INFLUENCES OF TIME AND COMBINATIONS OF EQUIPMENT AND OPERATOR ON ULTRASONIC RIB FAT MEASUREMENTS FOR PREDICTION OF BEEF CARCASS COMPOSITION

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-324
Author(s):  
A. K. W. TONG ◽  
J. A. NEWMAN ◽  
A. H. MARTIN ◽  
H. T. FREDEEN
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Time Machine ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Ultrasonic Measurements ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Machine Operator

Rib fat measurements, collected on 81 crossbred steers during three sampling periods using three operators of whom operators 1 and 2 operated a Krautkramer USM2 and a Scanoprobe 731A and operator 3 operated only a Scanogram 722, were used to study the patterns of subcutaneous fat deposition in live cattle and to assess the differences in the accuracy of predicting carcass composition among machine-operator combinations. The effects of breed of sire, animals within breed and machine-operator combinations were all significant (P < 0.01) sources of variation affecting ultrasonic measurements in each of the three periods, which were at least 22 days apart. The within-breed-of-sire linear regression of ultrasonic rib fat measurements on age (291–472 days) and on half liveweight (226–274 kg) were all positive and significantly different from zero (P < 0.01), but they were not consistent among machine-operator combinations, which limits the potential usefulness of ultrasonic measurement to characterize the rate of subcutaneous fat deposition in live cattle. However, repeated measurements over time on the same cattle improved the accuracy from 10% to 50% of four machine-operator combinations in predicting carcass dissectible muscle. The ultrasonic measurements by various machine-operator combinations differed in the accuracy with which carcass composition was predicted. In decreasing order they ranked Krautkramer-operator 1, Scanogram-operator 3, Scanoprobe-operator 2. Krautkramer-operator 2, and Scanoprobe-operator 1. Errors in ultrasonic measurements were identified as factors contributing to the relatively low efficiency of prediction equations for ultrasonic prediction of live animal carcass composition. Key words: Ultrasonic measurements, time, machine-operator differences, carcass composition

LIVE ANIMAL ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENTS OF SUBCUTANEOUS FAT THICKNESS AS PREDICTORS OF BEEF CARCASS COMPOSITION

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. W. TONG ◽  
J. A. NEWMAN ◽  
A. H. MARTIN ◽  
H. T. FREDEEN
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Residual Variance ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Modest Improvement ◽  
Ultrasonic Measurements ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Residual Variances ◽  
Beef Carcass

Data on the total dissectible muscle and fat tissue from primal cuts of the left hindquarters of 356 crossbred steers and heifers, and from the entire left side of 98 Shorthorn steer carcasses were used to evaluate the usefulness of subcutaneous fat depth measurements between the 11th and 12th ribs for predicting carcass composition. Analyses revealed that the use of multiple fat depth measurements from different sites on one or both sides conferred no advantage over the use of the best single measurement. The major sources of variation in total weight of muscle and fat tissue from the crossbreds were breeding group, sex and weight. The residual variances remaining after adjustment for these sources of variation were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) by inclusion of a single fat measurement with reductions of 12.5% (muscle) and 22.0% (fat) provided by the carcass fat measurement and 7.1% (muscle) and 13.1% (fat) for the Krautkramer measurement. For the Shorthorn steers, line and weight were the major sources of variation and larger reductions in the residual variances (16.3% for muscle and 24.6% for fat) were obtained by inclusion of carcass fat in the model. The ultrasonic fat measurements were less effective than carcass fat and the Scanogram gave larger reductions in residual variance than the Krautkramer (e.g., 8.1 vs. 3.9% for weight of muscle tissue). The results of this study suggest that live animal ultrasonic measurements of subcutaneous rib fat depth can be used to achieve modest improvement in predictors of beef carcass composition.

The prediction of pork carcass composition using live animal echographic measurements from the Krautkramer USK7, Ithaca Scanoprobe 731C and Aloka SSD-210DXII Echo Camera

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 1001-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Sather ◽  
J. A. Newman ◽  
S. D. M. Jones ◽  
A. K. W. Tong ◽  
S. M. Zawadski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Residual Variance ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Ultrasonic Measurements ◽  
Yorkshire Pigs ◽  
Fat Yield

Live animal ultrasonic measurements of back fat depth and muscle depth were made on 130 Lacombe and 96 Yorkshire pigs within a weight range of 85.5–114.2 kg, using a Krautkramer USK7 (KK), an Ithaca Scanoprobe 731C (SC) and an Aloka SSD-210DXII Echo Camera (AEC), with an average carcass weight of 80.8 kg. Animals were assessed 1 d prior to slaughter at the mid-back and the loin site as specified by the Canadian Swine Improvement Program and the carcass grade site. Back fat depth measurements made by the SC, KK and AEC reduced the residual variance for lean yield by an additional 35, 43 and 45%, respectively, beyond adjusting for gender, breed and live weight. The mid-back site had less precision than the loin or grade sites for the prediction of both lean yield and fat yield, and there were no clear advantages for using the loin site in preference to the grade site. Since there are no easily identifiable landmarks for locating the grade site on the live pig, the loin site remains the preferred site for live animal evaluation. The addition of muscle-depth measurements to fat-depth measurements resulted in modest increases in the R2 (1–4%) in precision for the prediction of carcass composition. Differences in the ability of the KK and AEC to predict lean yield were small and, considering their cost, suggest that the application of real-time ultrasonics to live animal evaluation may not be practical at this time. Key words: Swine, ultrasound, lean yield, probe sites

THE USE OF UREA DILUTION AND ULTRASONIC BACKFAT THICKNESS TO PREDICT THE CARCASS COMPOSITION OF LIVE LAMBS AND CATTLE

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES ◽  
J. S. WALTON ◽  
J. W. WILTON ◽  
J. E. SZKOTNICKI
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Multiple Regression Equation ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat Thickness ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Lean Weight

Thirty-eight lambs (22 rams, 16 ewes), 25 Holstein cows and 30 steers were evaluated ultrasonically for subcutaneous fat thickness. Urea space was also estimated, using the dilution principle, by a single injection of a known amount of urea and taking a single blood sample 12 min later. All lambs and cattle were slaughtered within 2 days and the half-carcasses were separated into fat, lean and bone. Urea space (R2 = 0.10) and fat thickness (R2 = 0.18) in lambs were poorly related to the weight of half-carcass lean tissue. Neither urea space nor fat thickness improved the level of explained variation in half-carcass lean tissue weight over that explained by liveweight alone (R2 = 0.73). Urea space showed a larger association with half carcass lean weight in cows (R2 = 0.55) than in steers (R2 = 0.14), but again did not improve the relationship provided by liveweight alone (R2 = 0.60). Fat thickness provided nonsignificant regressions (P < 0.05) with half-carcass lean weight both in cows and in steers. Liveweight was the dominant independent variable (R2 = 0.33) for predicting total fat in lamb half-carcasses; urea space (R2 = 0.08) and fat thickness (R2 = 0.13) did not improve the prediction given by liveweight alone. Fat thickness was poorly related to total fatness both in steers (R2 = 0.12) and in cows (nonsignificant regression). A multiple regression equation combining fat thickness and liveweight provided the best prediction of half-carcass fat in cows, whereas a similar equation with the addition of urea space gave the best prediction of half-carcass fat in steers. The measurement of urea space and fat thickness to predict the weight of carcass tissues (lean, fat) in live lambs and cattle over the weight (41.9 + 9.7 kg(SD) lambs, 624 ± 62.8 kg cows and 466 ± 63.2 kg steers) and fatness (19.9 ± 3.27% (SD) lambs, 21.9 ± 2.18% cows and 20.9 ± 3.98% steers) ranges studied was of limited value. Key words: Urea dilution, ultrasound, live animal evaluation, carcass composition

Effects of feeding different levels of conjugated linoleic acid and total oil to pigs on live animal performance and carcass composition

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 505-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. R. Dugan ◽  
J. L. Aalhus ◽  
K. A. Lien ◽  
A. L. Schaefer ◽  
J. K. G. Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Canola Oil ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fats And Oils ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Total Oil

The effects of feeding different dietary levels of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and total oil (TO) were evaluated using 216 barrows fed from 36 to 115 kg body weight. A 3 × 2 factorial design was used with three levels of dietary CLA (0, 0.25, and 0.5%), two levels of dietary TO (2 and 5% made up with canola oil) and 12 pens of three barrows fed per diet. Pigs on all diets gained weight at the same rate from 0 to 4 wk (36 to 61 kg) and from 4 wk to slaughter (61 kg to 115 kg) (P > 0.05). Pigs fed 5% versus 2% TO had 6.6% lower feed intake from 0 to 4 wk (P = 0.02) and 5.9% lower feed intake from 4 wk to slaughter (P < 0.003), while feeding CLA had no effect on feed intake (P = 0.70). A CLA by TO interaction for feed intake was not found for 0 to 4 wk but from 4 wk to slaughter a tendency for an interaction (P = 0.06) was found indicating 0.25% CLA may depress feed intake at 2% TO while stimulating intake at 5% TO. Increasing TO and CLA increased the lean content in commercial cuts by 1.6% (P = 0.06) and 2.7% (P = 0.008), respectively. A CLA by TO interaction (P = 0.012), however, indicated CLA was less effective at increasing lean when added to 5% TO diets than to 2% TO diets, with pigs fed the 0% CLA/2% TO diet yielding 5% less lean than pigs fed any of the other diets (P < 0.05). Interestingly, a main effect for TO was not found for subcutaneous fat (SCF), but adding CLA reduced SCF (6.6%; P = 0.002). Again, a CLA by TO interaction (P = 0.008) indicated adding CLA was less effective at reducing SCF in 5% TO than 2% TO diets, with pigs fed the 0% CLA/2% TO diet having 9.7% more SCF than pigs fed any of the other diets (P < 0.05). The difference in effectiveness of CLA at different TO levels might be due to dilution of CLA by canola oil fatty acids and/or canola oil having fat to lean repartitioning effects of its own. A comparison of fats and oils with differing chain lengths and degrees of saturation would, therefore, be of interest to further define their potential differential effects on growth and metabolism. Key words: Pig, pork, swine, conjugated linoleic acid, CLA, canola oil

Growth and carcass composition of ram and wether lambs fed at two levels of nutrition

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 275 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Lee
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Ram Lambs ◽  
The Difference

This experiment examined the effects of two levels of nutrition on growth rate and fat deposition in the subcutaneous, kidney plus channel, omental and mesenteric depots of ram and wether second-cross lambs. Growth rates to slaughter were higher (P< 0.001) in lambs fed at the higher level of nutrition (170 � 5 v. 88 � 3 g/day; mean � s.e.). There was no difference in growth rates between ram and wether lambs at the levels of nutrition imposed. The level of nutrition did not influence fat depots when the comparison was made at the same carcass weight. Ram lambs had less subcutaneous fat than did wethers, the difference increasing (P = 0.06) at heavier carcass weights (1 00 v. 20 1 g increase in subcutaneous fat/kg increase in carcass weight, for rams and wethers respectively). A similar trend was evident in GR tissue depth; consequently, the distribution of fat scores of wether carcasses was closer to the high (fat) end of the range than was the distribution for ram carcasses (P < 0.05). The levels of total solvent-extractable fat in the carcass did not differ between sexes or levels of nutrition.

The Use of Ultrasonic Measurements on Subcutaneous Fat Thickness in Breeding of Japanese Shorthorn Cattle

1988 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-343
Author(s):  
Yoshitaka NAGAMINE ◽  
Takashi HAYASHI ◽  
Hiroshi SATO ◽  
Akira NISHIDA ◽  
Shigeki KOMATSU
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Ultrasonic Measurements ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat Thickness ◽  
Fat Thickness

Estimation of the carcass composition of different cattle breeds and crosses from fatness measurements and visual assessments

1986 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Kempster ◽  
J. P. Chadwick ◽  
D. D. Charles
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Beef Breed ◽  
Percentage Unit ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Substantial Bias ◽  
Visual Assessments ◽  
Thickness Measurements

SUMMARYCarcass data for 1053 steers from the Meat and Livestock Commission's beef breed evaluation programme were used to examine the relative precision of alternative fatness assessments for predicting carcass lean percentage. The data were from four trials and comprised both dairy-bred and suckler-bred cattle by a wide range of sire breeds.A visual assessment of carcass subcutaneous fat content to the nearest percentage unit (SFe) was the single most precise predictor both overall (residual S.d. = 2·28) and within breed (residual S.d. = 2·05). Precision was improved by the addition in multiple regression of the percentage perinephric and retroperitoneal fat (KKCF) in carcass, a visual score of the degree of marbling in the m. longissimus and selected fat thickness measurements taken by calipers on cut surfaces (residual S.d. = 2·11 (overall) and 1·90 (within breed)).When the best overall equation was applied to the breed means, there was substantial bias (predicted – actual carcass lean percentage). Biases ranged from +2·5 (purebred Canadian Holstein and Luing) to – 1·3 (Limousin crosses).Breeds differed significantly in carcass lean content when compared at equal levels of fatness measurements. The differences depended both on the precision with which the measurements predicted carcass lean content and the observed differences in carcass composition that existed before adjustments to equal fatness were made.The robustness of prediction equations was examined by applying them to independent sets of data (a total of 334 carcasses) from four other trials involving steers, heifers, cows and young bulls. Equations were stable for cattle of the same breed, sex and similar levels of fatness but important bias was found between more extreme types of cattle.

Intake, live animal scores/measurements and carcass composition and value of late-maturing beef and dairy breeds

2009 ◽  
Vol 126 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 57-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Clarke ◽  
M.J. Drennan ◽  
M. McGee ◽  
D.A. Kenny ◽  
R.D. Evans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Live Animal

Estimation in vivo of the chemical composition of the bodies of mature cows

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Wright ◽  
A. J. F. Russel
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Ultrasonic Measurements ◽  
Condition Score

ABSTRACTA number of possible indices of body composition (live weight, skeletal size, total body water as estimated by deuterium oxide dilution, blood and red cell volumes as estimated by Evans Blue dilution, ultrasonic measurements of subcutaneous fat depth and eye-muscle area, and body condition scoring) was examined using 73 non-pregnant, non-lactating, mature cows of Hereford × Friesian, Blue-Grey, British Friesian, Galloway and Luing genotypes, ranging in body condition score from 0·75 to 4·5. Direct measurements of body composition in terms of water, fat, protein and ash were made following slaughter.Live weight, deuterium oxide dilution, ultrasonic measurements of subcutaneous fat depth and eyemuscle area, and body condition score were all considered to be potentially useful predictors of body composition. Combinations of techniques offered better predictions than did any single index. Using a combination of measurements it was possible to predict body fat and protein with a residual s.d. of 13·1 kg and 3·15 kg respectively. Breed differences in the partition of fat among the main adipose tissue depots necessitated the development of specific prediction equations for body fat based on condition score and subcutaneous fat depth for different breeds. Equations remain to be developed for predicting body composition in cows in different physiological states.

Assessment of lamb carcass composition from live animal measurement of bioelectrical impedance or ultrasonic tissue depths.

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (11) ◽  
pp. 2672 ◽  
Author(s):  
E P Berg ◽  
M K Neary ◽  
J C Forrest ◽  
D L Thomas ◽  
R G Kauffman
Keyword(s):  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Live Animal
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