Studies on the Nutrition of Macropodine Marsupials. 4. Digestion in the Stomach and the Intestine of Macropus Giganteus, Thylogale Thetis and Macropus Eugenii.

1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 767 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Dellow ◽  
ID Hume
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Tammar Wallaby ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Macropus Eugenii ◽  
Apparent Loss ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre

4. Digestion in the stomach, small intestine and large intestine of the red-necked pademelon (Thylogale thetis), the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) and the eastern grey kangaroo (M. giganteus) fed on chopped lucerne hay freely was estimated in a slaughter experiment by reference to chromic sesquioxide added to the diet. Concentrations of volatile fatty acids and ammonia, and pH, indicated that microbial activity in the forestomach and large intestine (caecum and proximal colon) was extensive. In all 3 species virtually all of the soluble carbohydrate, 17% of apparently digestible crude protein, 62 to 65% of apparently digestible organic matter and 82 to 85% of digestible acid-detergent fibre were digested in the forestomach. There was a progressive loss of dietary substrates along the length of the forestomach; readily fermentable carbohydrate was digested largely in the sacciform forestomach and cranial region of the tubiform forestomach, and the rate of apparent loss of organic matter decreased along the tubiform forestomach.

scholarly journals Studies of the large intestine of sheep

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Dixon ◽  
J. V. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Large Intestine ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Apparent Loss ◽  
Flow Through

1. Fermentation and absorption of constituents of digesta in segments of the large intestine of sheep given different diets were studied by analysis of gut contents obtained at slaughter after a period during which the sheep had been administered a non-absorbable gut marker.2. In sheep given chopped, dried lucerne (Medicago sativa) there was net absorption of water throughout the large intestine with concomitant increases in the proportion of dry matter (DM) And organic matter (OM). There was net disappearance of 62 g OM, 1·66 g non-urea non-ammonia-nitrogen (NU–NAN) and 0·6 g(urea + NH3)-N in the caecum and proximal colon. There was no significant change in OM and NU–NAN flow through the remainder of the large intestine but there was a net disappearance of 0·3 g NH3–N. There was also net appearance of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the caecum, most of which was apparently absorbed before the rectum.3. Metabolism in the caecum was also studied in sheep grazing fresh pasture or consuming one of three sugar cane-bagasse-based diets, or barley pellets. In the lucerne- and pasture-fed sheep there was a net disappearance of approximately 0·5 g NH3-N/d from the caecum, while in sheep fed on bagasse plus urea, 1·4 g NH3-N/d was apparently absorbed from this region. The addition of fish meal to this latter diet resulted in apparent disappearance of 5·3 g NH3-N/d from the caecum and proximal colon.4. There was apparent loss of NU–NAN from the caecum of sheep on all diets except the barley diet. With the latter diet there was a net gain of 1 g NU–NAN/d which was associated with relatively high VFA concentration and production; taken together these results indicate that microbial fermentation in the caecum was more extensive in the sheep fed on the barley diet than in those fed on the other diets.5. The proportions of individual VFA in digesta from the rumen and caecum of lucerne-fed and pasture-fed sheep and in digesta from the caecum of sheep given the bagasse-based or barley diets are also reported and discussed.6. In general the results indicate that the caecum and to a lesser extent the proximal colon were the major regions of fermentation and absorption of the components of the digesta in the large intestine.

Nutritional studies with sheep fed conserved ryegrass. 2. Silage supplemented with dried grass or barley

1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Wernli ◽  
R. J. Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Nutritional Studies

SummaryGrass silage (21.0 % D.M.) was given ad libitum to sheep together with supplements of rolled barley, dried-grass pellets or dried-grass wafers at 12 and 25 g organic matter (OM)/kg0·75.Intake of silage was greater with supplement at 12 g/kg0·75 but total intake of OM and digestible organic matter (DOM) increased with increasing supplement. Intake of OM was higher with the pellet supplement than with other supplements. Intake of DOM, however, did not differ between the pellet and barley treatments, but was lower with wafers.Concentrations of ammonia and total volatile fatty acids and the molar proportions of butyric and higher volatile fatty acids were higher when silage was supplemented with barley than with dried grass. Mean rumen retention times of silage and of supplement were highest in the barley-supplemented treatments. Dried-grass wafers were retained longer than dried-grass pellets. Supplement treatments did not differ significantly for eating and ruminating times, rumen fluid volume and pH, digestion rate in the rumen and nitrogen retention.At the low supplement rate silage consumption may have been controlled by factors associated directly with the silage, whereas at the high rate intake was limited either by physical factors or by the potential energy demand of the animals.

Effect of amount of rumen degradable protein on the utilization of wheat straw by Dohne Merino wethers

2003 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-326
Author(s):  
J. van E. Nolte ◽  
A.V. Ferreirat ◽  
H.H. Köster
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Microbial Efficiency ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
Degradable Protein

AbstractA 5 ✕ 5 Latin square was conducted with ruminally and duodenally cannulated Dohne Merino wethers consuming wheat straw to determine the effect of different rumen degradable protein (RDP) levels on forage intake, fermentation characteristics, nutrient flow and digestion. The wethers had ad libitum access to water and wheat straw (32 g crude protein (CP) per kg dry matter (DM); 742 g neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) per kg DM) that was offered twice daily, immediately after intraruminal infusion of the supplements at 07:00 and 19:00 h. The supplemental RDP (calcium caseinate; 900 g CP per kg DM) levels were: 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 g/day. Each period consisted of 14 days of adaptation and 6 days of sampling. Forage and total organic matter (OM) intakes increased in a linear manner (P < 0•01) with increasing supplemental RDP levels. Digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) displayed a quadratic increase with elevated amounts of RDP (P < 0•01). The effects of treatments on rumen and total tract digestion, as well as fluid dilution rate were minimal. Microbial nitrogen (MN) flow to the duodenum and microbial efficiency increased quadratically (P < 0•04) with increased RDP supplementation. Rumen ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) concentrations increased linearly (P < 0•01) and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) tended to increase linearly (P = 0•07). In conclusion, RDP supplementation to Dohne Merino wethers consuming wheat straw generally enhanced rumen fermentation and forage intake. A total RDP intake (sources: calcium caseinate and wheat straw) of 3•30 g/kg M0•75 or 0•12 of DOM maximized DOMI.

Studies on the Nutrition of Macropodine Marsupials. 1. Intake and Digestion of Lucerne Hay and Fresh Grass, Phalaris Aquatica.

1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 391 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Dellow ◽  
ID Hume
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Tammar Wallaby ◽  
The Other ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Phalaris Aquatica ◽  
Grey Kangaroo ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Diet Intake ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

Intake and digestion of chopped lucerne hay was studied in three macropodine species, eastern grey kangaroo Macropus giganteus. red-necked pademelon Thylogale thetis and tammar wallaby M. eugenii, and in sheep. The utilization of fresh Phalaris grass by the two wallaby species T. thetis and M. eugenii was also examined and compared. On the chopped lucerne hay diet, intake of organic matter (OM) was similar in sheep and M. giganteus, but sheep digested more (P<0.05) OM and thus consumed more (P<0.05) digestible energy (DE) than all three macropodine species. Among the macropodines. M. eugenii consumed the least (P<0.01) OM and DE but digested more (P<0.05) OM. However, acid detergent fibre (ADF) digestibility was similar in the three macropodine species and lower (P<0.05) than in sheep. On the fresh grass diet M. eugenii consumed less (P<0.05) OM and DE than T. thetis. ADF digestibility was similar in both species. Although ,M. eugenii consumed less nitrogen (N) than the other three species on the lucerne diet (P<0.01) and less N than T. thetis on the Phalaris diet (P<0.05), N balance was similar and positive in all species. Data from this and other published studies indicate that the maintenance requirements for energy and nitrogen of most macropodines are lower than for sheep, and appear to be lower in M, eugenii than in any other macropodine studied so far. It is also apparent that there are probably few real differences among the Macropodinae in efficiency of fibre digestion, at least on diets of adequate nitrogen and DE content.

Synthesis of microbial protein in the rumen. III.The effect of dietary protein

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 305 ◽  
Author(s):  
ID Hume
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Protein Free Diet ◽  
Different Levels

Protein production in the rumen of sheep fed on a virtually protein-free diet supplemented with urea and higher volatile fatty acids (VFA) and yielding 600 g digestible organic matter per day amounted to 90 g/day. When gelatin was substituted for the higher VFA and 50% of the urea nitrogen, microbial protein production remained at a similar level (91 g/day); with casein, production increased to 101 g/day, and with zein to 104 g/day. Nitrogen balances increased from 4.1 g/day in sheep fed on the casein diet to 5.5 g/day in those fed on the zein diet (P < 0.05). These values were both significantly higher than those for the urea/VFA or gelatin-containing diets, reflecting the different levels of microbial protein production on the respective diets. In addition, 44 g un-degraded zein left the rumen daily, accounting for the increase in nitrogen balance on this diet above that on the casein diet. Negligible amounts of nitrogen were recycled on the urea/VFA, gelatin, and casein treatments, but at least 7.5 g recycled nitrogen was utilized in the rumen daily on the zein diet. This is equivalent to 47 g protein, sufficient in itself to satisfy the maintenance requirement of the sheep for protein. The yields of protein from ruminal fermentation on the three protein treatments suggest that the maximum possible yield may exceed 20 g/100 g organic matter digested in the rumen.

The digestion of pasture plants by sheep. III. The digestion of forage oats varying in maturity and in the content of protein and soluble carbohydrate

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 347 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Hogan ◽  
RH Weston
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen

A comparison has been made of the composition, intake, and digestion of forage oats grown with and without the application of nitrogen fertilizer and harvested at three stages of maturity. The chemical composition of the forages showed the usual changes with maturity. Fertilizer application had little effect on the levels of cell wall constituents but, as expected, decreased the levels of soluble carbohydrate and increased those of total nitrogen, alcohol-soluble nitrogen, and nitrate. The digestibility of organic matter, cell wall constituents, and nitrogen declined with advancing maturity, all three parameters being little affected by the fertilizer treatment. Feed consumption declined only with the most mature diet and was not affected by the fertilizer treatment even though the high nitrogen (HN) diets supplied 4–5 g nitrate nitrogen per day and relatively small amounts of soluble carbohydrate. There was a loss of dietary nitrogen from the stomach with the HN diets and a gain with the low nitrogen (LN). The amount of nitrogen in the digesta leaving the stomach per unit intake of nitrogen increased with maturity. The quantities of protein leaving the stomach were too great to be accounted for as microbial protein, and hence appreciable quantities of plant protein must have passed through the stomach. The digestibility of crude protein in the intestines was not affected either by maturity of the forages or by fertilizer treatment. There was little effect of advancing maturity or fertilizer application on: (a) the extent of digestion of organic matter and the structural carbohydrates in the stomach relative to that occurring in the intestines; (b) the proportion of digestible organic matter derived from rumen volatile fatty acids and amino acids; � the potential value of the metabolizable energy from volatile fatty acids and amino acids to provide net energy for fattening; (d) most parameters associated with the movement of digesta through the stomach. Advancing maturity of the diets was associated with increased expenditure of time in chewing activities.

The digestion of pasture plants by sheep. IV*. The digestion of Phalaris tuberosa at different stages of maturity

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 925 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Hogan ◽  
RH Weston ◽  
JR Lindsay
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Time And Energy ◽  
Dietary Origin

A study was made of the composition, intake, and digestion of dried Phalaris tuberosa forage that had been harvested at three stages of maturity. Advancing maturity was associated with: (i) decreased food intake; (ii) increased expenditure of time and energy in chewing activities; (iii) decline in the rate of flow of digesta from the abomasum though not from the rumen; (iv) decline in digestibility in the whole tract of organic matter, nitrogen, and the structural carbohydrates; (v) decline in the digestion of fibre in the rumen relative to that occurring in the whole tract; (vi) decline in the quantities of volatile fatty acids and amino acids made available to the animal. By contrast only small differences attributable to maturity were observed in: (i) the distribution of digestion of organic matter between stomach and intestines; (ii) the digestibility of nitrogen other than ammonia in the intestines; (iii) the proportions of digestible organic matter derived from volatile fatty acids and amino acids; (iv) the proportions of individual amino acids in the digesta passing to the intestine. It was calculated that microbial piotcin contributed 33, 38, and 47% of the protein passing from the stomach to the intestincs with the diets of advancing maturity. Most of the remaining protein was presumably of dietary origin. About 80% of the crude protein in the digesta was present in the form of amino acids, and the quantities of amino acids released in the intestines were calculated to be equivalent to 64–66 g/100 g crude protein intake. With advancing maturity of the diets the plasma levels of the essential ammo acids except lysine, histidine, and arginine declined; there was little effect of diet on the plasma levels 01 non-essential amino acids. However, relative to total essential amino acids, the ratios of valine and leucine decreased with advancing maturity of the diet while those of lysine, histidine, glutamate, glycine, alanine, and serine increased. * Part 111, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 1969, 20, 347.

The utilization and excretion of sulphur in cattle fed on tropical roughages

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 1015 ◽  
Author(s):  
PM Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Decrease ◽  
Heteropogon Contortus ◽  
Total Sulphur ◽  
Stylosanthes Humilis ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Townsville Stylo

The effect of additions of sulphateh to the diet of cattle given tropical spear grass (Heteropogon contortus) and Townsville stylo (Stylosanthes humilis) was studied in three experiments. In one experiment there was a small increase in the digestibility of dry matter, but the intake of feed was not affected. The concentration of volatile fatty acids in ruminal liquor from cattle offered spear grass was increased by supplemental sulphate; there was a concurrent small decrease in the proportions of propionic and isovaleric acids. Excretion of faecal sulphur varied with the intakes of total sulphur, organic matter, and digestible organic matter, while urinary sulphur excretion varied with the sulphur and organic matter intakes. Excretion of organic sulphur and total sulphate in urine and faeces increased with sulphur intake. The ratio of nitrogen to sulphur in faeces declined when sulphate was given. The retention of nitrogen was correlated with sulphur retention. It was concluded that the intake and digestion of the hays were not limited by the intake of sulphur.

scholarly journals The relationship between rumen bacterial growth, intake of dry matter, digestible organic matter and volatile fatty acid production in buffalo (Bos bubalis) calves

1977 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. B. Singh ◽  
D. N. Verma ◽  
A. Varma ◽  
S. K. Ranjhan
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Turnover Time ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Production Rates ◽  
Bacterial Growth Rate ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter

1. The production rates of bacteria in the rumen of buffalo (Bos bubalis) calves were estimated using an isotope-dilution technique. A series of fifteen experiments was done with animals given green maize and nine experiments with animals given cowpea (Vigna unguiculata).2. The turnover time ranged from 205 to 567 min in the group given green maize and from 330 to 648 min in animals offered cowpea. The production rates of bacteria were (mean±SE; g/d) 145.77±7.240 and 237.09±11.847 in animals given green maize and cowpea respectively.3. There was a significant correlation between bacterial production rates and dry matter intake, digestible organic matter and total volatile fatty acids formed in the rumen.4. Regression equations obtained for the two foodstuffs were different suggesting that the bacterial growth rate may vary depending upon the quantity and quality of foodstuff digested and possibly the ratio nitrogen: energy of the foodstuff.

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