EFFECT OF ADDING POTENTIAL VOMITOXIN (DEOXYNIVALENOL) DETOXICANTS OR A F. graminearum INOCULATED CORN SUPPLEMENT TO WHEAT DIETS FED TO PIGS

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 733-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. FRIEND ◽  
H. L. TRENHOLM ◽  
K. E. HARTIN ◽  
J. C. YOUNG ◽  
B. K. THOMPSON
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Ammonium Carbonate ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Binding Agent ◽  
Stomach Mucosa ◽  
Ad Libitum

Six groups each of five barrows and five gilts were offered ad libitum one of six pelleted diets containing 68% wheat. A pellet binder was added (1.5%) to all diets. There were three clean wheat diets, one unsupplemented, one supplemented with a binding agent (Antitox Vana) and another with Fusarium graminearum inoculated corn; also, three vomitoxin-contaminated wheat diets, one unsupplemented, one supplemented with Antitox Vana and another with ammonium carbonate. Vomitoxin content was negligible in the clean wheat (control) diet, and was about 5 mg/kg in the three contaminated diets and 14 mg/kg in the inoculated corn diet. Pigs weighed 35 kg initially and a necropsy was conducted on each after 5 wk on experiment. Feed consumption was reduced 15–17% with the contaminated wheat diets, and approximately 50% with the inoculated corn diet from which effect the pigs seemed never to recover to the level of those fed the contaminated wheat diets. Discoloration of the stomach mucosa, and epithelial thickening of the esophageal area occurred in more pigs fed the contaminated wheat diets than those fed the clean wheat (control) diet, and a more marked response was evoked by the inoculated corn diet. The addition of the binding agent or the ammonium carbonate did not appear in this experiment to alleviate any of these effects. Key words: Vomitoxin, deoxynivalenol, antitoxin, wheat, inoculated corn, pigs

A preliminary examination of potential interactions between deoxynivalenol (DON) and other selected Fusarium metabolites in growing pigs

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Rotter ◽  
H. L. Trenholm ◽  
D. B. Prelusky ◽  
K. E. Hartin ◽  
B. K. Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Preliminary Examination ◽  
Potential Interactions

The performance of growing pigs fed 2 mg kg−1 of one of several Fusarium graminearum metabolites (sambucinol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, culmorin, dihydroxycalonectrin) with and without 6 mg kg−1 deoxynivalenol (DON) was examined in three preliminary studies. The only significant effects (P < 0.05) were seen in feed consumption, weight gain and feed efficiency due to the presence of DON in the diet. In addition, the appearance and degree of folding of the esophageal portion of the stomach were also different between pigs fed the DON-free and DON-contaminated diets, though the degree of significance varied between trials. Some small differences were seen in growth and feed consumption for certain metabolites, notably sambucinol and culmorin, with and without DON, but they were not significant (P > 0.05). The data indicate that, at the dietary concentrations used, the fungal metabolites tested in combination with DON do not interact with DON in growing pigs to any marked degree. Key words: Deoxynivalenol, DON, pigs, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, culmorin, sambucinol, dihydroxycalonectrin

EFFECT OF TWO ACIDS AND FORMALIN IN CALVES MILK ON FEED CONSUMPTION AND PERFORMANCE

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1129-1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. BUSH ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
And Performance

Calves fed ad libitum whole milk plus formic acid, propionic acid or formalin consumed less than calves fed untreated milk and grew comparably slower. At weaning the control group was consuming up to 25% of their body weight in milk daily without significant scouring. Key words: Acidification, milk, calves

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE REDUCED FEED CONSUMPTION OBSERVED IN GROWING PIGS FED VOMITOXIN-CONTAMINATED DIETS

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 277-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. CHAVEZ ◽  
J. A. RHEAUME
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Control Analysis ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Feeding trials were conducted to determine the significance of the reduction in feed consumption observed when growing pigs were fed complete diets containing approximately 6 ppm vomitoxin. Sixty Landrace weaners, weighing on average 22 kg, were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments. The dietary treatments were: (1) control cereal soybean diet fed ad libitum (mycotoxin free); (2) vomitoxin diet fed ad libitum in which 100% of the clean wheat included in the control diet was replaced by moldy wheat containing 10.32 ppm vomitoxin; (3) control diet fed restricted to the average daily intake of pigs fed the vomitoxin diet; and (4) upgraded vomitoxin diet fed ad libitum and containing approximately 20% more energy, crude protein, minerals and vitamins. Individual feed consumption was recorded daily for 12 wk. The control diet promoted significantly (P < 0.05) greater total body weight gains and also the greatest feed consumption. Body weight gains were not different (P > 0.05) for the vomitoxin and restricted control dietary treatments. The vomitoxin upgraded treatment resulted in greater total body weight gains (P < 0.05) than the vomitoxin treatment. During the 12-wk period, animals in the vomitoxin and restricted-control-fed groups consumed 71% as much feed as the control group fed ad libitum while the vomitoxin upgraded group consumed 77% as much as the control. Analysis for blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, plasma protein and alkaline phosphatase revealed no differences (P > 0.05) between dietary treatments. With respect to animal performance and blood biochemical profiles, the effect of vomitoxin appears to be primarily limited to feed acceptability and intake, with no apparent consequences on the metabolic function of the animal. Key words: Vomitoxin, deoxynivalenol, growing pigs, feed consumption

VOMITOXIN-CONTAMINATED WHEAT IN PIG DIETS: PREGNANT AND LACTATING GILTS AND WEANERS

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 717-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. CHAVEZ
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Complete Diet ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Weanling Piglets ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Feeding trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of including vomitoxin-contaminated wheat (VCW) containing 6.9 mg vomitoxin per kilogram in the complete diet of gilts during gestation and lactation (3 wk) and in the initial diet of weanling pigs up to approximately 23 kg liveweight. Four groups of four littermate gilts were assigned to four dietary treatments (one littermate per treatment) as follows: (1) control with 69% clean wheat (CW) in the diet with 16% crude protein; (2) 1/3 replacement of the CW with VCW; (3) 2/3 replacement of the CW with VCW; and (4) 100% replacement of the CW with the VCW. During gestation gilts were fed 2.3 kg/day of the diet in two meals, and the same diet ad libitum during lactation. The level of vomitoxin (VT) did not have any detrimental effect on body weight change of the gilt during gestation and after farrowing. Ad libitum feed consumption of the gilts during lactation was not significantly different among treatments. Litter size and weight at birth and at weaning time was not affected by the level of VT intake during gestation. One hundred and four weanling piglets (56 males and 48 females) weighing approximately 7.0 kg each were included in an 8-wk feeding trial. Four dietary treatments, including the control diet (treatment 1), contained 73.2% CW and 22% crude protein, and treatments 2, 3 and 4 in which VCW replaced 1/3, 2/3 and 100% CW, respectively. A significant (P < 0.05) reduction in body weight gain in the 8-wk period was observed only when 100% of the cereal included in the diet was VCW. This effect was due to a significant reduction in feed consumption of the piglets. Thus, feed efficiency was not affected by the level of VT content of the diet. Key words: Vomitoxin, reproduction, weaners, wheat

EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT SOURCES OF DEOXYNIVALENOL (VOMITOXIN) FED TO SWINE

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 1149-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. FOSTER ◽  
H. L. TRENHOLM ◽  
D. W. FRIEND ◽  
K. E. HARTIN ◽  
B. K. THOMPSON
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Fusarium Mycotoxins ◽  
Field Corn ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Different Sources

Fifty-four barrows (27.5 ± 0.5 kg) were given ad libitum for 7 wk one of 18 diets prepared from field corn inoculated with different strains of Fusarium graminearum, naturally contaminated corn and wheat, pure deoxynivalenol (DON), and clean corn. The effect of 4.7 mg pure DON kg−1 feed was not significantly different from that of the control, whereas pigs on several diets at a similar DON level had significantly lower feed intake and weight gain values. There was no correlation between DON concentration in the diets, amount ingested and pig performance. Key words: Vomitoxin, deoxynivalenol, pigs, inoculated corn, Fusarium, mycotoxins

Responses of meat chickens offered 4-deoxynivalenol- and zearalenone-containing wheat, naturally infected with Fusarium graminearum

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 533 ◽  
Author(s):  
PF Mannion ◽  
BJ Blaney
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Primary Response ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Diet Treatment ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
And Control

The responses of meat chickens offered wheat naturally infected with F. rarninearum Schwabe (DONZEA wheat), a control wheat, a protein and trace nutrient concentrate (PTNC), and diets comprising a mixture of PTNC with either DON-ZEA or control wheat were examined over the period from 7 to 28 days of age. The six treatments were: (1) a choice of PTNC, DON-ZEA wheat and control wheat, (2) a choice of PTNC and DON-ZEA wheat, (3) a choice of PTNC and control wheat, (4) a choice of a PTNC and DON-ZEA wheat diet and a PTNC and control wheat diet, (5) a PTNC and DON-ZEA wheat diet, (6) a PTNC and control wheat diet. The DON-ZEA wheat and the DON-ZEA diet contained 19 and 12 mg 4-deoxynivalenol kg-', respectively, and 3 and 2.6 mg zearalenone kg-1, respectively. Each treatment was assigned to three groups of 10 chickens in a randomized block design. The primary response in chickens offered DON-ZEA wheat, either separately or in mixed diets, was a reluctance to eat the affected feed. This was most evident in treatment 1 when given a choice between DON-ZEA wheat (103 g wheat consumed bird -1) and control wheat (505 g wheat bird-1), and in treatment 4 when offered the DON-ZEA diet (326 g bird-1) and the control diet (821 g bird-1). The chickens showed less reluctance to eat the DON-ZEA wheat (396 g wheat bird-1) and the DON-ZEA diet (1073 g bird-1) when these were offered as the sole grain (treatment 2 ) or diet (treatment 5), respectively, although intakes were less than that of the control wheat (570 g wheat bird-') and of the control diet (1184 g bird-1) when these were offered as the sole grain or diet (treatments 3 and 6, respectively). It is concluded that diets based on wheat naturally infected with F. graminearurn may depress growth rate in meat chickens by reducing their feed consumption.

scholarly journals Effects of Lactobacillus reuteri and Streptomyces coelicolor on Growth Performance of Broiler Chickens

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1341
Author(s):  
Sarayu Bhogoju ◽  
Collins N. Khwatenge ◽  
Thyneice Taylor-Bowden ◽  
Gabriel Akerele ◽  
Boniface M. Kimathi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Lactobacillus Reuteri ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Streptomyces Coelicolor ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Probiotic Bacteria ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Wheat Middlings ◽  
Dietary Treatments

There are well documented complications associated with the continuous use of antibiotics in the poultry industry. Over the past few decades, probiotics have emerged as viable alternatives to antibiotics; however, most of these candidate probiotic microorganisms have not been fully evaluated for their effectiveness as potential probiotics for poultry. Recent evaluation of a metagenome of broiler chickens in our laboratory revealed a prevalence of Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) and Actinobacteria class of bacteria in their gastrointestinal tract. In this study Lactobacillus reuteri and Streptomyces coelicolor (S. coelicolor) were selected as probiotic bacteria, encapsulated, and added into broiler feed at a concentration of 100 mg/kg of feed. In an 8-week study, 240 one day-old chicks were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments. Three dietary treatments contained two probiotic bacteria in three different proportions (L. reuteri and S. coelicolor individually at 100 ppm, and mixture of L. reuteri and S. coelicolor at 50 ppm each). The fourth treatment had no probiotic bacteria and it functioned as the control diet. L. reuteri and S. coelicolor were added to the feed by using wheat middlings as a carrier at a concentration of 100 ppm (100 mg/kg). Chickens fed diets containing L. reuteri and S. coelicolor mixture showed 2% improvement in body weight gain, 7% decrease in feed consumption, and 6–7% decrease in feed conversion ratios. This research suggests that L. reuteri and S. coelicolor have the potential to constitute probiotics in chickens combined or separately, depending on the desired selection of performance index.

Near-infrared versus visual sorting of Fusarium-damaged kernels in winter wheat

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (6) ◽  
pp. 1087-1089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen N Wegulo ◽  
Floyd E Dowell
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Rater Reliability ◽  
Key Words Wheat

Fusarium head blight (scab) of wheat, caused by Fusarium graminearum, often results in shriveled and/or discolored kernels, which are referred to as Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK). FDK is a major grain grading factor and therefore is routinely determined for purposes of quality assurance. Measurement of FDK is usually done visually. Visual sorting can be laborious and is subject to inconsistencies resulting from variability in intra-rater repeatability and/or inter-rater reliability. The ability of a single-kernel near-infrared (SKNIR) system to detect FDK was evaluated by comparing FDK sorted by the system to FDK sorted visually. Visual sorting was strongly correlated with sorting by the SKNIR system (0.89 ≤ r ≤ 0.91); however, the SKNIR system had a wider range of FDK detection and was more consistent. Compared with the SKNIR system, visual raters overestimated FDK in samples with a low percentage of Fusarium-damaged grain and underestimated FDK in samples with a high percentage of Fusarium-damaged grain. Key words: Wheat, Fusarium head blight, Fusarium-damaged kernels, single-kernel near-infrared

Factors limiting the intake of feed by sheep. I. The significance of palatability, the capacity of the alimentary tract to handle digesta, and the supply of glucogenic substrate.

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 939 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Weston
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Polyvinyl Chloride ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Ad Libitum

Voluntary feed consumption (VFC) decreased when a quantity of the diet being consumed by the sheep was introduced into the rumen. On diets of lucerne hay, lucerne hay plus maize, wheaten hay, and wheaten straw, the decreases in VFC ranged from 90 to 110% of the quantity introduced intraruminally when this quantity varied from 20 to 60% of the VFC during control periods. When sheep consumed wheaten straw ad libitum, and a quantity of coarsely ground wheaten straw equal to 140% of the VFC during a control period was given intraruminally, VFC ceased and digesta accumulated in the rumen. VFC decreased when indigestible materials were introduced into the rumen. The voluntary consumption of lucerne hay decreased by 15% when sawdust was introduced into the rumen at a rate equivalent by weight to 17% of the VFC during a control period ; decreases of 7 and 9% were found when finely ground polyvinyl chloride was introduced at rates equivalent by weight to 25 and 50% respectively of VFC during control periods. The voluntary consumption of wheaten hay decreased by 16 and 19% when sawdust was introduced into the rumen at rates equivalent by weight to 25 and 18% respectively of VFC during control periods. Intraruminal infusions of acetic acid, propionic acid, or a mixture of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids providing 290–510 kcal of energy daily were accompanied by decreases in the voluntary consumption of lucerne hay and wheaten hay; the decreases ranged from 0.29 to 0.86 g dry matter per kcal of energy infused; similar decreases were obtained when propionic acid was infused into the abomasum of sheep given lucerne hay. The intake of lucerne hay was 9% higher when given alone than when supplemented with 6% propionic acid. The results are discussed in relation to factors limiting the intake of lucerne hay and wheaten hay.

NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF LOW GLUCOSINOLATE RAPESEED MEAL FOR SWINE

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. BELL
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Glucosinolate Content ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Ad Libitum

Five swine experiments were conducted to evaluate rapeseed meal (RSM) of low glucosinolate content (Brassica napus L. cv. Bronowski). Two experiments involved 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% substitution of either Bronowski meal or regular (B. campestris) meal for soybean meal or fishmeal used in the control diet. One experiment compared ad libitum-fed and partially restricted pigs. Another experiment involved digestibility studies, and the final one involved methionine and lysine supplementation. As the dietary levels of either Bronowski or regular RSM increased in the ration, protein digestion coefficients decreased from 79 and 80% to 76 and 78%, respectively, and energy coefficients decreased from 82% to 79 and 78%, respectively. The protein and energy digestibility coefficients for Bronowski RSM were estimated to be 68 and 59%; for regular RSM, 65 and 54%. With barley–wheat–RSM diets, pigs responded to 0.1% methionine, but not to lysine (P > 0.05). Pigs fed ad libitum consumed more Bronowski than regular RSM diet and performed as well as pigs fed soybean meal diets.

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