NITROGEN KINETICS IN THE LARGE INTESTINE OF SHEEP GIVEN BROMEGRASS PELLETS

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. DIXON ◽  
L. P. MILLIGAN
Keyword(s):  
Large Intestine ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Direct Transfer ◽  
Irreversible Loss ◽  
Pool Model ◽  
Colon And Rectum ◽  
N Metabolism ◽  
Descending Colon ◽  
Microbial N

Six sheep fed 606 g of pelleted bromegrass (Bromus inermis) hay per day were used in acute experiments to study nitrogen (N) metabolism. With three sheep (15NH4)2SO4 was infused into the caecum and with another three sheep a mixture of 14C- and 15N-urea was infused into the blood. Samples were obtained before infusions commenced and on tracer plateau before slaughter for determination of blood urea N and rumen ammonia N concentrations, enrichments and specific radioactivities. Digesta were also obtained at slaughter from the rumen, abomasum, ileum and five segments of the large intestine for determination of concentrations and enrichments of ammonia N, microbial N and nonurea nonammonia N (NU-NAN). Urine was obtained from the bladder at slaughter. Flows of N calculated from these data were represented by an eight-pool model. There was negligible transfer of endogenous urea into the caecum and proximal colon either via ileal digesta or by direct transfer across the gut wall. Approximately 9% of caecal ammonia N was derived from blood urea. Approximately 0.61 g endogenous non-urea N/day was secreted into the caecum and proximal colon. Proteolysis and deamination produced 1.21 g ammonia N/day in the caecum and proximal colon. Absorption of ammonia from the caecum and proximal colon was 0.80 g N/day, while at least 0.80 g ammonia N was absorbed from the spiral colon descending colon and rectum. Ammonia N (0.40 g N/day) was incorporated into microbial N in the caecum. Microbial N constituted 49% of the NU-NAN in digesta flowing from the caecum; some 72% of this microbial N was excreted in the faeces. The rate of irreversible loss of the blood urea pool measured with 14C-urea (6.52 ± 0.76 g N/day) was greater (P < 0.05) than that measured with 15N-urea (5.20 ± 0.32 g N/day). Caecal ammonia contributed 10% of the N entering the blood urea pool and 2% of that entering the rumen ammonia pool. Key words: Sheep, large intestine, nitrogen kinetics, models

scholarly journals Studies of the large intestine of sheep

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 757-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Dixon ◽  
J. V. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Irreversible Loss ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Pool Model ◽  
Colon And Rectum ◽  
Microbial N

1. A study was made of nitrogen kinetics in the large intestine of sheep given 800 g chopped lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay/d. Four sheepwere continuously infused with (15NH4)2SO4 into the caecum and three other sheep were infused intravenously with [15N]urea. A digesta marker, 51Cr complexed with EDTA (51Cr-EDTA), was infused into the rumen of each sheep to allow estimation of the rates of flow of digesta constituents. Infusions were continued until tracer concentrations reached plateaux in digesta and blood pools, after which the sheep were anaesthetized and slaughtered.2. Pre-infusion samples and samples on plateau were obtained before slaughter for subsequent analysis to give plasma urea and rumen ammonia-N concentration and enrichment. At slaughter, digesta were obtained from the ileum and segments of the large intestine. These were analysed for 51Cr-EDTA content and concentration and enrichment of ammonia-N, microbial N and non-urea non-ammonia-N (NU-NAN).3. N flows in segments of the large intestine were calculated and represented in a quantitative eight-pool model.4. Transfer of plasma urea across the wall of the caecum and proximal colon was negligible but there was an input of 0·8 g endogenous NU-NAN/d.5. Flow of urea plus ammonia-N in digesta from the ileum into the caecum contributed 1·0 g N/d to the caecal ammonia pool.6. Proteolysis and deamination produced a further 3·0 g ammonia-N/d in the caecum and proximal colon.7. The net absorption of N between the ileum and the rectum was 2·8 g N/d but 3·0 g ammonia-N/d was absorbed from the caecum and proximal colon and, in addition, at least 0·9 g ammonia-N/d from the distal colon and rectum.8. Ammonia-N was incorporated into caecal microbes (0·6 g N/d) and approximately 57% of the NU-NAN in caecal digesta was microbial N. The majority of the microbial N flowing from the caecum was excreted in faeces.9. The rate of irreversible loss of urea-N from plasma, measured by intravenous infusion of [15N]urea, was 13·6 g/d. On average 83 (SE 6·8)% of the 15NH3 apparently absorbed from the caecum was incorporated into plasma urea; caecal ammonia contributed 9–19% of the N in plasma urea and 0·2–3·1% of the N in rumen ammonia.

A Radiographic Study of the Gastrointestinal-Tract of Potorous-Tridactylus, With a Suggestion as to the Role of the Foregut and Hindgut in Potoroine Marsupials

1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 463 ◽  
Author(s):  
PB Frappell ◽  
RW Rose
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Contrast Medium ◽  
Barium Sulphate ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Radiographic Study ◽  
Colon And Rectum ◽  
Descending Colon ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
Potorous Tridactylus

The gastric distribution of barium sulphate and its subsequent intestinal passage were examined by radiography in Potorous tridactylus. Barium sulphate administered in association with solid food passed to the sacciform forestomach from the tubiform forestomach. However, ingested barium sulphate suspension mainly entered the hindstomach via the gastric sulcus. Barium sulphate which entered the sacciform forestomach remained for no more than 1 h before passing to the hindstomach via the tubiform forestomach. The passage of contrast medium through the intestine was followed in adults administered barium sulphate suspension only. Contrast medium which entered the hindstomach was not detectable there after 10 min. Barium sulphate first arrived at the caecum and proximal colon after 20 min, and by 45 min the majority had reached these organs. It persisted in the caecum and proximal colon for several hours, during which there was some movement into the descending colon and rectum. These results lead towards a new interpretation of the role of the potoroine foregut and hindgut.

scholarly journals Colonization of Cattle Intestines by Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter lanienae

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 5145-5153 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Douglas Inglis ◽  
Lisa D. Kalischuk ◽  
Hilma W. Busz ◽  
John P. Kastelic
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Initial Study ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Ascending Colon ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Real Time Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Colon And Rectum ◽  
Descending Colon

ABSTRACT The location and abundance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter lanienae in the intestines of beef cattle were investigated using real-time quantitative PCR in two studies. In an initial study, digesta and tissue samples were obtained along the digestive tract of two beef steers known to shed C. jejuni and C. lanienae (steers A and B). At the time of slaughter, steer B weighed 540 kg, compared to 600 kg for steer A, yet the intestine of steer B (40.5 m) was 36% longer than the intestine of steer A (26.1 m). In total, 323 digesta samples (20-cm intervals) and 998 tissue samples (3.3- to 6.7-cm intervals) were processed. Campylobacter DNA was detected in the digesta and in association with tissues throughout the small and large intestines of both animals. Although C. jejuni and C. lanienae DNA were detected in both animals, only steer A contained substantial quantities of C. jejuni DNA. In both digesta and tissues of steer A, C. jejuni was present in the duodenum and jejunum. Considerable quantities of C. jejuni DNA also were observed in the digesta obtained from the cecum and ascending colon, but minimal DNA was associated with tissues of these regions. In contrast, steer B contained substantial quantities of C. lanienae DNA, and DNA of this bacterium was limited to the large intestine (i.e., the cecum, proximal ascending colon, descending colon, and rectum); the majority of tissue-associated C. lanienae DNA was present in the cecum, descending colon, and rectum. In a second study, the location and abundance of C. jejuni and C. lanienae DNA were confirmed in the intestines of 20 arbitrarily selected beef cattle. DNA of C. jejuni and C. lanienae were detected in the digesta of 57% and 95% of the animals, respectively. C. jejuni associated with intestinal tissues was most abundant in the duodenum, ileum, and rectum. However, one animal contributed disproportionately to the abundance of C. jejuni DNA in the ileum and rectum. C. lanienae was most abundant in the large intestine, and the highest density of DNA of this bacterium was found in the cecum. Therefore, C. jejuni colonized the proximal small intestine of asymptomatic beef cattle, whereas C. lanienae primarily resided in the cecum, descending colon, and rectum. This information could be instrumental in developing efficacious strategies to manage the release of these bacteria from the gastrointestinal tracts of cattle.

scholarly journals Giant Symptomatic Rectal Mucocele following Subtotal Colectomy

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-146
Author(s):  
Romano Schneider ◽  
Marko Kraljević ◽  
Markus von Flüe ◽  
Ida Füglistaler
Keyword(s):  
Subtotal Colectomy ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Anal Stenosis ◽  
Total Proctocolectomy ◽  
Pathology Report ◽  
Mucus Production ◽  
Hartmann Procedure ◽  
Endoscopic Control ◽  
Colon And Rectum ◽  
Descending Colon

Introduction: Rectal mucoceles rarely occur and only a few cases are described in the literature. They usually appear after subtotal colectomy or Hartmann procedure originating from persisting rectal mucus production and simultaneous stenosis of the anal canal. Case Presentation: A 74-year-old female patient presented with the feeling of an abdominal growing mass. Complex medical history included a subtotal colectomy with an end ileostomy and a mucous fistula at the descending colon due to Crohn disease at the age of 16 years. MRI showed a massive dilatation of the remaining colon and the rectum. Endoscopy failed due to complete anal stenosis and stenosis of the descending colon at the stoma site. A total proctocolectomy was performed. The pathology report showed a dilated rectum and sigma with large amounts of partly calcified mucus. There was no evidence of dysplasia, malignancy, or Crohn manifestation in the completely obliterated proximal colon and the anus. Conclusion: Our case report underlines the importance of active endoscopic surveillance of the remaining colon and rectum in patients with diverting stomas and inflammatory bowel disease in order to detect stenosis. If endoscopic control is not possible due to obliteration, surgical therapy must be discussed due to the risk of developing cancer.

Distribution of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript-like immunoreactive (CART-LI) nerve structures in the porcine large intestine

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Slawomir Gonkowski ◽  
Piotr Burliński ◽  
Cezary Skobowiat ◽  
Mariusz Majewski ◽  
Marcin Arciszewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Transverse Colon ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Circular Muscle Layer ◽  
Mucosal Layer ◽  
Colon And Rectum

The aim of the present study was to investigate the number of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript-like immunoreactive (CART-LI) nerve structures in the large intestine of juvenile pigs. The distribution pattern of CART-LI structures was studied by immunohistochemistry in the circular muscle layer, myenteric (MP), outer submucous (OSP) and inner submucous plexus (ISP) as well as in the mucosal layer of six regions of the large bowel: caecum, centripetal and centrifugal turns of the proximal colon, transverse colon, descending colon and rectum. CART-LI neural structures were observed in all gut fragments studied. CART-LI nerve fibres were numerous within the circular muscle layer and in the MP of all the regions studied, while they were moderate or few in number in other layers of the intestinal wall. The numbers of CART-LI neurons within the MP amounted to 2.02% in the caecum to 7.92% in the rectum, within the OSP from 2.73% in the centrifugal turns of the proximal colon to 5.70% in the rectum, and within the ISP from 2.23% in the transverse colon to 5.32% in the centrifugal turns of the proximal colon. The present study reports for the first time a detailed description of the CART distribution pattern within the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the porcine large intestine.

scholarly journals H.p.l.c. of oligo(sialic acids). Application to the determination of the minimal chain length serving as exogenous acceptor in the enzymic synthesis of colominic acid

1991 ◽  
Vol 280 (3) ◽  
pp. 575-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
M A Ferrero ◽  
J M Luengo ◽  
A Reglero
Keyword(s):  
Chain Length ◽  
Complete Separation ◽  
Sialic Acids ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Direct Transfer ◽  
Maximal Rate ◽  
Colominic Acid ◽  
Membrane Bound

A rapid, sensitive and easy h.p.l.c. method was developed for the quantitative analysis of oligosialic acids. This procedure which permits the complete separation (in 23 min) of several sialyloligomers with a degree of polymerization of between 1 and 16, has been employed to establish the minimal chain length of oligomer accepted, as an exogenous acceptor, by Escherichia coli K-235 sialytransferase complex (ST) leading to the synthesis in vitro of colominic acid. We showed that this membrane-bound enzyme catalyses the direct transfer of Neu5Ac residues (one by one) from CMP-Neu5Ac to an exogenous acceptor molecule which contains at least three Neu5Ac residues. Free Neu5Ac or (Neu5Ac)2 were not recognized as substrates, whereas the maximal rate of polymer elongation was achieved when (Neu5Ac)5 was used as substrate.

Interpretation of the faecal excretion patterns of solute and particle markers introduced into the rumen of sheep

1983 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 575-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Faichney ◽  
R. C. Boston
Keyword(s):  
Time Delay ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Delay Model ◽  
Faecal Excretion ◽  
Transit Times ◽  
Pool Model ◽  
Computer Simulation Program ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
Kinetics Of

SUMMARYA two-pool + time delay model was used to analyse ideal marker concentration patterns generated, using an interactive computer simulation program, from data for the mean retention times of [51Cr]EDTA and [103Ru]phen in the reticulo-rumen, abomasum and caecum-proximal colon and the transit times of these markers through the omasum, small intestine and distal large intestine of sheep. Although providing a reasonably close fit to the generated data, the fitted curves showed small but systematic deviations, indicating that the model does not consistently characterize the kinetics of the markers in the ruminant gastro-intestinal tract.When the components of the two-pool model were correctly identified, predicted rumen mean retention times (MRT) were within – 1 to + 13% of the observed values. However, identifying the component with the longer MRT as the rumen resulted in up to 2·6-fold overestimation (17·5 v. 6·77 h). The model underestimated the time delay and the overall MRT. It is suggested that the correct identification of the two components can be achieved by the simultaneous use of a solute-and a particulate-phase marker because, in ruminants, they do not behave independently in the caecumproximal colon.

Pyrosequencing-based analysis of the complex microbiota located in the gastrointestinal tracts of growing-finishing pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 870 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wang ◽  
Y. Han ◽  
J. Z. Zhao ◽  
Z. J. Zhou ◽  
H. Fan
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Phyla ◽  
Principal Coordinates ◽  
Colon And Rectum

The commensal gut microbial communities play an important role in the health and production efficiency of growing-finishing pigs. This study aimed to analyse the composition and diversity of the microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract sections (stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, colon and rectum) of growing-finishing pigs. This analysis was assessed using 454 pyrosequencing targeting the V3–V6 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Samples were collected from 20, healthy pigs aged 24 weeks and weighing 115.9 ± 5.4 kg. The dominant bacterial phyla in the various gastrointestinal tract sections were Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. At the genus level, Prevotella, unclassified Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcus, unclassified Ruminococcaceae and Oscillospira were more abundant in the large intestine than in the stomach and the small intestine. Unclassified Peptostreptococcaceae and Corynebacterium were more abundant in the small intestine than in the stomach and the large intestine. Shuttleworthia, unclassified Veillonellaceae and Mitsuokella were more abundant in the stomach than in the small and large intestines. At the species level, M. el.s.d.enii and M. multacida were predominant in the stomach. In addition, P. stercorea, P. copri, C. butyricum, R. flavefaciens and R. bromii were significantly more abundant in the large intestine than in the stomach and the small intestine. B. pseudolongum and B. thermacidophilum were significantly more abundant in the small intestine than in the stomach and the large intestine. Principal coordinates analysis showed that the overall composition of the pig gastrointestinal microbiota could be clustered into three groups: stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) and large intestine (caecum, colon and rectum). Venn diagrams illustrated the distribution of shared and specific operational taxonomic units among the various gastrointestinal tract sections.

Studies on the Nutrition of Macropodine Marsupials. 4. Digestion in the Stomach and the Intestine of Macropus Giganteus, Thylogale Thetis and Macropus Eugenii.

1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 767 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Dellow ◽  
ID Hume
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Tammar Wallaby ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Macropus Eugenii ◽  
Apparent Loss ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre

4. Digestion in the stomach, small intestine and large intestine of the red-necked pademelon (Thylogale thetis), the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) and the eastern grey kangaroo (M. giganteus) fed on chopped lucerne hay freely was estimated in a slaughter experiment by reference to chromic sesquioxide added to the diet. Concentrations of volatile fatty acids and ammonia, and pH, indicated that microbial activity in the forestomach and large intestine (caecum and proximal colon) was extensive. In all 3 species virtually all of the soluble carbohydrate, 17% of apparently digestible crude protein, 62 to 65% of apparently digestible organic matter and 82 to 85% of digestible acid-detergent fibre were digested in the forestomach. There was a progressive loss of dietary substrates along the length of the forestomach; readily fermentable carbohydrate was digested largely in the sacciform forestomach and cranial region of the tubiform forestomach, and the rate of apparent loss of organic matter decreased along the tubiform forestomach.

scholarly journals Intestinal epithelial regeneration: active versus reserve stem cells and plasticity mechanisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (4) ◽  
pp. G796-G802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soham Karmakar ◽  
Lu Deng ◽  
Xi C. He ◽  
Linheng Li
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Definitive Endoderm ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Developmental Systems ◽  
Epithelial Regeneration ◽  
Colon And Rectum ◽  
Food Absorption ◽  
Further Development

The gastrointestinal system is arguably one of the most complicated developmental systems in a multicellular organism, as it carries out at least four major functions: digestion of food, absorption of nutrients, excretion of hormones, and defense against pathogens. Anatomically, the fetal gut has a tubular structure with an outer layer of smooth muscle derived from lateral splanchnic mesoderm and an inner lining of epithelium derived from the definitive endoderm. During morphogenesis of the gut tube, the definitive endoderm transforms into a primitive gut tube with a foregut, midgut, and hindgut. During the course of further development, the midgut gives rise to the small and proximal large intestine and the hindgut gives rise to the distal large intestine and rectum. The small intestine is subdivided into three parts: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, whereas the large intestine is subdivided into the cecum, colon, and rectum.

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