EFFECTS OF PRESERVING ALFALFA FORAGE AS FORMIC-ACID-TREATED SILAGE, WILTED SILAGE, AND AS HAY IN LARGE ROUND BALES ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, RECOVERY OF NUTRIENTS, DIGESTIBILITY AND HEIFER GROWTH

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 925-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. ATWAL
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Growth Study ◽  
Total N ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Large Round ◽  
Study Performance

First-cut alfalfa was stored as formic-acid-treated silage (FS), wilted silage (WS) and hay (Hay 1) in large round bales (LRB). Hay 1 was exposed to frequent showers (15.1 mm) in the windrows and required a drying period of 13 days; dry matter (DM) yield was only 60% of the average for silages (3.9 tonnes/ha). Second-cut alfalfa hay (Hay 2) yielded 1.84 tonnes DM/ha. For winter feeding, recoveries from storage of FS, WS, Hay 1 and Hay 2, respectively, were 85.7, 87.2, 78.3 and 81.9% of energy; 81.1, 87.0, 75.0 and 72.6% of crude protein (CP). Adlibitum intakes of DM were 1.90, 1.93, 1.78 and 2.08% of body weight for the four treatments, respectively. Differences in chemical composition and digestibility of nutrients for FS, WS and Hay 2 were small and statistically not significant (P > 0.05). However, values of FS were highest for CP (20.6%) and gross energy (20.5 kJ/g DM); digestibilities of DM, energy and CP (i.e. 59.3, 60.6 and 68.7% respectively) when fed at maintenance level; digestibilities of DM, energy, CP, cellulose and hemicellulose (i.e. 64.1, 66.6, 61.9, 64.5 and 46.3%, respectively) when fed in combination with corn silage (1:1 DM basis) on an ad libitum basis. All these values were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the corresponding values for Hay 1. Heat damage to CP of hay stored in LRB was high and 19.9% of total N of Hay 1 was in the acid detergent insoluble fraction. In a growth study, performance of yearling heifers did not differ significantly when rations made of corn silage and FS or WS (1:1 DM basis) were compared. Key words: Alfalfa silages, wilted, digestibility, formic acid, round bales, heifer growth

scholarly journals Chemical composition and ruminal digestion of corn silage with Morus alba L. foliage

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Regulo Jimenéz-Guillén ◽  
David Heriberto Noriega Cantú ◽  
Saúl Rojas-Hernández ◽  
Jaime Olivares Pérez ◽  
Abel Villa-Mancera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Morus Alba ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Total N ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Silage Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Digestion

Chemical composition and ruminal digestion parameters were mea- sured in the silage of the whole corn plant (Zea mays L.) mixed with mulberry foliage (Morus alba L.) in ratio of 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80 and 00:100% of fresh forage weight, respectively. The 40:60 ratio of corn: mulberry increased crude protein content (CP = 14.28%) and decreased hemicellulose (12.15%), neutral (NDF = 28.00%) and acidic (ADF = 15.85%) detergent fiber, compared to 100: 0% ratio, respectively, which led to a 21.3% increase in in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). Also ammoniacal nitrogen 7.40% (NH3-N/total N) was higher in the ratio 40:60%, with pH of 4.19 which is normal for silages, which translates the buffer activity correct of ammonia and its importance for silage fermentation stability. The correlation (r = 0.61, p < 0.001) indicated that at higher CP content, higher is IVDMD and hemicellulose (r = -0.99), ADF (r = -0.98) and NDF (r = -0.98) indicated that these fibrous compounds decreased IVDMD (p < 0.001). The regression showed that the increase in content CP (0.555%, p < 0.01) and IVDMD (0.3391%, p < 0.001) with the decrease of NDF (-0.3526%), ADF (-0.1623%) and hemicellulose (-0.1903%) (p < 0.001) in mixed mini silos, was attributed to mulberry foliage addition. It is concluded that the contribution of dry matter and nitrogen of mulberry, decreased the fiber content and increased digestibility parameters of silage when it is elaborated in ratio of 40:60 corn and mulberry, respectively.

scholarly journals Prediction of metabolizable energy values in poultry offal meal for broiler chickens

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 2237-2245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edney Pereira da Silva ◽  
Carlos Bôa-Viagem Rabello ◽  
Luiz Fernando Teixeira Albino ◽  
Jorge Victor Ludke ◽  
Michele Bernardino de Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
Gross Energy

This research aimed at generating and evaluating prediction equations to estimate metabolizable energy values in poultry offal meal. The used information refers to values of apparent and true metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn and TMEn) and for chemical composition of poultry offal meal. The literature review only included published papers on poultry offal meal developed in Brazil, and that had AMEn and TMEn values obtained by the total excreta collection method from growing broiler chickens and the chemical composition in crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), mineral matter (MM), gross energy (GE), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P). The general equation obtained to estimate AMEn values of poultry offal meal was: AMEn = -2315.69 + 31.4439(CP) + 29.7697(MM) + 0.7689(GE) - 49.3611(Ca), R² = 72%. For meals with high fat contents (higher than 15%) and low mineral matter contents (lower than 10%), it is suggest the use of the equation AMEn = + 3245.07 + 46.8428(EE), R² = 76%, and for meals with high mineral matter content (higher than 10%), it is suggest the equations AMEn = 4059.15 - 440.397(P), R² = 82%. To estimate values of TMEn, it is suggested for meals with high mineral matter content the equation: TMEn = 5092.57 - 115.647(MM), R² = 78%, and for those with low contents of this component, the option is the equation: TMEn = 3617.83 - 15.7988(CP) - 18.2323(EE) - 96.3884(MM) + 0.4874(GE), R² = 76%.

EFFECTIVENESS OF ANHYDROUS AMMONIA AS A PRESERVATIVE FOR HIGH-MOISTURE ALFALFA HAY IN LARGE ROUND BALES

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 743-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. ATWAL ◽  
L. C. HESLOP ◽  
K. LIEVERS
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Total N ◽  
Heat Damage ◽  
Anhydrous Ammonia ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Large Round

Two experiments were conducted in sequence to determine the effectiveness of anhydrous ammonia (AA) as a preservative of alfalfa hay stored as large round bales (LRB). In the the first experiment application of 3% AA (wt/wt) to alfalfa hay baled at about 23% moisture-content (MC) increased the temperature markedly above the control treatment and resulted in a significantly (P < 0.05) higher acid-detergent-insoluble nitrogen and acid-detergent lignin. In the second experiment application of about 1% AA slowly (over 48 h) to LRB of alfalfa hay packaged at about 30% and > 35% MC, significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the cumulative degree-days above all reference points from 35 to 65 °C. Ammoniation completely eliminated dry matter losses in storage which were highest (8.3%) for 33% MC control hay. High moisture control hay (33% MC) suffered severe heat damage with 33% of total N being in the acid-detergent-insoluble fraction as compared to less than 10% for medium-moisture (26% MC) control and even lower values for ammoniated hay. Digestibility of crude protein and energy was significantly (P < 0.05) improved by ammoniation of medium-moisture (about 30% in-to-storage) alfalfa hay. When the ammonia-treated hay was uncovered in spring, coarsely ground and stored in a hay wagon the high-moisture-ammoniated hay (> 35% MC) became moldy within 4 wk, even when the ambient temperature was about 6 °C, whereas medium-moisture-ammoniated hay (about 30% MC) showed some deterioration after 7 wk as the ambient temperature increased to about 12 °C. Key words: Ammonia, alfalfa hay, digestibility, heat damage, high-moisture hay, large bales

FORMIC ACID OR FORMIC ACID–FORMALIN AS A SILAGE ADDITIVE

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. BARKER ◽  
D. N. MOWAT ◽  
J. B. STONE ◽  
M. G. FREEMAN ◽  
K. R. STEVENSON
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Total N ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum

Three methods of ensiling an alfalfa–bromegrass mixture were compared: field-wilted (W) (45% dry matter (DM)); direct-cut (F) (24% DM) with 85% formic acid added at the harvester at 0.5% w/w; and direct-cut (FF) (25% DM) with a formic acid–formalin mixture similarly added at 0.5% w/w. The formic acid–formalin mixture was a 1:1 ratio of 85% formic acid to 40% formaldehyde. Wilted silage was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in pH and soluble N (percent total N) and lower in gross energy than F or FF. Treatment FF produced significantly (P < 0.05) more total acids, butyric acid, and propionic acid, than did F or W. In a 140-day postparturition dairy trial, 30 Holstein cows were grouped by age and randomly assigned to W, F, and FF silages fed ad libitum. Differences among the mean silage DM intakes of 10.6, 10.6, and 9.8 kg/day and mean solids-corrected milk yields of 23.4, 24.9, and 25.5 kg/day for W, F, and FF, respectively, were nonsignificant (P < 0.05). Fifty-four crossbred beef bulls with an average initial weight of 239 kg were fed W, F, and FF as protein supplements (approximately 2.8 kg DM/day) with high moisture corn ad libitum for 133 days. Mean gains were 1.36, 1.35, and 1.28 kg/day and feed: gain ratios were 5.66, 5.82, and 6.04, respectively, for W, F, and FF. No significant differences (P < 0.05) were found in gains, feed: gain ratios, or carcass composition.

Gross energy levels in regrowths of six pasture species, and relations with digestibility and chemical composition

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (66) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Michell
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Gross Energy

Gross energy levels and energy digestibilities were determined on 80 single species pasture samples of known dry matter digestibility. Crude protein, ash and ether extract levels were also determined. The pastures consisted of regrowths of six species, Trifolium repens (White clover cv. Grasslands Huia), Lolium perenne x multiflorum (manawa ryegrass cv. Grasslands Manawa), Lolium (multiflorum x perenne) x L. perenne (ariki ryegrass cv. Grasslands Ari ki), Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass cv. Tasmanian No. 1), Dactylis glomerata (currie cocksfoot cv. Currie) and Dactylis glomerata (apanui cocksfoot cv. Grasslands Apanui), harvested eight times between May 1969 and August 1970. The gross energy levels in pasture dry matter and pasture digestible organic matter were highest with white clover (means 4.64 and 4.98 K cal g-1) and lowest with the ryegrasses (4.50 and 4.80 K cal g-1). They were also higher in the winter (4.60 and 4.91), autumn (4.53 and 4.90) and spring (4.56 and 4.86), and lower in the summer (4.49 and 4.77). Relations between gross energy levels and chemical composition were weak. The strongest relation was with crude protein content (r = +0.41, P < 0.01). Relations of energy digestibility and digestible energy level in pasture dry matter, with dry matter digestibility had high correlations (r = +0.97, P < 0.01, and r = +0.92, P < 0.01) and were similar to previously published relations. However, seasonal differences occurred in both relations and, at low dry matter digestibilities, winter pasture had higher energy digestibilities and higher levels of digestible energy than spring-summer pasture. Species differences occurred in the latter relation and, at high dry matter digestibilities, white clover had higher levels of digestible energy than the grasses.

DIGESTION OF CORN AND ALFALFA SILAGES IN THE STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINE OF SHEEP PREPARED WITH TWO RE-ENTRANT CANNULAS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. VEIRA ◽  
M. IVAN
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Alfalfa Silage

Four wethers, each fitted with a re-entrant cannula in the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum, were used to study digestion of corn and alfalfa silages. The four silages fed were (1) corn silage (2) corn silage with 0.6% urea (fresh weight basis) added at the time of ensiling (3) direct-cut alfalfa silage treated with formic acid (5 g/kg fresh alfalfa) and (4) wilted alfalfa silage. Urea additions to corn silage increased crude protein from 8.1 to 13.2% which resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) in microbial yield from 1.99 to 3.23 g N/100 g organic matter (OM) apparently digested in the stomach. The apparent digestion of OM in the stomach was lower (P < 0.05) with formic-acid-treated alfalfa silage (48.6%) compared to the wilted alfalfa silage (56.1%), but this difference had disappeared at the ileum. The preservation of alfalfa silage with formic acid compared to wilting resulted in a greater (P < 0.05) flow from the stomach and digestion within the small intestine of non-ammonia nitrogen. This effect of formic acid on non-ammonia dynamics was unrelated to microbial yield.

scholarly journals Assessing the nutritional value of agroindustrial co-products and feed through chemical composition, in vitro digestibility, and gas production technique

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Martins Olivo ◽  
Geraldo Tadeu dos Santos ◽  
Luís Carlos Vinhas Ítavo ◽  
Ranulfo Combuca da Silva Junior ◽  
Eduardo Souza Leal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Soybean Hulls ◽  
Citrus Pulp

Agroindustrial co-products are a viable alternative for use in animal nutrition. Tests were conducted using eight different types of co-products and feed to evaluate the chemical composition, in vitro digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber, and gas production by them. The co-products tested were: coffee hulls; pelleted citrus pulp; grape residue; soybean hulls; cottonseed; cassava foliage; and foods usually supplied to ruminants: corn silage and ground corn concentrate. Data of in vitro digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber were tested by analysis of variance using the least square method; the results of gas production were interpreted by a non-linear regression by the Gauss-Newton method; and the effects of treatments were evaluated by the Tukey’s test. The coefficients of in vitro digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber of co-products were different. Gas production was also different between co-products and feeds evaluated for the volume of gas produced from the fast and slow degradation fractions, degradation rate, bacterial colonization time, and the total volume of gas produced. The evaluated co-products exhibited greater in vitro dry matter digestibility compared to corn silage, except for cottonseed, grape residue, and cassava foliage. Co-products showed higher values of in vitro crude protein digestibility compared to corn silage, and a reduced in vitro digestibility of neutral detergent fiber, except for pelleted citrus pulp and soybean hulls. Corn silage produced larger volume of gas from the fast degradation fraction compared to the co-products and corn concentrate. Co-products analyzed had appropriate nutritional characteristics according to the techniques applied and can be included in ruminant diets. 

COMPARISON OF WILTED SILAGES OF ALFALFA CUT AT TWO STAGES OF MATURITY WITH FORMIC-ACID-TREATED SILAGE FROM EARLY-CUT ALFALFA

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 659-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. ATWAL
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Fiber Fractions ◽  
Alfalfa Silage ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Two Stages

First cut alfalfa was harvested at early bloom and stored as early-cut formic-acid-treated silage (EFS) and early-cut wilted silage (EWS). Late-cut wilted alfalfa silage (LWS) was harvested 15 days later. Dry matter (DM) yields were 2.91, 2.82 and 3.12 tonnes/ha, respectively, for EFS, EWS and LWS. In the same order, for feeding in spring of the subsequent year, recoveries from storage were 79.8, 85.6 and 86.0% of DM; 84.1, 92.3 and 88.1 of energy; and 77.6, 91.5 and 92.2% of crude protein (CP). Ad libitum DM intakes were not significantly different (102.6, 99.7 and [Formula: see text] for the three treatments, respectively). Late-cut forages (both fresh and wilted) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in fiber fractions (lignin and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen) than the early-cut forages. Similar trends persisted among the silages at feeding time after 9 mo of storage. Differences in the chemical composition and digestibilities of nutrients for EFS and EWS were small and statistically not significant (P > 0.05). When fed at maintenance level, the digestibility values for DM, energy and cellulose were significantly (P < 0.05) higher for EWS than for LWS but not for EFS. However, when fed ad libitum in combination with corn silage (1:1 DM basis), there were no significant effects of either harvesting date or wilting vs. formic acid treatments on the digestibility of nutrients. Key words: Alfalfa, silages, digestibility, formic acid, maturity stage, wilted silage

ALFALFA FED AS FORMIC-ACID-TREATED SILAGE, DEHYDRATED PELLETS OR HAY IN MIXED RATIONS WITH CORN SILAGE FOR LACTATING COWS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 945-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. LESSARD ◽  
L. J. FISHER
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Lactating Cows

Alfalfa was conserved as formic-acid-treated silage, dehydrated and pelleted forage and as field-cured hay, and used with and without corn silage for a digestibility trial with sheep. Digestibility of dry matter (DM) was higher for hay than for dehydrated forage but not higher than for silage. Crude protein digestibility was higher for silage and for hay than for dehydrated alfalfa. Acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestibility was lowest on dehydrated forage while hemicellulose digestibility was highest. The inclusion of corn silage in the diets increased digestibilities of DM, energy, hemicellulose and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) but decreased crude protein, and ADF digestibilities. A feeding trial using 20 lactating cows in a four-period changeover design compared silage, hay and dehydrated alfalfa, each in combination with corn silage as forage sources. A corn silage control was also used. Concentrate was fed at a ratio of 1 kg for each 4 kg of milk produced. Cows fed hay or pellets consumed more forage DM than cows fed only silages, but milk production was the same for the three alfalfa sources. Milk fat content was depressed by 0.5 percentage units in the milk of cows fed pellets. Efficiency of utilization of digestible energy (DE) and protein for milk production was higher for the alfalfa silage treatment than for hay or pellets. A lower acetic acid and a higher propionic acid concentration was measured in the rumen fluid of cows fed pellets than for cows.

scholarly journals Effect of inoculants combining Lactobacillus buchneri strain LN40177 in different strata of the silo

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 44847
Author(s):  
Tânia Mara Becher Ribas ◽  
Mikael Neumann ◽  
André Martins de Souza ◽  
André Dochwat ◽  
Eduardo Rodrigues de Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Disappearance Rate ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design

The objective of this work was to evaluate the chemical composition and rumen disappearance rate of dry matter of corn silages with inoculants combining L. buchneri strain LN40177 in different strata of the silo. The experimental design was a 3x2 randomized complete block design, with three treatments: Control: corn silage without inoculant; 11CFT: corn silage with inoculant which combines L. buchneri strain LN40177 (1.1 x 1011 CFU g-1) with L. casei (1.1 x 1011 CFU g-1); and 11C33: corn silage with inoculant which combines L. buchneri strain LN40177 (1.1 x 1011 CFU g-1) with L. plantarum (1.1 x 1011 CFU g-1) and Enterococcus faecium (1 x 1010 CFU g-1), associated with two strata of the silo (lower and upper). The silage inoculated with 11C33 presented higher contents of crude protein and NDF and lower hemicellulose content in relation to the control treatment and 11CFT. The use of both inoculants resulted in silages with higher concentrations of soluble nutrients. Lower stratum silage had a higher rumen disappearance rate of dry matter compared to the upper stratum. In general, the combinations of L. buchneri promoted nutritional improvements in corn silage, but in presence of L. casei, there were more outstanding improvements.

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