EFFECT OF COLD EXPOSURE ON MILK PRODUCTION AND ENERGY BALANCE IN THE LACTATING EWE

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. McBRIDE ◽  
R. J. CHRISTOPHERSON
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Lactational Performance ◽  
Daily Milk Production

The lactational performances of shorn ewes chronically exposed to a thermoneutral (21 ± 1 °C) or cold (0 ± 1 °C) environment were compared in two experiments. Heat production measured after 1, 21 and 41 days of cold exposure was increased by 20% (P < 0.05), 43% (P < 0.01) and 55% (P < 0.001), respectively, over thermoneutral control values. In both experiments, cold exposure increased milk fat concentration (P < 0.05). Milk protein and lactose concentrations were maintained in exp. 1 but tended to be increased in exp. 2 as a result of cold exposure. Milk obtained from the cold-exposed ewes was characterized by a relative decrease in short-chain fatty acid secretion (P < 0.01). Although milk composition was affected by cold stress, daily milk production was not significantly altered; as a consequence, total energy lost in the milk tended to be slightly higher for the cold-stressed ewes. The increased energy lost as heat and in the milk during cold exposure resulted in a net energy deficit throughout most of the experimental period. The present data suggest that the lactational performance of a ewe nursing a single lamb is not impaired by chronic exposure to an ambient temperature of 0 °C. Key words: Cold, milk production, milk composition, ewes, energy balance

scholarly journals Effect of omitting one or two milkings weekly on lactational performance in dairy ewes

2006 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Hervás ◽  
Jorge L Ramella ◽  
Secundino López ◽  
Jesús S González ◽  
Ángel R Mantecón
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Dairy Sheep ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Lactational Performance ◽  
Daily Milk Production ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
Daily Milk

We investigated the effects of omitting one or two milkings weekly on milk yield and milk composition in dairy sheep. Ninety Spanish Assaf ewes were allocated to three experimental treatments: T0 (no milking omission; 14 milkings/week), T1 (omission of one evening milking per week; 13 milkings/week) and T2 (omission of two evening milkings per week; 12 milkings/week). The experiment was extended for 11 weeks, from week 7 after lambing to week 17 of lactation. Once a week, daily milk production was recorded just before and after the omission. Milk quality and composition was analysed in lactation weeks 9, 13 and 16. Omission of one or two evening milkings each week resulted in an increase in milk production recorded the day immediately after the omission (27% for T1 and 16% for T2), which can be attributed to accumulation of milk in the udder cisterns. This increase did not compensate completely for the loss of yield in the omitted milking. The lack of significant differences among the three milking strategies in milk production (on average 1903, 2062 and 1833 ml/d for T0, T1 and T2, respectively) recorded before omission throughout the trial, would indicate the absence of residual effects of the omission on production in subsequent weeks. Treatment T2 resulted in a loss of milk production of approximately 39% during those days when milkings were omitted, representing a decrease of approximately 10% of the estimated weekly milk production. In relation to milk composition, milking omission led to significant increases in the fat and protein concentrations of the milk collected after the omission, whereas differences were not significant for the milk obtained before the omission. Despite the slight increase observed in treatment T2 after the milking omission, the somatic cell count was always far below that considered as indicative of possible pathologies. In conclusion, at least one evening milking could be omitted each week in high-producing dairy sheep without adversely affecting milk yield and milk composition.

scholarly journals Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products on the lactational performance of mid-lactation dairy cows1

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Acharya ◽  
J. P. Pretz ◽  
I. Yoon ◽  
M. F. Scott ◽  
D. P. Casper
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
Dried Distillers Grains ◽  
Lactational Performance

Abstract This study was to evaluate 1 current and 2 newly developed Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products (SCFP, Diamond V Original XPC and 2 test products) on the production efficiency of mid-lactation dairy cows. Eighty mid-lactation (164.5 ± 67.5 d in milk: DIM) Holstein cows (56 multiparous and 24 primiparous) were blocked by parity, DIM, and milk production, and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments. Treatments consisted of: 1) Control (CON): corn silage and haylage based ration; 2) XPC: CON ration with Original XPC added at 14 g/d; 3) Product 1 (P1): CON ration with Product 1 added at 5 g/d; and 4) Product 2 (P2): CON ration with Product 2 added at 19 g/d. Treatments were blended with dried distillers grains and then mixed into a total mixed ration at 454 g/d. The first 14 d of the study (d–14 to 0) was for training cows to use the Calan door feeding system and cows were fed the CON ration during this period followed by an 8 wk continuous experimental period. Dry matter intakes were similar (P &gt; 0.10) when cows were fed all treatments (25.7, 26.1, 25.1, and 26.2 kg/d for CON, XPC, P1, and P2, respectively). Milk production (33.3, 34.4, 35.5, and 36.8 kg/d) was improved (P &lt; 0.05) for cows fed P2 compared to cows fed CON, with cows fed other treatments being intermediate and similar (P &gt; 0.10). Feed efficiency (milk yield/dry matter intake) was improved (P &lt; 0.05) for cows fed P1 and P2, compared to cows fed CON and XPC (1.30, 1.34, 1.49 and 1.41 kg/kg). Milk fat content was reduced (P &lt; 0.05) for cows fed P2 (4.17, 3.93, 4.08, and 3.85%) compared to cows fed CON, with cows fed other treatments being intermediate (P &gt; 0.10). Milk protein and lactose percentages were similar (P &gt; 0.10) among treatments. Cows fed P2 had reduced (P &lt; 0.05) molar proportion of ruminal acetate (63.8, 64.0, 63.1, and 62.3%) and greater (P &lt; 0.05) propionate (18.9, 19.3, 19.7, and 20.6%) than cows fed other treatments. Supplementing a dairy ration with SCFP, such as P2, can improve milk production and feed efficiency of mid-lactation cows.

scholarly journals The dynamic of the ruminal content pH change and its relationship to milk composition

2018 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-126
Author(s):  
Ondrej Hanušovský ◽  
Daniel Bíro ◽  
Milan Šimko ◽  
Branislav Gálik ◽  
Miroslav Juráček ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Continuous Monitoring ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Production Test ◽  
Ph Change ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Daily Milk Production ◽  
Daily Milk

The main goal of this study was to evaluate the health condition of dairy cows in relationship to milk production and milk composition using continuous monitoring boluses. In total, seven Holstein cows had boluses implemented for monitoring rumen pH and temperature every 15 min with an accuracy of ± 0.1 pH/ °C. Milk production test day records were noted by Breeding Services of Slovakia, s.e. (state-owned enterprise) 5 × per each cow with a bolus over 27 weeks of lactation. Dairy cows were divided into three groups according to their mean daily pH. After that, the test day records with the selected group were paired. Only two cows had pH values within the normal pH intervals during the control days. Consequently, there was found to be a 6.8% (P < 0.05) decrease in daily milk production in cows with lowered pH compared to cows with normal pH. Furthermore, there was found to be a 14.08% (P < 0.05) decrease in daily milk production in cows with an increased pH compared to cows with normal pH. Narrower fat to protein ratio and lactose content was found in cows with decreased and increased ruminal pH. The lowest milk fat concentration (P < 0.05) but the highest somatic cell count and urea content were determined in cows with decreased pH. These results show that continuous monitoring of rumen environment is a suitable method for nutrition and health management in dairy herds and allows the nutritionist to make nutritional interventions for pH stabilization within normal range in order to keep good milk production and high milk quality.

Milk production responses of primiparous and multiparous dairy cows to dose of conjugated linoleic acid consumed in rumen inert form

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
M A Sippel ◽  
R S Spratt ◽  
J P Cant
Keyword(s):  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Latin Squares ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
Fat Yield

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has the potential to be used as a dietary means of manipulating milk fat production of dairy cows to meet specified short-term targets, as in a supply-managed industry. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the dose-response to calcium salts of CLA fed as a top-dress on a corn- and alfalfa-based TMR. In two 5 × 5 Latin squares of 28-d periods, five primiparous and five multiparous cows were fed 0, 22, 45, 67 or 178 g d-1 CLA (29% trans-10, cis-12) as a calcium salt. Results from one multiparous cow on the 178 g d-1 treatment were removed from statistical analysis because milk production fell to 1.2 kg d-1 by the end of the period. On average, milk, lactose and protein yields increased at the lower doses of CLA and decreased to control levels at the highest dose. Milk fat yield declined progressively from 876 to 770, 689, 676 and 543 g d-1 on the five doses. Net energy balance of cows increased linearly from -1.5 Mcal d-1 on the control to 2.0 Mcal d-1 at 178 g d-1 CLA. The percentage depression in milk fat yield at different doses of trans-10, cis-12 CLA was described by the equation y = 54/(1 + 22.8/dose). Comparison with published literature suggested that feeding calcium salts of CLA was 30% as effective in depressing milk fat production as an abomasal infusion, due to rumen biohydrogenation and intestinal indigestibility.Key words: Milk composition, cattle, diet

scholarly journals Effect of postruminal glucose or protein supplementation on milk yield and composition in Friesian cows in early lactation and negative energy balance

1977 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
D. A. Grubb ◽  
R. N. B. Kay
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Friesian Cows

1. Two experiments were carried out with lactating Friesian cows with a potential for high milk production. Within 3 d after calving they were fitted with a catheter to allow infusions to be given into the abomasum. During each experiment the milk yields and intake of the cows were such that they were calculated to be in negative energy balance.2. In the first experiment three cows were infused daily with 10 l, the infusate being water, a suspension providing 300 g casein, or a solution providing 300 g glucose. The cows were offered a diet of barley straw, rolled barley and ureaad lib.during the first 60 d, after which they were fed to a calculated yield of 7 kg fat-corrected milk (FCM) less than their previous yield to ensure a negative energy balance. Infusion of casein increased yield by up to 3 kg FCM in comparison with glucose or water infusion. It also increased the concentration of crude protein in milk by approximately 13%. There was no consistent effect on milk fat concentration.3. In the second experiment four cows were used in a trial of Latin-Square design. The basal ration was sufficient for a yield of 10 kg FCM/d. Four levels of casein and glucose infused into the abomasum daily were (g) 0, 750; 250, 500; 500, 250; 750, 0. The yields of FCM (kg/d) were 18.9, 22.7, 25.2 and 26.1, the concentration of protein (g/kg) was 25.2, 28.4, 29.6 and 31.5 and the concentration of milk fat (g/kg) was 48.2, 49.8, 51.0 and 54.8 for the four treatments respectively. In each instance the increases in values obtained with increasing level of casein infusion were significant. Infusion of casein was calculated to increase the extent of net energy deficit from 20.5 to 41.0 MJ/d. The possible protein limitations for cows in negative energy balance were discussed.

The Effect of Concentrate Type and Supplementary Lactic Acid or Soya-Oil on Milk Production in Dairy Cows Offered Restricted or Extensively Fermented Grass Silages

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 38-38
Author(s):  
J G Doherty ◽  
C S Mayne
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Single Strain ◽  
High Fibre ◽  
Soyabean Meal ◽  
High Starch ◽  
Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids

Several studies have shown increased silage dry-matter intake (SDMI) and improved milk fat concentrations in dairy cows offered restricted fermented grass silages compared to more extensively fermented silages. A recent study suggested that differences in silage intakeper serather than an alteration in rumen fermentation may be responsible for the changes in milk composition observed in the previous studies (Doherty and Mayne, 1993). The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of changes in concentrate composition on milk production parameters in dairy cows offered grass silages of contrasting fermentation type.Two direct cut grass silages were prepared using either an inoculant, containing a single strain ofLactobacillus plantarum, (Ecosyl, 3 1/t fresh weight, Zeneca Products Ltd) or a mixture of aliphatic carboxylic acids (Maxgrass, 6 1/t fresh weight, BP Chemicals Ltd). Two concentrates (high starch or high fibre) were formulated containing either: barley, 300; wheat, 355; and soyabean-meal, 270 g/kg (high starch) or unmolassed sugar-beet pulp, 555; citrus pulp, 100; and soyabean-meal, 270 g/kg (high fibre).

Effect of feeding hay vs. silages of various types to dairy cows on feed intake, milk composition and coagulation properties

2020 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 334-340
Author(s):  
Elisa Manzocchi ◽  
Werner Hengartner ◽  
Michael Kreuzer ◽  
Katrin Giller
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Processing Technology ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Rennet Coagulation

AbstractThis research paper addresses the hypotheses (1) that milk produced from hay-fed cows differs from that of silage-fed cows and (2) that silage type has an important impact, too. Four diets differing in forage type but with equal estimated milk production potential and a forage:concentrate ratio of 0.85 : 0.15 were compared regarding their effect on feed intake, milk yield and milk properties. The forages tested were hay, grass silage, conventional short-chopped and long-chopped maize silage subjected to a novel processing technology (Shredlage®). Twenty-four dairy cows were fed two of the four diets in two consecutive runs in an incomplete (4 × 2) Latin-square design (n = 12 per diet). Each experimental period lasted 22 d, with 12 d of adaptation and 10 d of sampling. During sampling, feed intake and milk yield were recorded daily, milk composition and coagulation properties were determined four times. The composition of the diet ingredients was analysed weekly. Data were analysed with a mixed model considering feed, period and their interaction as fixed effects. Stage of lactation, milk yield and milk composition from the pre-experimental period were used as covariates in the model. Dry matter intake was lower with the long-chopped processed maize silage compared to the other three groups. There were some diet differences in intakes of net energy for lactation and absorbable protein in the duodenum, but this did not result in changes in milk yield. The milk fat content was higher with the grassland-based diets compared to the maize silage diets. No treatment effect on milk acidity and rennet coagulation properties was observed. In conclusion, there were no indications for specific physico-chemical properties of milk from a hay-based diet, and maize processing technology was not of large effect either. Future investigations should focus on sensory differentiation of the milk produced with different forages.

Effect of timing of protein supplementation on the performance of lactating dairy cows

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 337
Author(s):  
B. C. Granzin
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows ◽  
And Control ◽  
Friesian Cows

Two experiments were undertaken to determine the effect of timing of protein supplementation on performance of grazing, lactating Holstein–Friesian cows fed maize silage and grain-based concentrate. In experiment 1, 36 cows were fed 0.8 kg DM/day of solvent-extracted cottonseed meal (CSM) either as 1 meal at 1200 hours with maize silage (CSM 1200) or at 1530 hours with concentrate (CSM 1530), or in 2 meals at 0600 and 1530 hours with concentrate (CSM 600 + 1530). In experiment 2, 36 cows were either fed no CSM (control) or fed 1.0 kg DM/day as either CSM 1200 or CSM 600 + 1530. In experiment 1, daily yields of 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM) and milk fat for CSM 600 + 1530 were significantly higher than for CSM 1530 with respective means of 22.8 v. 20.7 L and 895 v. 804 g. Daily yields of FCM and milk fat for CSM 1200 were intermediate (21.7 L and 841 g/cow, respectively). A similar trend for daily protein yield per cow was noted (712, 695 and 666 g for CSM 600 + 1530, 1200 and 1530, respectively). In experiment 2, milk yield differed numerically between CSM 600 + 1530 and other treatments, with means (± s.e.d.) of 24.7 ± 0.78, 22.9 ± 0.78 and 22.9 ± 0.78 L/cow.day for CSM 600 + 1530, CSM 1200 and control, respectively. Mean (± s.e.d.) net energy requirements for milk production and liveweight change tended to be lower for the control (68 ± 3.6 MJ/cow.day) as opposed to CSM 600 + 1530 (79 ± 3.6 MJ/cow.day) and CSM 1200 (76 ± 3.6 MJ/cow.day). Cumulative time where rumen degradable nitrogen:rumen degradable dry matter was less than 22 g/kg were 2, 2 and 3 h for CSM 600 + 1530, CSM 1200 and CSM 1530, respectively, in experiment 1, and 6, 4 and 2 h for the control, 1200 and CSM 600 + 1530, respectively, in experiment 2. No differences in rumen ammonia-N concentrations were noted between treatments in experiment 1. In experiment 2, a significantly lower mean (± s.e.d.) rumen ammonia-N concentration was recorded for the control at 1530 hours (62 ± 14.1 mg/dL) in comparison to CSM 600 + 1530 (114 ± 14.1 mg/dL) and CSM 1200 (119 ± 14.1 mg/dL). These experiments show that for grazing dairy cows supplemented with maize silage and grain-based concentrate, feeding a daily aliquot of CSM as 2 meals at 0600 and 1530 hours rather than 1 meal at 1200 or 1530 hours improves milk production.

scholarly journals Effect of Milk Intake, Its Composition, and Fatty Acid Profile Distribution on Live Weight of Suckling Wallachian Lambs until Their Weaning

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Ptáček ◽  
Michal Milerski ◽  
Luděk Stádník ◽  
Jaromír Ducháček ◽  
Vladimír Tančin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Vaccenic Acid ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Profile Distribution ◽  
Production Increase ◽  
Daily Milk Production ◽  
Trans Vaccenic Acid

This study determined effects of milk production, milk components, or fatty acids (FA) profile on live weight of suckling lambs till their weaning. Live weight (LW, kg) of 42 purebred Wallachian lambs (from 33 ewes) was recorded during four control days with approximately 30-day intervals during rearing. At the same time, their mothers were examined for milk production (kg), milk fat (g), proteins (g), lactose (g), and fatty acids (%) contents. Results investigated using linear regression analysis showed 5.93 kg (p < 0.05) increase of lambs LW corresponded with 1 kg of ewe’s daily milk production increase during the observed period. Similarly, significant 0.13 kg or 0.11 kg increases of lambs live weight corresponded with 1 g increase of milk protein or milk lactose at this time. Milk with higher prevalence of trans-palmitoleic acid, trans-vaccenic acid, cis-vaccenic acid, linolelaidic acid, linoleic acid, or conjugated linolenic acid (CLA) significantly improved lambs LW. Moreover, significantly positive Pearson partial correlation between LW and trans-vaccenic acid (r = 0.305) or CLA (r = 0.347) indicated on genetic correlation between these traits. Therefore, milk (natural or artificially supplied) with higher distribution of these specified FAs could improve lambs’ LW.

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