EFFECTIVENESS OF PROPIONIC ACID FOR PRESERVING ALFALFA HAY IN LARGE ROUND BALES

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. ATWAL ◽  
L. C. HESLOP
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Percent Moisture ◽  
Large Round ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Very High

A propionic acid-based commercial mold inhibitor for high moisture hay was compared with an equivalent and a 10-fold higher concentration of propionic acid for preserving alfalfa hay in large round bales. When packaged, the percent moisture content (MC) of each of the five treatments was: CC1 (Control) 26.1, CT1 (commercial formulation equivalent to 0.03% propionic acid) 25.0, LPA1 (0.03% proprionic acid) 31.1, PA1 (0.3% propionic acid) 23.6 and PA0 (0.3% propionic acid) 17.8. There were no significant (P > 0.05) differences in MC among CC1, CT1 and PA1 treatments. The application of the commercial mold inhibitor (CT1 treatment) proved ineffective. This treatment, as compared to CC1 treatment, showed no significant (P > 0.05) effects on dry matter (DM) loss, cumulative degree-days (above 6 reference points from 35 to 65 °C), chemical composition, voluntary intake and digestibility of nutrients. Hay from PA1 treatment was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and significantly (P < 0.05) higher in energy digestibility than that from the CC1 and CT1 treatments. Although the maximal temperature was higher for PA0 hay than for PA1 hay, the PA0 hay cooled down sooner. The PA0 treatment was lowest (P < 0.05) in the cumulative degree-days above 35 °C, crude protein (CP), NDF, cellulose, NDF-N and acid detergent insoluble N; and highest (P < 0.05) in hot-water-insoluble N, digestibilities of DM, CP and energy. Because of very high initial MC, the LPA1 hay deteriorated very markedly and its DM loss was about twice of that for CCI hay. Key words: Propionic acid, alfalfa hay, digestibility, temperature of hay, large round bales

EFFECTIVENESS OF ANHYDROUS AMMONIA AS A PRESERVATIVE FOR HIGH-MOISTURE ALFALFA HAY IN LARGE ROUND BALES

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 743-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. ATWAL ◽  
L. C. HESLOP ◽  
K. LIEVERS
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Total N ◽  
Heat Damage ◽  
Anhydrous Ammonia ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Large Round

Two experiments were conducted in sequence to determine the effectiveness of anhydrous ammonia (AA) as a preservative of alfalfa hay stored as large round bales (LRB). In the the first experiment application of 3% AA (wt/wt) to alfalfa hay baled at about 23% moisture-content (MC) increased the temperature markedly above the control treatment and resulted in a significantly (P < 0.05) higher acid-detergent-insoluble nitrogen and acid-detergent lignin. In the second experiment application of about 1% AA slowly (over 48 h) to LRB of alfalfa hay packaged at about 30% and > 35% MC, significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the cumulative degree-days above all reference points from 35 to 65 °C. Ammoniation completely eliminated dry matter losses in storage which were highest (8.3%) for 33% MC control hay. High moisture control hay (33% MC) suffered severe heat damage with 33% of total N being in the acid-detergent-insoluble fraction as compared to less than 10% for medium-moisture (26% MC) control and even lower values for ammoniated hay. Digestibility of crude protein and energy was significantly (P < 0.05) improved by ammoniation of medium-moisture (about 30% in-to-storage) alfalfa hay. When the ammonia-treated hay was uncovered in spring, coarsely ground and stored in a hay wagon the high-moisture-ammoniated hay (> 35% MC) became moldy within 4 wk, even when the ambient temperature was about 6 °C, whereas medium-moisture-ammoniated hay (about 30% MC) showed some deterioration after 7 wk as the ambient temperature increased to about 12 °C. Key words: Ammonia, alfalfa hay, digestibility, heat damage, high-moisture hay, large bales

YIELD, QUALITY AND PRESERVATION OF MOIST HAY SUBJECTED TO RAIN-FREE AND WEATHERED CONDITIONS

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 611-622
Author(s):  
V. S. BARON ◽  
G. W. MATHISON
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Moisture Level ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
Large Round ◽  
Yield Quality ◽  
Medicago Sativa L

The effects of moisture level and a neutralized propionate preservative on yield, quality and preservation of rain-free and weathered alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay were studied in separate trials. Moisture levels of 252, 185 and 138 g kg−1 in rain-free hay and 297, 211 and 180 g kg−1 in weathered hay were designated as High, Medium and Low, respectively. The weathered hay received 66 mm of rain at about 600 g kg−1 moisture and another 15 mm prior to baling at the Low moisture level. The preservative (680 g kg−1 propionic acid equivalent) was applied at 1.25 and 1.50% (wt wt−1) for rain-free and weathered hay, respectively. The High and Medium moisture level treatments had similar harvested dry matter (DM) yields in both rain-free and weathered hay. Rain-free hay DM yield at harvest was 6–9% higher for the High and Medium treatments than the Low moisture level, while for the weathered hay the Medium level was 3.0% higher (P < 0.05) than the Low moisture level. Poststorage forage qualities of the Low and Medium moisture level treatments were similar and higher than the High moisture treatment (P < 0.05) in rain-free hays, while the Medium level treatment was highest (P < 0.05) for forage quality in weathered hay. The Medium moisture level compared with Low moisture level resulted in 10.4, 10.6 and 15.8% higher yields of DM, in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM) and crude protein, respectively, in rain-free hay and 3.1, 6.3 and 5.7% higher, respectively, in weathered hay. The propionate was inconsistent in preventing DM loss during storage, but reduced temperature and mould count in both hay types. Application of 1.25 and 1.50% (wt wt−1) of propionate improved poststorage IVDOM by 2.0 and 3.6%; increased crude protein yield by 3.0 and 5.7% and IVDOM yield by 3.3 and 5.7%; reduced neutral detergent fiber by 5.4 and 7.6%; reduced acid detergent fiber by 5.4 and 7.1%; and reduced acid detergent insoluble nitrogen by 9 and 18% in rain-free and weathered hay, respectively. It is recommended that large round bales be harvested at moisture levels somewhat above 170 g kg−1 for both rain-free and weathered hay with or without a neutralized propionic acid preservative. Serious losses may occur above 250 g kg−1 moisture with or without the use of a preservative. Key words: Alfalfa, moist hay, neutralized propionate, large round bales, weathering, preservation

Effects of ammoniation of brome-alfalfa and alfalfa hay, stored as large round bales on preservation and feed quality

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 755-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Mir ◽  
J. A. Robertson ◽  
P. S. Mir ◽  
E. Z. Jan ◽  
D. H. McCartney
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Total N ◽  
Anhydrous Ammonia ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Respective Field ◽  
Large Round

Feeding trials with growing steers and digestibility trials with sheep were conducted during each of 3 yr in a split-split plot design, to compare the effects of anhydrous ammonia (2% wt wt−1, in plastic-covered stacks of large round bales) on preservation of brome-alfalfa and alfalfa hay harvested at < 20 and at 30% moisture with respective field cured (< 20% moisture) nonammoniated hays. Even after 14 wk of storage, the ammoniated high-moisture hays were free of visible molds. Dry matter (DM) recovery varied from 93.9 to 98.7% but was not affected by either moisture content or ammoniation. Ammoniation increased (P < 0.05) acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN, % total N) in high-moisture brome-alfalfa hay to 16.8 from 9.7% in nonammoniated hay. Within each type of hay, dry matter intake and average daily gain of growing steers were not affected by treatment. Feed efficiency was reduced (P < 0.05) in animals fed ammoniated high-moisture brome-alfalfa (11.2) but was improved (P < 0.05) in those fed ammoniated high-moisture alfalfa (9.8) when compared with the respective field cured hay (10.1 and 11.4). Compared to nonammoniated hay, ammoniating high-moisture brome-alfalfa hay had no effect on digestibilities of DM and acid detergent fiber (ADF) but decreased and increased (P < 0.05) digestibility of nitrogen (N) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), respectively. With alfalfa, ammoniation did not affect digestibilities of either low- or high-moisture hay. Rumen volatile fatty acid profiles were not influenced but rumen fluid pH was elevated in sheep fed ammoniated hays. Results indicate that anhydrous ammonia treatment effectively preserved high-moisture alfalfa without adversely affecting nutritional quality parameters. Key words: Ammonia, brome-alfalfa, alfalfa, cattle, sheep, digestibility

Large Round Bale Alfalfa Hay Storage

1988 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 316-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond L. Huhnke
Keyword(s):  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Large Round

Feeding behaviour and digestive kinetics in sheep fed chopped or ground and pelleted low quality alfalfa hay

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 112-112
Author(s):  
A. de Vega ◽  
J. Gasa ◽  
M. Fondevila ◽  
A. López
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Coarse Particles ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Physical Processing ◽  
Voluntary Intake

Rumen capacity together with speed of rumen emptying limit voluntary intake of low quality well balanced forages (Ellis et al., 1983). Chemical composition and physical processing have important effect on both digestion plus absorption and passage through the reticulo-omasal orifice. Feeding chopped forage generate a large rumen pool of coarse particles which must be broken down by chewing and ruminating before to have a chance to escape from the compartment (Grovum, 1983). Grinding, by contrast, greatly reduce this rumen pool increasing likelihood of particles to leave the foregut (Rodrigue and Allen, 1960). This paper aims to study the effect of physical processing of roughage on feeding behaviour and digestive kinetics together with voluntary intake and digestibility.

scholarly journals Comparative Effects of Stovers of Four Varieties of Common Vetch on Growth Performance, Ruminal Fermentation, and Nutrient Digestibility of Growing Lambs

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 596
Author(s):  
Yafeng Huang ◽  
Cory Matthew ◽  
Fei Li ◽  
Zhibiao Nan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Common Vetch ◽  
Alfalfa Hay

This study evaluated common vetch stover as a feed in mixed rations for growing lambs. Four common vetch varieties were compared with alfalfa (control) for their effects on growth performance, ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen retention. Male Hu lambs (n = 50) aged 3 months, with a mean body weight of 17.5 ± 0.34 kg were allocated randomly to one of the five dietary treatments, making 10 lambs per treatment. The experiment lasted 67 days with a 10-day adaptation period and a 50-day fattening period, and with the final 7 days used for a nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance trial. All diets contained 30.0% maize straw and 50.0% concentrate, with different forage sources (on a fed basis): 20.0% alfalfa hay (control), 20.0% local common vetch variety 333A (C333A) stover, or 20.0% stover of one of three improved common vetch varieties: Lanjian No. 1 (CLJ1), Lanjian No. 2 (CLJ2), or Lanjian No. 3 (CLJ3). For stover quality, CLJ1 stover had the greatest crude protein (CP), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), and metabolizable energy (ME) content and the least cell wall contents, while C333A stover had the least CP, IVOMD, and ME contents and the greatest cell wall contents. Sheep fed the control diet had a greater average daily gain (ADG), apparent digestibility of organic matter (DOM), neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and nitrogen retention, and greater ruminal total volatile fatty acids concentration than lambs fed the C333A or CLJ3 diet, but similar performance to lambs fed the CLJ1 and CLJ2 diets. The feed conversion ratio and predicted CH4 emission per unit of DOM intake and ADG of the control, CLJ1, and CLJ2 diets was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than for the other diets. Based on these results, stovers of varieties CLJ1 and CLJ2 can be recommended as an alternative to alfalfa hay and for use in a legume crop rotation with cereals on the Tibetan plateau.

scholarly journals Performance of dairy cows fed diets with similar proportions of undigested neutral detergent fiber with wheat straw substituted for alfalfa hay, corn silage, or both

2019 ◽  
Vol 102 (12) ◽  
pp. 10903-10915 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kahyani ◽  
G.R. Ghorbani ◽  
M. Alikhani ◽  
E. Ghasemi ◽  
A. Sadeghi-Sefidmazgi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Alfalfa Hay

The effect of paraformaldehyde on the fermentation quality and feeding value of ryegrass and lucerne silages

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-470
Author(s):  
J. E. Cook ◽  
R. J. Wilkins ◽  
R. F. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
High Intake ◽  
Total N ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Fermentation Quality ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Voluntary Intake

SUMMARYCrops of perennial ryegrass and lucerne were each ensiled without additives and after the addition of paraformaldehyde to provide about 0·1, 0·2 or 0·4% HCHO/t crop fresh weight. The ryegrass and lucerne silages were offered ad libitum to sheep in separate experiments of identical design.All theryegrass silages were well preserved with low pH values, the level of butyric acid was very low and ammonia-N comprised less than 8% of total N. The lucerne silage made without additive had a pH of 5 and acetic acid comprised the major part of the total fermentation acids. Ammonia-N comprised over 12% of total N. All levels of paraformaldehyde addition restricted fermentation in both crops and led to an increase in the proportion of total N which was insoluble in hot water.Voluntary intake of organic matter (OM) was higher for the lucerne than for the ryegrass silages but digestible organic matter (DOM) intake was higher for the ryegrass. Intakes of OM and DOM were not significantly affected by paraformaldehyde treatment. The addition of paraformaldehyde significantly depressed apparent digestibility of OM and cellulose with the ryegrass but had less effect with the lucerne. Nitrogen digestibility was significantly depressed in both crops at all paraformaldehyde levels. Paraformaldehyde addition resulted in increased faecal N output and decreased urinary N, but retention of N was not significantly affected.The lack of response in feeding value to paraformaldehyde treatment may have been due to the relatively high intake and N retention of the untreated silages which were fairly well preserved.

scholarly journals Effect of fat supplementation on voluntary food intake and rumen metabolism in sheep

1977 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kowalczyk ◽  
E. R. ørskov ◽  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
C. S. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Fat Supplementation ◽  
Cotton Thread ◽  
Rumen Metabolism ◽  
Liquid Suspension ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

1. In an experiment in which a high-fat supplement was given in the dry form to lambs offered dried grass ad lib., both the voluntary intake and digestibility of the dried grass were reduced. When the high-fat supplement was given in a liquid suspension so that the rumen was by-passed, the voluntary intake and digestibility of the dried grass were not significantly altered.2. The effect of injecting an emulsion of tallow into the rumen of sheep on rumen metabolism was studied in another experiment. Increasing the fat supplementation lowered the rate of digestion of both dried grass and cotton thread, lowered markedly the concentration of rumen ammonia, and raised the proportion of propionic acid in the rumen.

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