POSTWEANING CHANGES IN THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT OF THE SOW

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. DYCK
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Ovarian Follicle ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Uterine Weight ◽  
Follicle Growth ◽  
Ovarian Weight ◽  
Uterine Growth ◽  
Growth Changes

The postweaning growth changes in the reproductive tract of the sow were determined in 98 Yorkshire sows slaughtered at 2-day intervals from weaning (day 0) to day 16 postweaning. At the time of weaning, after a 42-day lactation, the reproductive tract resembled that of a prepubertal gilt or anestrous sow. From weaning to day 6 (estrus), the only observed change in the ovaries was an increase in size of the vesicular follicles. After ovulation there was a decrease (P < 0.01) in ovarian weight (day 6, 8.2 ± 0.3 g; day 8, 6.0 ± 0.5 g). Subsequently ovarian weight increased with development of the corpora lutea (day 16, 13.2 ± 0.9 g). Growth of the oviducts and cervix followed the pattern of ovarian follicle growth with an increase (P < 0.01) in weight and length until day 6 postweaning (7.5 ± 0.6 g, 51.7 ± 2.2 cm, and 108 ± 7 g, 15.9 ± 0.9 cm, respectively). After ovulation, the weight and length of the oviducts and the cervix declined to those observed on day 2 postweaning. Uterine weight increased (P < 0.01) from weaning to day 6 postweaning (137 ± 24 g to 371 ± 24 g). A small increase (P < 0.01) in length was observed by day 4 postweaning (125 ± 8 cm to 151 ± 5 cm). After ovulation, uterine weight decreased to 278 ± 15 g by day 8 postweaning. Subsequently both weight and length increased to day 16 postweaning (455 ± 31 g, 264 ± 11 cm). Thus, while growth of the oviducts, uterus and cervix were associated with preovulatory follicular development only uterine growth was postiviely associated with development of the corpora lutea. Key words: Sow, postweaning, reproductive tract growth

scholarly journals Organometric data of the reproductive tract in cycling and early pregnant Hungarian Mangalica pigs

2004 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 585-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.-P. Brüssow ◽  
I. Egerszegi ◽  
J. Rátky ◽  
F. Soós ◽  
P. Garcia Casado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Estrus Synchronization ◽  
Uterine Weight ◽  
Ovarian Weight ◽  
Embryo Recovery ◽  
Study Support ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Initial Process

Abstract. Since the morphology of the reproductive organs could be a wherefore of reproductive performance of Mangalica, this study was conducted to get some more information about the number of corpora lutea and the size of reproductive tract both in cycling and pregnant Mangalica pigs. Two experiments were carried out to investigate the reproductive tract of Mangalica gilts. In Experiment 1, reproductive organs of 66 gilts (12–15 month of age) were recovered immediately after slaughter to determine the number of ovarian features, the weight and diameter of the ovaries, and the weight and length of oviducts and uteri, respectively. In Experiment 2, 22 puberal Mangalica (M) gilts and 34 German Landrace (L) gilts were used following estrus synchronization and artificial insemination. Genital tracts were recovered by ovario-hysterectomy on day 1 (n = 8 M; 10 L), day 12 (n = 8 M; 22 L) and day 24 (n = 6 M; 2 L) of pregnancy and the number of corpora lutea, ovarian weight and diameter, and the weight and length of oviducts and uteri evaluated. Oviducts and uterine horns (day 1 and 12, respectively) were flushed or uterine horns were opened (day 24) for embryo recovery. In Experiment 1, 58 gilts (88 %) were cycling ones with mean number of ovulation of 10.6 ± 3.1. In first estrous gilts (n = 8) it was 11.1± 2.5. No differences were observed both between left and right ovaries, and first estrous and cycling gilts. The number of corpora lutea were correlated with ovarian weight (r = 0.35, p<0.05). Oviduct length (24.4 ± 1.4 and 24.3 ± 0.5 cm) and weight (4.3 ± 0.4 and 3.2 ± 0.2 g), and uterine horn length (143 ± 13 and 143 ± 5 cm) were not different in first estrous and cycling gilts. Uterine weight was higher in first estrous compared to cycling gilts (358 ± 32 vs. 250 ± 12 g, p < 0.05). In pregnant Mangalica (M) and Landrace (L) gilts no breed*day of pregnancy interaction regarding the number of ovulation was found. Mean number of corpora lutea was 17.2 ± 1.2 (M) and 18.6 ± 1.3 (L). Length of uterine horns was reduced in pregnant M compared to L gilts (124 ± 5 vs. 188 ± 6 cm, p < 0.01). Uterus grows in length continuously between day 1 and 24 of pregnancy in Landrace but not in Mangalica sows (p < 0.01). Uterine weight as well increased earlier (day 1 to day 12) in Landrace in comparison to Mangalica (day 12 to day 24). Results of this study support the concept that in Mangalica besides diminished ovarian and oocyte development, uterine conditions, especially growth restricted uterine development, may influence the initial process of early pregnancy and can be another reason of lower fecundity.

scholarly journals Involvement of hyaluronan synthesis in ovarian follicle growth in rats

Reproduction ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 147 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noriyuki Takahashi ◽  
Wataru Tarumi ◽  
Bunpei Ishizuka
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Follicle ◽  
Primary Site ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Follicular Atresia ◽  
Follicle Growth ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Antral Follicles ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Ha Synthase

Most of the previous studies on ovarian hyaluronan (HA) have focused on mature antral follicles or corpora lutea, but scarcely on small preantral follicles. Moreover, the origin of follicular HA is unknown. To clarify the localization of HA and its synthases in small growing follicles, involvement of HA in follicle growth, and gonadotropin regulation of HA synthase (Has) gene expression, in this study, perinatal, immature, and adult ovaries of Wistar-Imamichi rats were examined histologically and biochemically and byin vitrofollicle culture. HA was detected in the extracellular matrix of granulosa and theca cell layers of primary follicles and more advanced follicles. Ovarian HA accumulation ontogenetically started in the sex cords of perinatal rats, and its primary site shifted to the intrafollicular region of primary follicles within 5 days of birth. TheHas1–3mRNAs were expressed in the ovaries of perinatal, prepubertal, and adult rats, and the expression levels ofHas1andHas2genes were modulated during the estrous cycle in adult rats and following administration of exogenous gonadotropins in immature acyclic rats. TheHas1andHas2mRNAs were predominantly localized in the theca and granulosa cell layers of growing follicles respectively. Treatments with chemicals known to reduce ovarian HA synthesis induced follicular atresia. More directly, the addition ofStreptomyceshyaluronidase, which specifically degrades HA, induced the arrest of follicle growth in anin vitroculture system. These results indicate that gonadotropin-regulated HA synthesis is involved in normal follicle growth.

Development in calves and heifers after hypophysial stalk transection or hypophysectomy.

1977 ◽  
Vol 232 (5) ◽  
pp. E497
Author(s):  
L L Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Sexual Development ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Seminal Vesicles ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Gonadal Function ◽  
Ovarian Weight ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Estrous Behavior ◽  
Sexually Mature

Growth was inhibited markedly in prepuberal bull and heifer calves after either hypophysial stalk transection or hypophysectomy as compared with that found in sham-operated calves or in unoperated calves. Male mounting behavior and evidence of puberal estrous behavior were lost or undetected after hypophysial stalk transection or hypophysectomy. Testes regressed, contained few spermatogonia and interstitial cells, and lacked spermatogenesis. Epithelial cells of seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands, and prostate were cuboidal, indicating inadequate testicular androgen. Atresia of numerous ovarian follicles and reduced ovarian weight occurred in hypophysectomized heifer calves. Graafian follicles regressed after hypophysial stalk transection of sexually mature heifers, but ovaries responded to pregnant mare serum and human chorionic gonadotropin by follicular development, ovulation, and formation of multiple corpora lutea. Thyroid and adrenal gland weights decreased and adrenal cortices atrophied after hypophysectomy, but not after stalk transection. Thyroid glands contained colloid-filled follicles with flattened epithelial cells; atrophy was more extensive after hypophysectomy. Hypophysial stalk transection or hypophysectomy severely depresses growth and arrests sexual development in young calves, but in mature animals exongenous gonadotropins can sustain gonadal function.

THE EFFECTS OF FEEDING COUMESTROL ON THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF PREPUBERTAL LAMBS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. E. NEWSOME ◽  
W. D. KITTS
Keyword(s):  
Estrogen Receptors ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Binding Affinities ◽  
Uterine Weight ◽  
Endometrial Cell ◽  
Ovarian Weight ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Relative Binding

Coumestrol and estradiol were fed to prepubertal ewe lambs for 12 days. The level of coumestrol fed relative to estradiol was estimated from the relative binding affinities of the uterine cytosol estrogen receptors to be the biologically effective amount. The effects of coumestrol treatment were increased uterine weight and decreased ovarian weight and follicular development. There was a relationship between uterine weight and exchanged tritiated estradiol bound to the endometrial cell nuclear pellet.

scholarly journals Influence of donor age on development of gonadal tissue from pouch young of the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii, after cryopreservation and xenografting into mice

Reproduction ◽  
2002 ◽  
pp. 143-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Mattiske ◽  
G Shaw ◽  
JM Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Tammar Wallaby ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Follicle Development ◽  
Primordial Follicles ◽  
Antral Follicles ◽  
Macropus Eugenii ◽  
Reduced Rate ◽  
Timing Of Onset

Ovaries from a marsupial, the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii), were grafted into a eutherian recipient at known stages of development to ascertain whether normal development would occur. Xenografted ovaries from pouch young < 20 days old, before the onset of meiosis, retained few germ cells and developed tubule-like structures reminiscent of seminiferous cords. Ovaries from 50-day-old pouch young, which contain primordial follicles, developed into antral follicles and corpora lutea within the eutherian host, and produced hormones that stimulated the reproductive tract of the host. The timing of onset of antrum formation and the progress of follicle development were advanced relative to the timing of events in ovaries in situ. Frozen-thawed ovaries from 50-day-old donors developed into preantral follicles, but at a reduced rate and number. This finding shows that gonads of a marsupial species can develop as xenografts in a eutherian, forming large antral follicles. Accelerated follicular development in xenografts provides a potentially valuable model for studying the factors that control follicle development. Assisted reproduction of endangered marsupials may also be feasible using follicles from pouch young grown as xenografts in a eutherian host.

scholarly journals PGRMC1/2 promote luteal vascularization and maintain the primordial follicles of mice

Reproduction ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J Peluso ◽  
Xiufang Liu ◽  
Tracy Uliasz ◽  
Cindy A. Pru ◽  
Nicole C. Kelp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Follicle ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Primordial Follicle ◽  
Luteal Cell ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Follicle Growth ◽  
Primordial Follicles ◽  
Ovarian Follicle Development ◽  
Ovulatory Follicles

To determine whether conditional depletion of Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component (PGRMC) 1 and PGRMC2 affected ovarian follicle development, follicle distribution was assessed in ovaries of young (≈ 3 month-old) and middle-aged (≈6 month-old) control (Pgrmc1/2fl/fl) and double conditional PGRMC1/2 knockout (Pgrmc1/2d/d) mice. This study revealed that the distribution of primary, preantral and antral follicles was not altered in Pgrmc1/2d/d mice, regardless of the age. Although the number of primordial follicles was similar at ≈ 3 months of age, their numbers were reduced by ≈ 80% in 6-month old Pgrmc1/2d/d mice compared to age-matched Pgrmc1/2fl/fl mice. The Pgrmc1/2d/d mice were generated using Pgr-cre mice, so ablation of Pgrmc1 and Pgrmc2 in the ovary was restricted to peri-ovulatory follicles and subsequent corpora lutea (CL). In addition, the vascularization of CL was attenuated in Pgrmc1/2d/d mice, although mRNA levels of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (Vegfa) were elevated. Moreover, depletion of Pgrmc1 and Pgrmc2 altered the gene expression profile in the non-luteal component of the ovary such that Vegfa expression, a stimulator of primordial follicle growth, was elevated; Kit Ligand expression, another stimulator of primordial follicle growth, was suppressed and Anti-Mullerian Hormone, an inhibitor of primordial follicle growth, was enhanced compared to Pgrmc1/2fl/fl mice. These data reveal that luteal cell depletion of Pgrmc1 and 2 alters the expression of growth factors within the non-luteal component of the ovary which could account for the premature demise of the adult population of primordial follicles.

105 P75 Neuronal Cells and Fibers in the Bovine Ovary

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 192
Author(s):  
R. Carrasco ◽  
C. E. Leonardi ◽  
J. Singh ◽  
G. P. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Ovarian Tissue ◽  
Ovarian Follicle ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Surface Epithelium ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Immunoreactive Neuron ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Bovine Ovary

Neurotrophins are molecules involved in the development and survival of neurons and its cellular projections. Results of recent studies have implicated the local role of the high affinity neurotropin receptor, trkA, in bovine ovarian follicle selection and early luteogenesis (Carrasco et al. 2016 Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 14, 47), but innervation and neuropeptide control remains an unexplored aspect of ovarian function. P75 is the low-affinity receptor for all neurotrophins and is expressed in ovarian tissue. The objective of this study was to explore the distribution of P75 neurons and fibres within the ovary and to examine the relationship of these components with follicular development. The ovaries of cows (n = 5) were collected at the time of slaughter, 36 h after induced luteolysis (i.e. proestrus). The ovaries were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 48 h, and samples from the ovarian hilus, medulla, and cortex (3 blocks per ovary) were cryo-sectioned (20–50 µm). Tissue sections were incubated for 48 h with a rabbit antibody against rat P75 or a mouse monoclonal antibody against neurofilament. Immunodetection was visualised by an amplification procedure with horseradish peroxidase using nickel DAB as a chromogen. Sections were counterstained with nuclear fast red for follicle identification. Immunoreactive cell bodies were counted in 10 to 20 fields (40×) per section, and data were expressed based on ovarian areas (cortex, medulla, or hilus) as an average count per 40× field per animal. Data among ovarian regions were compared by ANOVA; differences were considered significant when P < 0.05. Antral follicles ≤5 mm displayed strong immunoreactivity in the theca layer, without reaction in the granulosa cells. In contrast, preovulatory follicles were devoid of P75 immuno-reactivity in the theca layer. Oval P75 immunoreactive neuron-like cells were present in all ovarian areas studied. The neuronal nature of the P75 immunoreactive cells was confirmed by the presence of a similar pattern when adjacent sections were stained for neurofilaments, a protein characteristic of neurons. In the stroma of the ovarian cortex and medulla, neurons were present individually (scattered) rather than grouped; however, a dense network of neurons and fibres was detected immediately beneath the ovarian surface epithelium. No differences between the cortex, medulla, and hilus were found in the mean number of immunoreactive cells (10.6 ± 2.8, 14.4 ± 3.6 and 13.9 ± 2.0 cells/40× field, respectively). Immunoreactive neuron-like cells and fibres were in close proximity to blood vessels in the ovarian medulla. Corpora lutea were devoid of P75 immunoreactivity. In conclusion, results document the existence of a neuronal network in the bovine ovary, displaying an association with follicles at different stages of development. The abundance of neuronal components (i.e. neuron cell bodies and axons) in the ovarian stromal and surface epithelium implies a role of innervation (either extrinsic or intrinsic) in the control of ovarian follicular development and function. Research was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

Successful pregnancy after ovulation induction with human chorionic gonadotropin in a woman with selective luteinising hormone deficiency

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lizandra Moura Paravidine Sasaki ◽  
Bruno Ramalho de Carvalho ◽  
Adelino Amaral Silva ◽  
Alberto Moreno Zaconeta ◽  
Miriam da Silva Wanderley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Follicle ◽  
Pubertal Development ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Splice Site Mutation ◽  
Hormone Deficiency ◽  
Follicle Growth ◽  
Site Mutation ◽  
Healthy Baby ◽  
Ovarian Induction ◽  
Recombinant Lh

Abstract Selective LH deficiency has been described in several men, but only in two women who presented normal pubertal development but secondary amenorrhoea due to anovulation. Despite its rarity, this condition represents a valuable model for studying the processes regulated by FSH or LH during late folliculogenesis and ovulation in humans. A woman previously diagnosed with selective LH deficiency due to a homozygous germline splice site mutation in LHB (IVS2 + 1G→C mutation) was submitted to an individualised ovarian induction protocol, first with recombinant LH and then with highly purified urinary hCG. Ovarian follicle growth and ovulation were achieved, and a healthy baby was born after an uneventful term pregnancy. The treatment described herein demonstrates that the clinical actions of exogenous LH or hCG in inducing late-stage follicular development in women with deficient LH production or performance might be interchangeable or inevitable, once FSH-dependent early follicular growth is assured.

scholarly journals Impaired Steroidogenesis and Implantation Failure in Bmal1−/− Mice

Endocrinology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 150 (4) ◽  
pp. 1879-1885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine K. Ratajczak ◽  
Katie L. Boehle ◽  
Louis J. Muglia
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Clock ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Regulatory Protein ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Circadian Rhythmicity ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Implantation Failure ◽  
Serum Progesterone

Evidence in humans and rodents suggests that normal circadian rhythmicity is important for supporting reproductive function. A molecular clock underlies circadian rhythmicity. Impaired fertility is observed in some genetically altered mice with deficiencies in genes of the molecular clock, suggesting a critical role for these genes in reproduction. Here we systematically characterize the reproductive phenotype of females deficient in the clock gene Bmal1. Bmal1−/− females are infertile. They exhibit progression through the estrous cycle, although these cycles are prolonged. Normal follicular development occurs in Bmal1−/− females, and healthy embryos of the expected developmental stage are found in the reproductive tract of Bmal1−/− females 3.5 d after mating to wild-type males. However, serum progesterone levels are significantly lower in Bmal1−/−vs. Bmal1+/± females on d 3.5 of gestation. Low progesterone levels in Bmal1−/− females are accompanied by decreased expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein in corpora lutea of Bmal1−/−vs. Bmal1+/± females. Whereas implantation of embryos is not observed in untreated or vehicle-treated Bmal1−/− females, exogenous administration of progesterone to Bmal1−/− females is able to reinstitute implantation. These data suggest that implantation failure due to impaired steroidogenesis causes infertility of Bmal1−/− females.

scholarly journals Orphan nuclear receptors in angiogenesis and follicular development

Reproduction ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Guzmán ◽  
Camilla H.k. Hughes ◽  
Bruce D. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Receptors ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Ovarian Follicle ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Antral Follicle ◽  
Follicle Development ◽  
Orphan Nuclear Receptors ◽  
Ovarian Follicle Development ◽  
Wide Range

Orphan nuclear receptors (ONRs) are a subset of the nuclear receptor family that lack known endogenous ligands. Among 48 nuclear receptors identified in humans, 25 are classified as ONRs. They function as transcription factors and control expression of a wide range of genes to regulate metabolism, fertility, immunity, angiogenesis, and many other functions. Angiogenic factors are essential during ovarian follicle development, including follicle growth and ovulation,. Correct development of blood vessels contributes to preantral and antral follicular development, selection of the dominant follicle or follicles, follicular atresia, and ovulation. Although progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate follicular angiogenesis, the role of ONRs as regulators is not clear. Based on their functions in other tissues, the ONRs NR1D1 (REV-ERBß), NR2C2 (TR4), NR2F2 (COUP-TF-II) and NR3B1, 2, and 3 (ERRα, ERRß and ERRγ) may modulate angiogenesis during antral follicle development. We hypothesize that this is achieved by effects on the expression and function of VEGFA, ANGPT1, THBS1, and soluble VEGFR1. Further, angiogenesis during ovulation is expected to be influenced by ONRs. NR5A2 (LRH-1), which is required for ovulation, regulates angiogenic genes in the ovary, including VEGFA and the upstream regulator of angiogenesis, PGE2. These angiogenic molecules may also be regulated by NR5A1 (SF-1). Evidence from outside the reproductive tract suggests that NR2F2 and NR4A1(NUR77) promote VEGFC and PGF respectively and NR4As (ΝUR77, NOR1) seem to be necessary for the angiogenic effects of VEGFA and PGE2. Together, the data suggest that ONRs are important regulators of follicular angiogenesis.

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