THE ROLE OF CONDENSED TANNINS IN THE DIGESTION OF FRESH Lotus pedunculatus BY SHEEP

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 181-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. N. BARRY
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Hormone Concentration ◽  
Plasma Growth Hormone ◽  
Tannin Concentration ◽  
Lotus Pedunculatus ◽  
Ruminal Digestion

Relative to non-tannin-containing fresh forages, condensed tannins in Lotus pedunculatus increased duodenal N flow and calculated absorption of amino acids from the small intestine, but depressed ruminal digestion of soluble carbohydrate and hemicellulose. Plasma growth hormone concentration was positively and linearly related to forage condensed tannin concentration. Key words: Condensed tannin, nitrogen digestion, growth hormone

scholarly journals The role of condensed tannins in the nutritional value of Lotus pedunculatus for sheep

1984 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. N. Barry ◽  
T. R. Manley
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Total N ◽  
Lotus Pedunculatus ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Ruminal Digestion ◽  
Forage Diets

1. Primary growth vegetative Lotus pedunculatus containing 46 and 106 g/kg dry matter (DM) of total condensed tannin and 3 and 14 g/kg DM of free condensed tannin, was cut and fed fresh at hourly intervals (750 g DM/d) to sheep fitted with permanent cannulas into the rumen and duodenum. Low- and high-tannin lotus contained respectively 41.3 and 31.6 g total nitrogen/kg DM and 132 and 152 g lignin/kg DM. The two forms of lotus were similar in carbohydrate composition.2. Nutrient intake was recorded and faecal output measured by direct collection. Digesta flow to the duodenum was estimated by measuring dilution at the duodenum of inert ruthenium phenanthroline (Ru-P) and chromium-EDTA markers continuously infused into the rumen.3. Effects attributable to condensed tannins were assessed by comparing the digestion of the two diets, and by comparing the digestion of each with predicted values for non-tannin-containing fresh forages fed at similar intakes.4. Apparent digestibility of all nutrients measured was less for high- than for low-tannin lotus (P < 0.01). The levels of cellulose digested ruminally and post-ruminally in both forms of lotus were similar to predicted values. However, less hemicellulose and readily fermentable carbohydrate (RFC; soluble carbohydrate + pectin) was digested in the rumen in sheep given both forms of lotus than would be predicted for non-tannin-containing fresh forage diets, but this was compensated for by greater post-ruminal absorption of both nutrients.5. Total N gains across the rumen (duodenal N flow – total N intake) were 1.8 and 10.5 g/d for low- and high-tannin lotus v. predicted losses of 3.7 and 2.1 g/d for non-tannin-containing fresh forages given at the same total N intakes. Post-ruminal digestion of non-amonia-N (NAN; proportion NAN flowing at duodenum) was 0.71 and 0.67 for low- and high-tannin lotus respectively v. 0.76 for comparable non-tannin-containing fresh forages. Energy absorbed as amino acids from the small intestine was calculated to be 0.29 of metabolizable energy for both forms of lotus, compared with 0.17 and 0.21 for perennial ryegrass and white clover.6. It was concluded that the presence of condensed tannins in lotus markedly increased post-ruminal NAN absorption compared with non-tannin-containing fresh forage diets, but depressed ruminal digestion of RFC and hemicellulose.

scholarly journals The role of condensed tannins in the nutritional value of Lotus pedunculatus for sheep

1984 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. N. Barry ◽  
S. J. Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Lotus Pedunculatus ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
High Concentrations

1. Voluntary intake was determined with vegetative Lotus pedunculatus cut and fed fresh to growing sheep of 42–46 kg live weight. Effects attributable to condensed tannins were assessed by growing the plant under high and low levels of soil fertility, inducing low and high concentrations of tannin (Expt 1), or by binding the tannins through spraying the herbage with polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 3350, PEG; Expt 2). Primary-growth lotus was used in Expt 1 and secondary-growth lotus in Expt 2. Concentrations of total and free condensed tannin were determined in fresh lotus, free tanning being defined as that not bound by mascerates of the plant.2. In Expt 1 the herbages fed contained respectively 46 and 106 g total condensed tannin/kg dry matter (DM) and 3 and 14 g free condensed tannin/kg DM. Mean metabolizable energy (ME) intakes were 0.89 and 0.77 MJ/kg live weight0.75 per d (P < 0.05) respectively.3. The lotus used in Expt 2 contained 63 and 5 g total reactive condensed tannin and free condensed tannin/kg DM respectively. After spraying with PEG at 2.4 g/g total condensed tannin, these values were reduced to 7 and 0.5 g/kg DM respectively. PEG addition increased apparent digestibility (proportion of each nutrient ingested) of cellulose, hemicellulose and nitrogen by 0.05, 0.08 and 0.26, and increased ME intake from 0.48 to 0.69 MJ/kg live weight0.75 per d.4. It was concluded that high concentrations of condensed tannins depressed ME intake, due to depressions in both the voluntary intake and digestion of organic matter. The stimulation of hemicellulose and cellulose digestion by PEG addition suggests that the condensed tannin was depressing rumen digestion.5. It is considered that free tannins are most likely to have been responsible for the depressive effects in the present study. This could be due to their reaction with microbial enzymes in the rumen, the tannin content of the plant exceeding the capacity of the plant protein to bind it, or to reaction with enzymes secreted into the small intestine following the absorption of amino acids. In either instance free tannins could also react with proteins of the gut wall.

Relation of concentration of growth hormone in blood plasma to growth rate and carcass characteristics in the pig

1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Chappel ◽  
A. C. Dunkin
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Hormone Concentration ◽  
Plasma Growth Hormone ◽  
Relative Growth

SUMMARY1. Pig growth hormone (PGH) concentrations were measured in plasma samples from piglets of 3–4 to 7–8 weeks of age.2. Plasma PGH concentrations decreased significantly with age. No difference was observed between the hormone concentrations of gilts and barrows.3. Correlation coefficients were calculated between mean plasma growth hormone concentration over a 4-week period and several carcass characteristics and measures of growth rate. Plasma PGH over this period showed significant negative correlations with several measures of carcass backfat thickness at bacon weight. In barrows only, PGH concentrations showed a significant direct correlation with relative growth rate from 3 to 7 weeks.

Sustained exercise augments long-term starvation increases in plasma growth hormone in the steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 853-855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce A. Barrett ◽  
Brian A. McKeown
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Hormone Concentration ◽  
Plasma Growth Hormone ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Normal Feeding ◽  
Stored Reserves

During the increased locomotor activity of migration many salmonids do not actively feed and it is likely that metabolic alterations occur to facilitate the mobilization of stored reserves. The present laboratory study was designed to simulate the occurrence of exercise and starvation as natural parameters of migration and to assess the effects of such parameters on levels of plasma growth hormone, which might indicate alterations in metabolism during migration. Juvenile steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri, were starved for a 30-day period. Starved individuals exhibited a marked increase in plasma growth hormone concentration (38.6 ± 6.7 ng/mL) compared with control individuals held on a normal feeding regime (6.4 ± 1.84 ng/mL). A subgroup of fish from the starved group were exercised by being forced to swim at 1.5 body lengths/s for a 24-h period. Exercised individuals exhibited plasma growth hormone levels in excess of 140 ng/mL. There was no significant difference between the plasma growth hormone levels of unexercised starved fish and exercised fed fish.

Serial plasma growth hormone concentration during selective removal of pituitary tumors in acromegaly

1974 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Allen ◽  
David M. Cook ◽  
Monte A. Greer ◽  
Harold Paxton ◽  
Albert Castro
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Pituitary Tumors ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Hormone Concentration ◽  
Plasma Growth Hormone ◽  
Tumor Removal ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pituitary Dysfunction ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The pituitary function of two patients with acromegaly was monitored before, during, and after selective transnasal pituitary adenomectomy. The purpose of the study was to verify the efficacy of this technique, and to see if there was normal function in the residual pituitary tissue. Following surgery, both patients showed clinical improvement with no evidence of significant anterior or posterior pituitary dysfunction. Concentrations of plasma growth hormone obtained serially during surgery were elevated prior to tumor removal but fell precipitously after adenomectomy. The half-life for immunoreactive growth hormone in these patients was less than 35 minutes. We conclude that selective transnasal pituitary adenomectomy is an effective treatment for pituitary tumors. Furthermore, our data suggest that the pituitary tumor in these patients did not arise because of excessive stimulation by hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing factor.

THE INHERITANCE OF CONDENSED TANNIN CONCENTRATION IN LENTIL

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. VAILLANCOURT ◽  
A. E. SLINKARD ◽  
R. D. REICHERT
Keyword(s):  
Seed Coat ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Lens Culinaris ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Single Recessive Gene ◽  
Components Of Variance ◽  
Method Selection ◽  
Tannin Concentration ◽  
Selection For

In lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) condensed tannins are responsible for seed coat darkening during storage and the associated reduction in crop quality. The vanillin-HCl method was used to measure tannin concentration. Tannins were present only in the seed coat. Tannin concentration in the seed coat of 87 lines from the USDA World Lentil Collection ranged from 35 to 93 g kg−1 and averaged 63.3 g kg−1. The zero-tannin trait of PI 345635 lentil was controlled by a single recessive gene (tan tan) that had pleiotropic effects on plant pigmentation and seed coat thickness. Heritability of tannin concentration among lines containing tannin was 66.4 ± 4.4%, based on the components of variance method. Selection for lower or higher tannin concentration in lentil should be effective.Key words: Lentil, tannin, tannin genetics, proanthocyanidin, Lens culinaris

scholarly journals The effect of condensed tannins on the site of digestion of amino acids and other nutrients in sheep fed on Lotus corniculatus L

1987 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Waghorn ◽  
M. J. Ulyatt ◽  
A. John ◽  
M. T. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Lotus Corniculatus ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Tannin Concentration

1. Sheep were used to evaluate the nutritional consequences of a low condensed-tannin concentration (22 g/kg dry matter (DM)) in lotus (Lotus corniculatus L.) (control group) compared with lotus given to sheep receiving intraruminal polyethylene glycol (PEG) infusion (PEG group). PEG selectively binds to tannins and prevents tannins from binding proteins.2. DM intakes (1430 (SE 28) g/d) and digestibility of energy (663 (SE 4.5) kJ/MJ intake) were similar for both groups but the apparent digestion of nitrogen was lower in the control sheep (0.70) than in the PEG sheep (0.78; P < 0.001).3. The proportion of N apparently digested before the abomasum (i.e. in the rumen) was lower (P < 0.05) in control sheep (0.12) than in PEG sheep (0.21; P < 0.05). Rumen ammonia concentrations were lower (P < 0.001) in control sheep than in PEG sheep. The proportion of neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) digested in the rumen was similar for both groups (0.48 (SE 0.012)) but less energy was digested in the rumen of the control (0.42) than of the PEG sheep (0.47; P < 0.05).4. The flux of essential amino acids (EAA) through the abomasum of control sheep was 50% greater than that in PEG sheep; flux of non-essential amino acids (NEAA) was 14% higher in control than in PEG sheep. Apparent digestibility of EAA in the small intestine was similar for both treatments (0.67), but NEAA were less well digested in the control (0.55) than in the PEG sheep (0.69).5. The presence of tannins in the control group increased net apparent absorption of threonine (57%), valine (89%), isoleucine (94%), leucine (30%), tyrosine (41%), phenylalanine (93%), histidine (90%) and lysine (59%), and reduced NEAA absorption by 10%, compared with PEG sheep.

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