PRESERVATION AND PROCESSING OF WHOLE HIGH MOISTURE SHELLED CORN WITH AMMONIA

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 683-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. K. SRIVASTAVA ◽  
D. N. MOWAT
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Starch Degradation ◽  
Treatment Level ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Nitrogen Rate ◽  
Anhydrous Ammonia ◽  
Temperature Application ◽  
Growth Of Fungi

Whole high moisture shelled corn (28% moisture) was treated with varying levels of anhydrous ammonia and stored in plastic-lined drums for 60 days at room temperature. Application of 2% (dry matter basis) ammonia successfully eliminated growth of fungi while also reducing bacterial counts. Microbial counts increased only slightly after exposing the stored corn to air for 7 days. Nitrogen content of the corn increased with ammoniation up to the 2% treatment level. At this level, 35% of the nitrogen that was added as ammonia was retained following exposure to air. Only 56% of this nitrogen was solubilized by rumen fluid. However, pepsin solubilized at least all of the added nitrogen. Rate of starch degradation by Agidex (amyloglucosidase) decreased with increasing levels of ammonia. Similarly, incubation of ground corn in nylon bags placed in rumens of steers indicated slower rates of dry matter disappearance with the higher levels of anhydrous ammonia. Untreated whole corn was digested little even after 48 h incubation using the nylon bag technique. However, 80%) of the dry matter disappeared after 48 h incubation with whole corn processed with 2% ammonia.

Effects of ammoniation of brome-alfalfa and alfalfa hay, stored as large round bales on preservation and feed quality

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 755-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Mir ◽  
J. A. Robertson ◽  
P. S. Mir ◽  
E. Z. Jan ◽  
D. H. McCartney
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Total N ◽  
Anhydrous Ammonia ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Respective Field ◽  
Large Round

Feeding trials with growing steers and digestibility trials with sheep were conducted during each of 3 yr in a split-split plot design, to compare the effects of anhydrous ammonia (2% wt wt−1, in plastic-covered stacks of large round bales) on preservation of brome-alfalfa and alfalfa hay harvested at < 20 and at 30% moisture with respective field cured (< 20% moisture) nonammoniated hays. Even after 14 wk of storage, the ammoniated high-moisture hays were free of visible molds. Dry matter (DM) recovery varied from 93.9 to 98.7% but was not affected by either moisture content or ammoniation. Ammoniation increased (P < 0.05) acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN, % total N) in high-moisture brome-alfalfa hay to 16.8 from 9.7% in nonammoniated hay. Within each type of hay, dry matter intake and average daily gain of growing steers were not affected by treatment. Feed efficiency was reduced (P < 0.05) in animals fed ammoniated high-moisture brome-alfalfa (11.2) but was improved (P < 0.05) in those fed ammoniated high-moisture alfalfa (9.8) when compared with the respective field cured hay (10.1 and 11.4). Compared to nonammoniated hay, ammoniating high-moisture brome-alfalfa hay had no effect on digestibilities of DM and acid detergent fiber (ADF) but decreased and increased (P < 0.05) digestibility of nitrogen (N) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), respectively. With alfalfa, ammoniation did not affect digestibilities of either low- or high-moisture hay. Rumen volatile fatty acid profiles were not influenced but rumen fluid pH was elevated in sheep fed ammoniated hays. Results indicate that anhydrous ammonia treatment effectively preserved high-moisture alfalfa without adversely affecting nutritional quality parameters. Key words: Ammonia, brome-alfalfa, alfalfa, cattle, sheep, digestibility

EFFECTS OF ANHYDROUS AMMONIA ON AMINO ACID PRESERVATION AND FEEDING VALUE OF HIGH-MOISTURE EAR CORN FOR GROWING STEERS

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. PHILLIP ◽  
H. J. GARINO ◽  
I. ALLI ◽  
B. E. BAKER
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Anhydrous Ammonia ◽  
Aerobic Stability ◽  
Feeding Value

A study was conducted to ascertain the feeding value for beef cattle of high-moisture ear corn (HMEC) treated with anhydrous ammonia. The trial was conducted with 36 Hereford steers (mean weight 240 kg) fed treated or untreated HMEC in combination with corn silage (4:1, dry matter basis). High-moisture ear corn containing 63% dry matter (DM) was untreated (control) or treated with cold-flow anhydrous ammonia (1% of fresh weight) and ensiled in tower silos. The control diet was supplemented with isonitrogenus amounts of urea added at feeding time. Steers fed ammonia-treated or urea-supplemented HMEC showed a 46% higher growth rate than those fed the nitrogen-unsupplemented diet. The growth response to ammoniation was 7% higher (P < 0.05) than that to urea addition. Organic matter intake was 10% higher with ammonia addition than with urea supplementation (P < 0.05). Ensiling HMEC with added ammonia resulted in increased protein nitrogen (N) and a reduced level of total free-amino-acid-N. In addition to reduced proteolysis, ammonia treatment improved aerobic stability of HMEC. It is suggested that the response in feed intake to ammoniation of HMEC may be mediated through its effect on aerobic stability and through a possible improvement in protein status of growing steers. Key words: High-moisture ear corn, ammoniation, proteolysis, feed intake, steers

UTILIZATION OF ENSILED OR ACID-TREATED HIGH-MOISTURE SHELLED CORN BY CATTLE

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. McKNIGHT ◽  
G. K. MACLEOD ◽  
J. G. BUCHANAN-SMITH ◽  
D. N. MOWAT
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Starch Digestibility ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Matter Basis ◽  
Rumen Ammonia Nitrogen

Shelled corn of approximately 25% moisture was artificially dried (DC), ensiled (HMEC), or preserved either with 1.25% of a 60:40 mixture of acetic and propionic acids (HMAP) or with 1.00% propionic acid (HMP), and was examined for chemical and physical differences. Diets consisting of 66% corn (dry matter basis) were fed in a 4 × 4 latin square arrangement of treatments to four rumen and abomasal fistulated yearling heifers. High-moisture (HM) corn diets were more (P < 0.05) digestible in dry matter (77.4 vs. 74.2%) and energy (75.4 vs. 72.4%) than was the DC diet. Acid-treated corn diets had higher (P < 0.05) starch digestibility (95.6 vs. 91.7%) than DC diets. HMP diet was superior (P < 0.05) in starch digestibility to HMEC and significantly (P < 0.05) higher in nitrogen digestibility than was DC. Rumen ammonia nitrogen levels were higher (P < 0.05) on HMEC than on HMAP diet. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher total quantities of propionic and butyric acids in rumen fluid were observed on HMP diet and the quantity of total rumen volatile fatty acids tended to be higher on HMP than on other diets. Results suggest that HM corn diets move through the reticulorumen more slowly and experience greater digestion in this area than does DC diet.

scholarly journals Metabolic and Productive Response and Grazing Behavior of Lactating Dairy Cows Supplemented with High Moisture Maize or Cracked Wheat Grazing at Two Herbage Allowances in Spring

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 919
Author(s):  
Verónica M. Merino ◽  
Lorena Leichtle ◽  
Oscar A. Balocchi ◽  
Francisco Lanuza ◽  
Julián Parga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Grazing Behavior

The aim was to determine the effect of the herbage allowance (HA) and supplement type (ST) on dry matter intake (DMI), milk production and composition, grazing behavior, rumen function, and blood metabolites of grazing dairy cows in the spring season. Experiment I: 64 Holstein Friesian dairy cows were distributed in a factorial design that tested two levels of daily HA (20 and 30 kg of dry matter (DM) per cow) and two ST (high moisture maize (HMM) and cracked wheat (CW)) distributed in two daily rations (3.5 kg DM/cow/day). Experiment II: four mid-lactation rumen cannulated cows, supplemented with either HMM or CW and managed with the two HAs, were distributed in a Latin square design of 4 × 4, for four 14-d periods to assess ruminal fermentation parameters. HA had no effect on milk production (averaging 23.6 kg/day) or milk fat and protein production (823 g/day and 800 g/day, respectively). Cows supplemented with CW had greater protein concentration (+1.2 g/kg). Herbage DMI averaged 14.17 kg DM/cow.day and total DMI averaged 17.67 kg DM/cow.day and did not differ between treatments. Grazing behavior activities (grazing, rumination, and idling times) and body condition score (BCS) were not affected by HA or ST. Milk and plasma urea concentration increased under the high HA (+0.68 mmol/L and +0.90 mmol/L, respectively). Cows supplemented with HMM had lower milk and plasma urea concentrations (0.72 mmol/L and 0.76 mmol/L less, respectively) and tended (p = 0.054) to have higher plasma β-hydroxybutyrate. Ruminal parameters did not differ between treatments.

Reducing nitrogen rate and hill distance improves rice dry matter production in saline–alkali soils

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yandong Lv ◽  
Yuchen Lan ◽  
Lingqi Xu ◽  
Dawei Yin ◽  
Haize Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Nitrogen Rate ◽  
Alkali Soils ◽  
Matter Production

scholarly journals 49 Effects of in-vitro digestibility in cannulated steers when supplemented different levels of glycerol

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 55-56
Author(s):  
Noheli Gutierrez ◽  
Jamie A Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate effects of increasing concentration of food grade glycerol on rumen environment and nutrient digestibility. Three ruminally cannulated Jersey steers were used in this study. The study was conducted from March to May 2019. Experimental design was a 3x3 Latin square with a 2wk adjustment period followed by a 1wk collection period. Diet was coastal bermudagrass hay based. Different forage types were introduced in the incubation process to evaluate digestibility. Glycerol was administered once a day at 0, 15, or 20% of DMI (dry matter intake). dNDF (digestible NDF) and dDM (digestible dry matter) was determined using an ANKOM Daisy II incubator inoculated with 200g fresh rumen fluid and incubated for 12, 24, 48 and 72 h at 39°C. Each vessel contained ground forage samples in filter bags in triplicate. After incubation, filter bags were rinsed with cold water and dried for 24h in a 55°C forced air oven. Data were analyzed using the Proc MIXED procedure of SAS version 9.4. There was no difference dNDF in effect of different levels of glycerol between forage types by diet. But a numerical tendency was observed that dNDF was decreased at 20% inclusion rates in comparison to 0 and 15% inclusion of glycerol in the diet. Neither steer nor run was significantly different in the study. However as expected digestibility over time was significantly different (P &lt; 0.001). A significant increase was observed in DMI with the increased levels of glycerol in the diet (P = 0.003), both the 15% and 20% levels of glycerol increased in DMI in comparison to the control (0%). It appears based on these study results that digestibility may be inhibited, as levels of dietary glycerol increase in the diet and more work needs to be done to find the optimal level of glycerol supplementation.

HIGH MOISTURE GROUND EAR CORN, HIGH MOISTURE BARLEY OR SODIUM HYDROXIDE TREATED BARLEY FOR LACTATING COWS: MILK PRODUCTION AND RATION UTILIZATION

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. KUNG Jr. ◽  
B. W. JESSE ◽  
J. W. THOMAS ◽  
J. T. HUBER ◽  
R. S. EMERY
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Fecal Ph

Whole barley was treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in laboratory trials. Dry matter disappearance from nylon bags in the rumen of whole barley treated with 2.5, 3.5, or 4.9% NaOH for 30 h was 59.6, 72.4, and 93.0%, respectively, compared with 82.2% for untreated ground barley. In a subsequent lactation trial, 24 Holstein cows (eight per treatment) were fed high moisture ground ear corn, high moisture rolled barley or high moisture whole barley treated with 3.5% NaOH. Milk persistencies tended to be greater for cows fed high moisture rolled barley, next for ground ear corn and least for NaOH-treated barley. Milk composition was similar for all treatments. Dry matter intake was greatest for cows fed ground ear corn and lower for those fed the barley diets. Alpha-linked glucose and pH of feces were similar for cows fed ground ear corn and high moisture rolled barley diets, but fecal pH was lower and alpha-linked glucose concentrations three times greater for NaOH-treated barley. Digestibility percents of dry matter, acid detergent fiber and nitrogen were 61.4, 25.3, 64.7 for ground ear corn; 64.4, 38.0, 67.1 for high moisture rolled barley; and 56.8, 43.2, 54.8 for NaOH-treated barley, respectively. Rumen grain turnover estimated by excretion of ytterbium in feces was greatest for NaOH-treated barley (9.09%/h), intermediate for ground ear corn (6.10%/h) and lowest for high moisture rolled barley (4.93%/h). Key words: Dairy, sodium hydroxide, high moisture grains

The effect of different proportions of hay and fortified rolled barley in the diet on digestible-energy value and urinary-energy excretion by cattle

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Raven
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Concentrate Treatment

SUMMARYA 6 x 6 Latin Square balance experiment was carried out using six Friesian steers, each of which initially weighed about 304 kg. The six treatments studied were an all-hay diet and five other diets containing 20,40,60,80 and 100 % of rolled barley fortified with mineral and vitamin supplements, accompanied by correspondingly reduced proportions of hay. Each diet was fed at an estimated maintenance level of feeding.The progressive increase in the proportion of concentrate gave a significantly linear increase (P < 0·001) in both digestible and calculated metabolizable energy. The actual increase in digestible energy was from 2·62Mcal/kg dry matter (59·3% of the gross energy) on the all-hay treatment to 3·42 Mcal/kg dry matter (79·5% of the gross energy) on the all-concentrate treatment. Use of the determined digestible energy values for the all-hay and fortified barley diets to calculate the digestible energy of the four mixed diets gave results in reasonably good agreement with the determined values, the maximum difference being 0·12 Mcal/kg dry matter, which represented 3·83 % of the determined value. The losses of energy in the urine expressed as percentages of the gross energy of the diets showed a small but significantly linear decrease (P < 0·01) with increase in proportion of barley in the diet. The molar proportions of steamvolatile acids in samples of rumen fluid taken from two animals on each treatment indicated that increase in the proportion of concentrate was associated with tendencies for increase in acetic acid, decrease in propionic acid and little change in butyric acid. The mean digestibility of the organic matter was 62·6 % on the all-hay treatment and 81·8 % on the all concentrate treatment. The progressive increase in the proportion of concentrate gave a significantly linear increase (P < 0·001) in digestibility of the organic matter. Although intakes of nitrogen decreased with increase in the proportion of concentrate due to a decrease in the amount of dry matter fed, the weights of nitrogen retained were well maintained and when expressed as percentages of intake showed a significantly linear increase (P < 0·01).

EFFECTIVENESS OF ANHYDROUS AMMONIA AS A PRESERVATIVE FOR HIGH-MOISTURE ALFALFA HAY IN LARGE ROUND BALES

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 743-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. ATWAL ◽  
L. C. HESLOP ◽  
K. LIEVERS
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Total N ◽  
Heat Damage ◽  
Anhydrous Ammonia ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Large Round

Two experiments were conducted in sequence to determine the effectiveness of anhydrous ammonia (AA) as a preservative of alfalfa hay stored as large round bales (LRB). In the the first experiment application of 3% AA (wt/wt) to alfalfa hay baled at about 23% moisture-content (MC) increased the temperature markedly above the control treatment and resulted in a significantly (P < 0.05) higher acid-detergent-insoluble nitrogen and acid-detergent lignin. In the second experiment application of about 1% AA slowly (over 48 h) to LRB of alfalfa hay packaged at about 30% and > 35% MC, significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the cumulative degree-days above all reference points from 35 to 65 °C. Ammoniation completely eliminated dry matter losses in storage which were highest (8.3%) for 33% MC control hay. High moisture control hay (33% MC) suffered severe heat damage with 33% of total N being in the acid-detergent-insoluble fraction as compared to less than 10% for medium-moisture (26% MC) control and even lower values for ammoniated hay. Digestibility of crude protein and energy was significantly (P < 0.05) improved by ammoniation of medium-moisture (about 30% in-to-storage) alfalfa hay. When the ammonia-treated hay was uncovered in spring, coarsely ground and stored in a hay wagon the high-moisture-ammoniated hay (> 35% MC) became moldy within 4 wk, even when the ambient temperature was about 6 °C, whereas medium-moisture-ammoniated hay (about 30% MC) showed some deterioration after 7 wk as the ambient temperature increased to about 12 °C. Key words: Ammonia, alfalfa hay, digestibility, heat damage, high-moisture hay, large bales

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