scholarly journals Studies of the large intestine of sheep

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 757-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Dixon ◽  
J. V. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Irreversible Loss ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Pool Model ◽  
Colon And Rectum ◽  
Microbial N

1. A study was made of nitrogen kinetics in the large intestine of sheep given 800 g chopped lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay/d. Four sheepwere continuously infused with (15NH4)2SO4 into the caecum and three other sheep were infused intravenously with [15N]urea. A digesta marker, 51Cr complexed with EDTA (51Cr-EDTA), was infused into the rumen of each sheep to allow estimation of the rates of flow of digesta constituents. Infusions were continued until tracer concentrations reached plateaux in digesta and blood pools, after which the sheep were anaesthetized and slaughtered.2. Pre-infusion samples and samples on plateau were obtained before slaughter for subsequent analysis to give plasma urea and rumen ammonia-N concentration and enrichment. At slaughter, digesta were obtained from the ileum and segments of the large intestine. These were analysed for 51Cr-EDTA content and concentration and enrichment of ammonia-N, microbial N and non-urea non-ammonia-N (NU-NAN).3. N flows in segments of the large intestine were calculated and represented in a quantitative eight-pool model.4. Transfer of plasma urea across the wall of the caecum and proximal colon was negligible but there was an input of 0·8 g endogenous NU-NAN/d.5. Flow of urea plus ammonia-N in digesta from the ileum into the caecum contributed 1·0 g N/d to the caecal ammonia pool.6. Proteolysis and deamination produced a further 3·0 g ammonia-N/d in the caecum and proximal colon.7. The net absorption of N between the ileum and the rectum was 2·8 g N/d but 3·0 g ammonia-N/d was absorbed from the caecum and proximal colon and, in addition, at least 0·9 g ammonia-N/d from the distal colon and rectum.8. Ammonia-N was incorporated into caecal microbes (0·6 g N/d) and approximately 57% of the NU-NAN in caecal digesta was microbial N. The majority of the microbial N flowing from the caecum was excreted in faeces.9. The rate of irreversible loss of urea-N from plasma, measured by intravenous infusion of [15N]urea, was 13·6 g/d. On average 83 (SE 6·8)% of the 15NH3 apparently absorbed from the caecum was incorporated into plasma urea; caecal ammonia contributed 9–19% of the N in plasma urea and 0·2–3·1% of the N in rumen ammonia.

NITROGEN KINETICS IN THE LARGE INTESTINE OF SHEEP GIVEN BROMEGRASS PELLETS

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. DIXON ◽  
L. P. MILLIGAN
Keyword(s):  
Large Intestine ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Direct Transfer ◽  
Irreversible Loss ◽  
Pool Model ◽  
Colon And Rectum ◽  
N Metabolism ◽  
Descending Colon ◽  
Microbial N

Six sheep fed 606 g of pelleted bromegrass (Bromus inermis) hay per day were used in acute experiments to study nitrogen (N) metabolism. With three sheep (15NH4)2SO4 was infused into the caecum and with another three sheep a mixture of 14C- and 15N-urea was infused into the blood. Samples were obtained before infusions commenced and on tracer plateau before slaughter for determination of blood urea N and rumen ammonia N concentrations, enrichments and specific radioactivities. Digesta were also obtained at slaughter from the rumen, abomasum, ileum and five segments of the large intestine for determination of concentrations and enrichments of ammonia N, microbial N and nonurea nonammonia N (NU-NAN). Urine was obtained from the bladder at slaughter. Flows of N calculated from these data were represented by an eight-pool model. There was negligible transfer of endogenous urea into the caecum and proximal colon either via ileal digesta or by direct transfer across the gut wall. Approximately 9% of caecal ammonia N was derived from blood urea. Approximately 0.61 g endogenous non-urea N/day was secreted into the caecum and proximal colon. Proteolysis and deamination produced 1.21 g ammonia N/day in the caecum and proximal colon. Absorption of ammonia from the caecum and proximal colon was 0.80 g N/day, while at least 0.80 g ammonia N was absorbed from the spiral colon descending colon and rectum. Ammonia N (0.40 g N/day) was incorporated into microbial N in the caecum. Microbial N constituted 49% of the NU-NAN in digesta flowing from the caecum; some 72% of this microbial N was excreted in the faeces. The rate of irreversible loss of the blood urea pool measured with 14C-urea (6.52 ± 0.76 g N/day) was greater (P < 0.05) than that measured with 15N-urea (5.20 ± 0.32 g N/day). Caecal ammonia contributed 10% of the N entering the blood urea pool and 2% of that entering the rumen ammonia pool. Key words: Sheep, large intestine, nitrogen kinetics, models

scholarly journals Diurnal variations in the concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the alimentary tracts of wild rabbits

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan J. Henning ◽  
F. J. R. Hird
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Excretion Pattern ◽  
Colon And Rectum ◽  
High Concentrations

1. Wild rabbits were caught during both phases of the excretory cycle and their gut contents were analysed for volatile fatty acids (VFA).2. All rabbits were found to have high concentrations of VFA in the caecum and in the proximal colon. Acetic was the most abundant acid followed by n-butyric, then propionic.3. VFA concentrations in the caecum and in the proximal colon of rabbits caught during the day and during the night were similar. Hard pellets from the distal colon and rectum of rabbits caught during the night had considerably less VFA than did the soft pellets from rabbits caught during the day.4. Owing to the ingestion of soft faeces, the VFA content of stomach material was greater in rabbits caught during the day than in those caught at night.5. The results are discussed in terms of the mechanism of the diurnal excretion pattern and the role of coprophagy in the rabbit.

scholarly journals Red meat consumption and risk of cancers of the proximal colon, distal colon and rectum: The Swedish Mammography Cohort

2004 ◽  
Vol 113 (5) ◽  
pp. 829-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanna C. Larsson ◽  
Joseph Rafter ◽  
Lars Holmberg ◽  
Leif Bergkvist ◽  
Alicja Wolk
Keyword(s):  
Meat Consumption ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Colon And Rectum

scholarly journals Nicotine Oral Administration Attenuates DSS-Induced Colitis Through Upregulation of Indole in the Distal Colon and Rectum in Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihito Nakajima ◽  
Tomoyoshi Shibuya ◽  
Takashi Sasaki ◽  
Yu Jie Lu ◽  
Dai Ishikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Nicotine Administration ◽  
Colon And Rectum

Nicotine affects the gastrointestinal environment and modulates ulcerative colitis (UC). However, the associations among nicotine, gut metabolites, and UC are still largely unknown. We investigated whether orally administered nicotine affected gut metabolites and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. C57BL/6 male mice were orally administered nicotine solution in drinking water prior to inducing DSS-induced colitis. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and indole in gut contents and fecal samples were measured by GC-MS and hydroxylamine-based indole assays, respectively. Oral administration of nicotine increased indole concentration in feces, but, in contrast, SCFA values did not differ with nicotine administration. Indole levels were increased in the distal colon and rectum but not in the cecum and proximal colon. DSS-induced colitis was less severe clinically and histological changes were minimal in the rectum of orally nicotine-administered mice compared to mice drinking only water. 16S rRNA microbiome on the feces revealed an increasing in Clostridium and Porphyromonas in nicotine-administered mice. In conclusion, nicotine administration was associated with increased indole levels in the distal colon and rectum and attenuated DSS-induced colitis. Oral administration of nicotine may play a potential role in indole upregulation and prevention of UC.

scholarly journals The effects of dietary sucrose and the concentrations of plasma urea and rumen ammonia on the degradation of urea in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Urea Concentration ◽  
Entry Rate ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Plasma Urea Concentration ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Microbial N

1. The rates of entry of urea into plasma, of urea degradation in the gastrointestinal tract, and the partition of that degradation between the rumen and post-ruminal tract were determined by use of [14C]urea and NaH14CO3 in Hereford steers receiving hay diets with or without sucrose. The concentrations of plasma urea and rumen ammonia were varied by infusions of urea into the rumen or abomasum.2. For all diets, plasma urea concentration was related to urea entry rate, to degradation of urea in the whole gastrointestinal tract, and to its degradation in the post-ruminal tract, but the relationship with its degradation in the rumen was poor.3. Degradation of urea in the rumen was related in a multiple regression in a curvilinear manner in three groups of diets (pasture-hay alone, pasture-hay–lucerne (Medicago sativa) mixtures, diets with sucrose), and negatively to rumen ammonia concentration for pasture-hay diets, and diets with sucrose.4. Ruminal clearance of urea (rate of urea degradation per plasma urea concentration) was negatively related to the rumen ammonia concentration for steers given diets with sucrose, of pasture-hay with or without urea infusions. Provision of sucrose in the diet significantly increased clearance.5. Enhanced urea degradation in the rumen associated with dietary sucrose supplements accounted for 0.4 of additional microbial N synthesis in the rumen.6. The partition of transfer of urea to the rumen via saliva and through the rumen wall is discussed.

Distribution of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript-like immunoreactive (CART-LI) nerve structures in the porcine large intestine

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Slawomir Gonkowski ◽  
Piotr Burliński ◽  
Cezary Skobowiat ◽  
Mariusz Majewski ◽  
Marcin Arciszewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Transverse Colon ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Circular Muscle Layer ◽  
Mucosal Layer ◽  
Colon And Rectum

The aim of the present study was to investigate the number of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript-like immunoreactive (CART-LI) nerve structures in the large intestine of juvenile pigs. The distribution pattern of CART-LI structures was studied by immunohistochemistry in the circular muscle layer, myenteric (MP), outer submucous (OSP) and inner submucous plexus (ISP) as well as in the mucosal layer of six regions of the large bowel: caecum, centripetal and centrifugal turns of the proximal colon, transverse colon, descending colon and rectum. CART-LI neural structures were observed in all gut fragments studied. CART-LI nerve fibres were numerous within the circular muscle layer and in the MP of all the regions studied, while they were moderate or few in number in other layers of the intestinal wall. The numbers of CART-LI neurons within the MP amounted to 2.02% in the caecum to 7.92% in the rectum, within the OSP from 2.73% in the centrifugal turns of the proximal colon to 5.70% in the rectum, and within the ISP from 2.23% in the transverse colon to 5.32% in the centrifugal turns of the proximal colon. The present study reports for the first time a detailed description of the CART distribution pattern within the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the porcine large intestine.

Regulation of colonic H-K-ATPase in large intestine and kidney by dietary Na depletion and dietary K depletion

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (2) ◽  
pp. C685-C696 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Sangan ◽  
V. M. Rajendran ◽  
A. S. Mann ◽  
M. Kashgarian ◽  
H. J. Binder
Keyword(s):  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Collecting Duct ◽  
Cdna Probe ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Rat Colon ◽  
Na Depletion ◽  
K Depletion

Active K absorption in the rat distal colon is energized by an apical membrane H-K-ATPase, whereas K absorption in the distal collecting duct is generally believed to be modulated by a related renal H-K-ATPase. Experiments were performed to establish the mechanism(s) by which dietary Na depletion (with resulting elevated aldosterone levels) and K depletion stimulate K absorption. A colonic H-K-ATPase-specific cDNA probe and a polyclonal antibody were utilized to measure mRNA (Northern blot analyses) and protein (Western blot and immunofluorescence studies) abundance in the distal and proximal colon and renal collecting ducts and cortex of dietary Na- and K-depleted rats. Dietary Na depletion, but not K depletion, upregulated H-K-ATPase-specific mRNA and protein expression in the distal and proximal colon; Na depletion also stimulated H-K-ATPase activity in the distal colon. In contrast to the distal colon, H-K-ATPase-specific protein level in the outer medulla was enhanced by dietary K depletion, but not by Na depletion. This study establishes that 1) dietary Na depletion stimulates colonic H-K-ATPase activity most likely by a transcriptional process and 2) the regulation of colonic H-K-ATPase expression by dietary Na depletion and dietary K depletion is not identical in the large intestine and differs in the kidney from the colon, suggesting the presence of two (or more) H-K-ATPase isoforms in the rat colon.

scholarly journals Segmental differences in Slc26a3-dependent Cl− absorption and HCO3− secretion in the mouse large intestine in vitro in Ussing chambers

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hisayoshi Hayashi ◽  
Hiroki Nagai ◽  
Kou-ichiro Ohba ◽  
Manoocher Soleimani ◽  
Yuichi Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Large Intestine ◽  
Anion Exchanger ◽  
Apical Membrane ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Ussing Chambers ◽  
Mouse Cecum

AbstractThe anion exchanger slc26a3 (DRA), which is mutated in congenital chloride-losing diarrhea, is expressed in the apical membrane of the cecum and middle-distal colon but not in the proximal colon of rodent large intestines. To elucidate the functional roles of DRA, we measured unidirectional 36Cl− and 22Na+ fluxes and HCO3− secretion in vitro in each of these segments using DRA-KO mice. Robust Cl− absorption, which was largely abolished after DRA deficiency, was present in the cecum and middle-distal colon but absent in the proximal colon. Na+ absorption was present in all three segments in both the control and DRA-KO mice. The luminal-Cl−-dependent HCO3− secretions in the cecum and middle-distal colon were abolished in the DRA-KO mice. In conclusion, DRA mediates Cl− absorption and HCO3− secretion in the mouse cecum and middle-distal colon, and may have roles in H2O absorption and luminal acid/base regulation in these segments.

Modulation of CD8+ Intraepithelial Lymphocyte Distribution by Dietary Fiber in the Rat Large Intestine1

2002 ◽  
Vol 227 (11) ◽  
pp. 1017-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Ishizuka ◽  
Seiji Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Intraepithelial Lymphocytes ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Crystalline Cellulose ◽  
Dietary Sugar ◽  
Local Cell ◽  
Cecal Mucosa

We studied whether ingestion of dietary fiber modifies the distribution of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) in a physiological condition. Male WKAH rats were fed diets either with fiber (sugar beet fiber or crystalline cellulose, 100 g/kg diet each) or without fiber for 3 weeks. The number of CD8+, CD4+, and NKR-P1+ IEL per epithelial layer in the crypt section of the cecum, proximal colon, and distal colon were scored by immunohistochemical staining. We found that the proportion of CD8+ IEL was greater in the cecal mucosa and was gradually reduced toward the distal large intestine in general. In contrast, there was no difference in the proportion of CD4+ and NKR-P1+ IEL in the large intestine. Dietary sugar beet fiber, but not crystalline cellulose, increased the proportion of CD8+ IEL, especially in the cecal mucosa, but not the CD4+ and NKR-P1+ IEL. Analysis of cecal organic acid concentration confirmed higher concentrations of acetate and butyrate, and lower concentration of succinate and isovalerate, in the cecum of the rats fed sugar beet fiber than other diets. These results indicate that ingestion of some dietary fiber modulates local cell proliferation of a progenitor of CD8+ IEL or promotes homing of CD8+ T cells into the large intestinal epithelium, most likely via the fermentation in the luminal contents.

Localization of TRPV1 and contractile effect of capsaicin in mouse large intestine: high abundance and sensitivity in rectum and distal colon

2009 ◽  
Vol 297 (2) ◽  
pp. G348-G360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenjiro Matsumoto ◽  
Emi Kurosawa ◽  
Hiroyuki Terui ◽  
Takuji Hosoya ◽  
Kimihito Tashima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Function ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Myenteric Plexus ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Pgp 9.5 ◽  
Protein Gene Product ◽  
Trpv1 Channels ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Immunoreactive Axons

We investigated immunohistochemical differences in the distribution of TRPV1 channels and the contractile effects of capsaicin on smooth muscle in the mouse rectum and distal, transverse, and proximal colon. In the immunohistochemical study, TRPV1 immunoreactivity was found in the mucosa, submucosal, and muscle layers and myenteric plexus. Large numbers of TRPV1-immunoreactive axons were observed in the rectum and distal colon. In contrast, TRPV1-positive axons were sparsely distributed in the transverse and proximal colon. The density of TRPV1-immunoreactive axons in the rectum and distal colon was much higher than those in the transverse and proximal colon. Axons double labeled with TRPV1 and protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 were detected in the myenteric plexus, but PGP 9.5-immunoreactive cell bodies did not colocalize with TRPV1. In motor function studies, capsaicin induced a fast transient contraction, followed by a large long-lasting contraction in the rectum and distal colon, whereas in the transverse and proximal colon only the transient contraction was observed. The capsaicin-induced transient contraction from the proximal colon to the rectum was moderately inhibited by an NK1or NK2receptor antagonist. The capsaicin-induced long-lasting contraction in the rectum and distal colon was markedly inhibited by an NK2antagonist, but not by an NK1antagonist. The present results suggest that TRPV1 channels located on the rectum and distal colon play a major role in the motor function in the large intestine.

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