly containing 10–16 g nitrogen/kg dry matter and consisting of roughage and cereals. Mixed bacteria were separated from samples of their rumen contents.2. Bacteria taken 4–6 h after a feed from calves which were kept in an experimental calf-house with no contact with adult animals (environment A) contained more α-dextran, less total N and higher nucleic acid:total N ratios than similar bacteria from calves reared in contact with adult sheep (environment C) but otherwise treated in an identical way.3. Mixed bacteria taken 4–6 h after a feed from sheep and cows were similar in composition, with respect to nitrogenous components, to those from the ‘environment C’ calves. This composition did not vary significantly when diets containing differing proportions of roughage were given.4. The ‘environment A’ calves were free of ciliate protozoa. When they were placed in contact with, and were inoculated with rumen contents from, adult cattle (environment B), they rapidly developed a normal protozoal population and the chemical composition of their rumen bacteria became like that of the bacteria from the ‘environment C’ calves.5. Mixed bacteria taken just before a feed, from either cows or ‘environment A’ calves, showed significantly lower RNA-N:total N ratios and slightly (but not usually significantly) higher DNA-N:total N ratios than bacteria taken 4–6 h after feeding. Total N contents of the bacteria did not change consistently with time after feeding.6. The possible significance of these differences in relation to the nutrition of the host animal is discussed.

Effect of harvesting stage on cereal and legume forage production in low rainfall regions

1976 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hadjichristodoulou
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Common Vetch ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Harvesting Stage ◽  
Percentage Protein

SUMMARYThe effect of stage of harvesting on dry-matter (D.M.) yield and chemical composition of barley, wheat and the legumes common vetch (F. sativa), woollypod vetch (F. dasycarpa) and fodder peas (P. sativum) were studied in Cyprus under low rainfall conditions in a series of trials sown in four successive years. Cereals were harvested at the beginning of heading, 50% heading and the milk stage of grain, and legumes at three stages from preflowering to full pod formation, D.M., protein and digestible D.M. yields and percentage D.M. content increased with age, whereas percentage protein content and D.M. digestibility declined. Under moisture stress conditions before and during the harvesting period D.M. yields did not increase significantly with age. Protein content of cereals under low rainfall conditions was higher than that of cereals grown in the U.K. under higher N fertilization levels. Rainfall conditions affected drastically the performance of both cereals and legumes. However, average yields were satisfactory; the barley variety 628 gave 8·98 t/ha, the highest D.M. yield among all cereal and legume varieties.

Impact of four fiber-rich supplements on nutrient digestibility, colostrum production, and farrowing performance in sows

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takele Feyera ◽  
Liang Hu ◽  
Maria Eskildsen ◽  
Thomas S Bruun ◽  
Peter K Theil
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Extra Energy ◽  
Lower Blood ◽  
Nonstarch Polysaccharides ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Soy Hulls ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the impact of dietary fiber (DF) sources on sow and litter performance, and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) and nutrients. A total of 48 sows were stratified for body weight at mating and randomly assigned to one of four DF sources (mixed fiber [MF], palm kernel expellers [PKE], sugar beet pulp [SBP], or soy hulls [SH]) and fed the diet from mating until farrowing. Within DF treatments, sows were supplemented with one of two extra energy sources (glycerol or sugar dissolved in water), whereas a third group (control) received water from day 108 of gestation until farrowing. The number of total born, live-born, and stillborn pigs; birth time and birth weight of the pigs; farrowing duration; and farrowing assistance (FA) were recorded. Live-born pigs were weighed again at 12 and 24 h after birth to record weight gain, which was used to estimate intake and yield of colostrum. Blood samples were collected once daily from day −3 relative to farrowing until day 1 after farrowing in sows and once from selected pigs right after birth. Fecal samples were collected on day 114 of gestation and colostrum at 0, 12, 24, and 36 h after onset of farrowing. Intake of soluble and insoluble nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) was greater for SBP (P &lt; 0.001) and PKE (P &lt; 0.001) supplemented sows, respectively, when compared with other groups. Farrowing duration and stillbirth rate were not affected by DF sources, but PKE and SH supplemented sows had greater FA than SBP and MF supplemented sows (P &lt; 0.001). Extra energy supplement did not improve the farrowing performance. Concentration (P = 0.02) and output (P = 0.04) of dry matter in colostrum, and ATTD of GE (P &lt; 0.001) and crude protein (CP; P &lt; 0.001) were lower for PKE supplemented sows than in sows from the remaining groups. Intake of insoluble NSP correlated negatively with ATTD of GE (P &lt; 0.001) and CP (P &lt; 0.001). Concentrations of glucose (P &lt; 0.001), lactate (P &lt; 0.001), CO2 (P &lt; 0.001), and HCO3 (P &lt; 0.001) in sows blood were increased with time progress relative to farrowing. Newborn pigs from PKE supplemented sows had greater concentration of lactate (P = 0.02) and lower blood pH (P = 0.02) than the remaining treatments. In conclusion, PKE supplement reduced ATTD of GE and CP, and concentration and output of dry matter in colostrum but increased FA. Results of this experiment indicated that the use of PKE as a fiber source for late gestating sows should be avoided.

scholarly journals The effect of differing types of cloth and of contamination by non-feed nitrogen on intestinal digestion estimates using porous synthetic-fibre bags in a cow

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuomo Varvikko ◽  
Aila Vanhatalo
Keyword(s):  
Free Surface ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Synthetic Fibre ◽  
Aqueous Suspension ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Intestinal Digestion ◽  
Free Surface Area

The influence of free surface area and pore size of a synthetic-fibre bag, and flow of intestinal substances into the bag, on the intestinal digestion estimates by the nylon-bag method of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), nitrogen, NDF-N and feed 15N was studied using a non-lactating cow fed on hay supplemented with barley and oats at maintenance level. The bags containing 15N-labelled ground ryegrass (Lolium perenne), barley, barley straw or rapeseed (Brassica napus) straw were introduced into the duodenum through a T-shaped cannula and collected from the faeces. Also, the disappearance of N from the bag was related to the true intestinal N digestion by comparing it with the net loss between duodenum and faeces of 15N in ryegrass introduced into the duodenum in an aqueous suspension. It was noted that the bag cloth often significantly affected both disappearance values and the subsequent chemical composition of the residues. Re-analysing part of the data as a 2x2 factorial (free surface x pore size) suggested that free surface area was often more important than pore size as a determinant of both disappearance values and chemical composition. Lower apparent (Kjeldahl N) than true (15N) feed N disappearance from the bag suggested a notable proportion of non-feed N in the residues, especially with fibrous feeds with low N. With ryegrass, 15N net loss within the intestine was lower than 15N disappearance from the bags. It was concluded that disappearance of Kjeldahl N is an underestimate of feed N disappearance from bags, but may possibly be an overestimate of the true intestinal digestion of feed N.

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