THE EFFECT OF CONFINEMENT HOUSING UPON THE INCIDENCE OF LEG WEAKNESS IN SWINE

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 1119-1128 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. SATHER ◽  
H. T. FREDEEN
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Cartilage Damage ◽  
Optimum Growth ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Housing Growth ◽  
System P ◽  
Structural Weakness ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Key Words Pig ◽  
Leg Weakness

Live animal evaluation for soundness of foreleg (FL), hindleg (HL), and hip (HP) and postslaughter cartilage condition score (CCS) of the elbow were recorded for 257 Lacombe male castrates (barrows) and gilts, housed either singly or in groups of four in confinement or in groups of 12 in large outside pig lots. Barrows had poorer FL, HL and HP scores than did gilts (P = 0.111, 0.032 and 0.001, respectively). Management system (P = 0.005, 0.001 and 0.001) and its interaction with sex (P = 0.096, 0.016 and 0.023) also affected the scoring of the FL, HL and HP, respectively. Single and group-confinement-housed gilts did not differ in leg weakness or CCS, while singly penned barrows suffered greater cartilage damage (P = 0.037). In general, confinement-housed pigs had greater leg weakness of FL, RL, and HP (P < 0.001), but this effect was attributed almost entirely to barrows (P < 0.001). No meaningful correlations were found between leg weakness and average backfat. The correlations between FL and preweaning (−0.23) and post-weaning ADG (−0.24) suggest that a prerequisite for optimum growth rate is structural soundness. Confinement housing and not growth rate appears to be the primary factor contributing towards the incidence and severity of structural weakness in the pig. Key words: Pig, leg weakness, swine management, confinement housing, growth rate, backfat

JOINT DAMAGE IN PIGS REARED UNDER CONFINEMENT

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 759-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. FREDEEN ◽  
A. P. SATHER
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Cartilage Damage ◽  
Joint Damage ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Hip Joints ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Normal Cartilage ◽  
Leg Weakness ◽  
Degree Of Damage

Cartilage soundness and condition of synovial fluid were determined for three populations of pigs comprising 645 entire males, 171 females and 119 male castrates. All pigs were reared in confinement, and slaughtered at liveweights ranging from 82 to 116 kg, with joint damage assessed by dissection of the left foreleg. Hip joints were evaluated for one population. Incidence of damage differed among populations but the highest frequency of fully normal cartilage was only 20% and the frequency of moderate to severe damage ranged from 15 to 50%. There were no sex differences. Differences observed in weights of pigs at birth and weaning and in post-weaning growth rate were inversely related to degree of damage. There was no evidence of any association with carcass characteristics, and microbiological tests were negative. No meaningful association was found between visual scores for physical soundness of the live animal and degree of joint damage. Clinical evidence of leg weakness was observed in some animals with normal joints while some pigs with extreme cartilage damage revealed no clinical symptoms. Degree of damage was not related to terminal weight per se but was directly related to duration of test confinement. Damage was greater among pigs confined individually than for those group-fed. Cartilage repair was observed in pigs held on pasture following completion of test.

scholarly journals Genetics of heifer puberty in two tropical beef genotypes in northern Australia and associations with heifer- and steer-production traits

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 399 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Johnston ◽  
S. A. Barwick ◽  
N. J. Corbet ◽  
G. Fordyce ◽  
R. G. Holroyd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Marbling Score ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Age At Puberty

A total of 2115 heifers from two tropical genotypes (1007 Brahman and 1108 Tropical Composite) raised in four locations in northern Australia were ovarian-scanned every 4–6 weeks to determine the age at the first-observed corpus luteum (CL) and this was used to define the age at puberty for each heifer. Other traits recorded at each time of ovarian scanning were liveweight, fat depths and body condition score. Reproductive tract size was measured close to the start of the first joining period. Results showed significant effects of location and birth month on the age at first CL and associated puberty traits. Genotypes did not differ significantly for the age or weight at first CL; however, Brahman were fatter at first CL and had a small reproductive tract size compared with that of Tropical Composite. Genetic analyses estimated the age at first CL to be moderately to highly heritable for Brahman (0.57) and Tropical Composite (0.52). The associated traits were also moderately heritable, except for reproductive tract size in Brahmans (0.03) and for Tropical Composite, the presence of an observed CL on the scanning day closest to the start of joining (0.07). Genetic correlations among puberty traits were mostly moderate to high and generally larger in magnitude for Brahman than for Tropical Composite. Genetic correlations between the age at CL and heifer- and steer-production traits showed important genotype differences. For Tropical Composite, the age at CL was negatively correlated with the heifer growth rate in their first postweaning wet season (–0.40) and carcass marbling score (–0.49), but was positively correlated with carcass P8 fat depth (0.43). For Brahman, the age at CL was moderately negatively genetically correlated with heifer measures of bodyweight, fatness, body condition score and IGF-I, in both their first postweaning wet and second dry seasons, but was positively correlated with the dry-season growth rate. For Brahman, genetic correlations between the age at CL and steer traits showed possible antagonisms with feedlot residual feed intake (–0.60) and meat colour (0.73). Selection can be used to change the heifer age at puberty in both genotypes, with few major antagonisms with steer- and heifer-production traits.

Influence of Trichoderma longibrachiatum xylanase supplementation of wheat and corn based diets on growth performance of pigs

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Van Lunen ◽  
H. Schulze
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Trichoderma Longibrachiatum ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Key Words Pig ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Dietary Treatments

A trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementing wheat- and corn-based diets with xylanase on growth performance and FCR of pigs from 10 to 18 wk of age. Seventy-tow castrated male pigs were assigned to pens of two and in a randomized block design to six dietary treatments consisting of diets containing 60% wheat, 40% wheat and 20% corn, and 20% wheat and 40% corn with and without supplementation with xylanase. Feed and water were available ad libitum. Xylanase supplementation improved growth rate and FCR by 9.2 and 5.3%, respectively, regardless of level of wheat and corn inclusion. Key words: Pig, growth, feed enzyme, Trichoderma longibrachiatum xylanase, wheat, corn

Performance of young breeding cattle in commercial herds in the south-west of Western Australia. 3. Calf growth, dystocia, and their relationship with production and fertility measurements in first-calf heifers

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 455 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Sawyer ◽  
DJ Barker ◽  
RJ Morris
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
The South ◽  
Average Growth Rate ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
South West ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Recorded Data

The preweaning growth of the progeny from 2531 first-calf heifers calving on commercial properties in the south-west of Western Australia was studied over 5 years. Animals included the progeny of Angus sires mated to Angus, Angus x Friesian, Simford, Hereford and Beef Shorthorn crossbred heifers; the progeny of Hereford sires mated to Hereford, Hereford x Friesian, and Beef Shorthorn crossbred; and those of Devon crossbred, Simford or Wokalup multibreed heifers mated inter se. Calves were born between mid January and July of each year and date of birth, calving information and calf growth through to weaning at an average age of 230 days were recorded. Data recorded on the calves' dams included regular liveweight and condition score assessment and the date of second calving. Angus-sired calves were lighter at birth than Hereford-sired calves; breed means ranged from 25.1 kg for purebred Angus to 33.2 kg for Wokalup multibreeds, with male calves weighing 1.4 kg more than females at birth. Calf birth weight was positively and linearly related to weight of dam at the beginning of joining. Breed of calf, sex of calf, year of birth, day of the year born, liveweight and liveweight change of the dam at the beginning of rejoining all significantly influenced calf growth, with up to 64% of variation accounted for. At 50 days of age, Devon crossbreds, Simfords and Wokalup multibreeds were significantly heavier than crossbred Hereford or Angus calves, and this trend persisted until weaning. The average growth rate to 200 days of Angus calves was 0.113 kg/day slower, and Hereford calves 0.77 kg/day slower, than the average growth rate of their respective crossbred calves. Heaviest 200-day weights were found in Devon crossbred (235 kg), Simford (221 kg) and Wokalup multibreed (219 kg) calves. A strong seasonal influence on calf growth was detected. Each 1 day increase in calf age in calves born between mid January and June resulted in 0.29 kg extra liveweight at 100 days and 0.68 kg extra liveweight at 200 days of age. Overall, the liveweight of the dam at the beginning of re-joining was positively associated with calf growth, with 0.119 kg of calf liveweight/kg dam liveweight at 100 days and 0.123 kg at 200 days. There was less effect of dam liveweight in Herefords and Hereford x Friesians on calf growth to 200 days, but this relationship was closer in faster growing and later maturing breeds, including Angus x Friesian, Simford, and Wokalup multibreed. The dairy crossbreeds generally lost weight at the beginning of re-joining, resulting in a negative association between this weight change and calf growth to 100 days. No assistance was required in 93% of calvings and the highest incidence of dystocia corresponded with the highest birth weight calves in Wokalup multibreeds. The most common calving difficulty was an apparently slow birth where no assistance was given, resulting in a stillborn calf. Male calves experienced 3 times the level of dystocia recorded for female calves. There was no association detected between dystocia and dam liveweight subsequent to calving. The study highlighted the importance of dam breed, liveweight and condition of the dam and timing of calving as important influences on the growth of progeny reared by first-calf heifers.

scholarly journals National Beef Quality Audit–2016: Transportation, mobility, live cattle, and carcass assessments of targeted producer-related characteristics that affect value of market cows and bulls, their carcasses, and associated by-products1

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 570-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Harris ◽  
L. C. Eastwood ◽  
C. A. Boykin ◽  
A. N. Arnold ◽  
K. B. Gehring ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
The United States ◽  
Beef Quality ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Quality Audit ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Space Requirements

Abstract The National Beef Quality Audit–2016 marks the fourth iteration in a series assessing the quality of live beef and dairy cows and bulls and their carcass counterparts. The objective was to determine the incidence of producer-related defects, and report cattle and carcass traits associated with producer management. Conducted from March through December of 2016, trailers (n = 154), live animals (n = 5,470), hide-on carcasses (n = 5,278), and hide-off hot carcasses (n = 5,510) were surveyed in 18 commercial packing facilities throughout the United States. Cattle were allowed 2.3 m2 of trailer space on average during transit indicating some haulers are adhering to industry handling guidelines for trailer space requirements. Of the mixed gender loads arriving at processing facilities, cows and bulls were not segregated on 64.4% of the trailers surveyed. When assessed for mobility, the greatest majority of cattle surveyed were sound. Since the inception of the quality audit series, beef cows have shown substantial improvements in muscle. Today over 90.0% of dairy cows are too light muscled. The mean body condition score for beef animals was 4.7 and for dairy cows and bulls was 2.6 and 3.3, respectively. Dairy cattle were lighter muscled, yet fatter than the dairy cattle surveyed in 2007. Of cattle surveyed, most did not have horns, nor any visible live animal defects. Unbranded hides were observed on 77.3% of cattle. Carcass bruising was seen on 64.1% of cow carcasses and 42.9% of bull carcasses. However, over half of all bruises were identified to only be minor in severity. Nearly all cattle (98.4%) were free of visible injection-site lesions. Current results suggest improvements have been made in cattle and meat quality in the cow and bull sector. Furthermore, the results provide guidance for continued educational and research efforts for improving market cow and bull beef quality.

Optimum growth conditions for the epitaxy of GaAs on Ge by close-spaced vapor transport

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 225-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Lalande ◽  
N. Guelton ◽  
D. Cossement ◽  
R. G. Saint-Jacques ◽  
J. P. Dodelet
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Solar Cells ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Substrate Temperature ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Vapor Transport ◽  
Temperature Evolution ◽  
Threading Dislocations ◽  
Optimum Growth ◽  
Antiphase Boundaries

GaAs epitaxial layers are grown by close-spaced vapor transport (CSVT) on (100)Ge substrates and (100)Ge substrates misoriented 1.5° and 3° toward (011). Water vapor is used as the transport agent. When the temperatures of the GaAs source (T1) and of the Ge substrate (T2) are 800 and 750 °C, respectively, the growth rate is about 3 μm h−1. When an optimum source–substrate temperature evolution is followed, it is possible to grow specular layers of GaAs/Ge that contain only a small number (< 105 cm−2) of threading dislocations. All antiphase boundaries (APBs) annihilate close to the interface (from about 230 nm for (100)Ge substrates to about 65 nm for vicinal (3° off) (100)Ge substrates). The GaAs growth occurs via the coalescence of 3D nuclei that are formed on an arsenic prelayer n-type GaAs layers are always obtained. By encapsulating the Ge substrate, it is possible to drastically decrease the autodoping resulting from the transport of Ge by water vapor in the same growth conditions as those prevailing for GaAs. After encapsulation, uncompensated doping densities ND – NA in the order of 5 × 1016 cm−3 are easily obtained for GaAs/Ge films grown from undoped semi-insulating GaAs sources. These GaAs/Ge layers can be used as bases for solar cells.

Effects of sex and year on growth and live assessment of carcass characteristics of lambs grazing annual pastures

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 307 ◽  
Author(s):  
LP Thatcher ◽  
B Warren ◽  
PJ Nicholls
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Dressing Percentage ◽  
Fat Score ◽  
Clover Content

Lambs from the Poll Dorset x (Border Leicester x Merino) cross were raised from a late lambing in 1983 (a year when pastures grew unchecked and had high clover content) and 1984 (a year with intermittent dry periods and a low clover content in pastures). Multivariate repeated measures analyses were used to compare growth rates for rams, wethers and ewes within 2 periods of growth in 1983, and 4 in 1984. In all stages rams grew significantly faster than wethers and ewes, whereas wether growth rate exceeded that of ewes in only 3 stages. In general, when pasture availability and quality was high, rams grew faster than wethers by 0.3 kg/week and ewes by 0.5 kg/week. The rams grew 0.16 kg/week faster when pasture availability was limiting for a period in winter but lost significant (P<0.01) body condition, whilst ewes maintained both weight and condition. When good quality feed was again available, rams gained more weight than wethers, as did wethers compared with ewes, while rams and wethers gained more condition than ewes. Carcass weight and fatness, measured either as indicators of fat (GR measurement or fat score) or as total subcutaneous fat, could be predicted from assessments made on live lambs. Full liveweight, sex and year explained 41% of variation in GR, 48% in fat score and 79% in subcutaneous fat. Condition score, sex and year explained 45% of variation in GR, 52% in fat score and 57% in subcutaneous fat. Full liveweight, condition score, sex and year explained 80% of the variation in subcutaneous fat, 47% in GR and 57% in fat score. An interaction of sex with full liveweight in predicting carcass weight and subcutaneous fat indicated that as carcass size increased, the sex of the lamb became an increasingly important consideration when assessing characteristics important in describing lamb carcasses. Dressing percentage decreased by 0.08/kg as liveweight increased. This result was consistent over the 2 years, with opportunities for error being assessed and eliminated in the second year. Notwithstanding that this was an unimportant loss in real terms, published information showed an increase in dressing percentage with liveweight.

scholarly journals The optimum growth rate for population reconsidered

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Jaeger ◽  
Wolfgang Kuhle
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Optimum Growth

Reduction of Lateral Dimension on InGaAs/GaAs Multilayers on Non-(111) V-Grooved GaAs(100) Substrate by Chemical Beam Epitaxy

1995 ◽  
Vol 405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung-Bock Kim ◽  
Jeong-Rae Ro ◽  
Seong-Ju Park ◽  
El-Hang Lee
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Quantum Wire ◽  
Chemical Beam Epitaxy ◽  
Optimum Growth ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
Lateral Dimension ◽  
Optimum Growth Temperature ◽  
Gaas Substrates ◽  
Effective Reduction ◽  
Photoluminescence Peak

AbstractWe have found that the lateral dimension of InGaAs and GaAs multiple layers can be effectively controlled on non-( 111) V-grooved GaAs substrates by chemical beam epitaxy using triethylgallium and trimethylindium coupled with precracked arsine or unprecracked monoethylarsine. We suggest that this effect is due to the efficient migration of adatoms from (111) to non-(111) planes. This is an improved method which overcomes the difficulty that has been associated with the method of using only (111) V-grooves in which the lateral dimension is controlled by the differences in the growth rates between (111) and (100) planes. In case of InGaAs and GaAs epilayers, the anisotropy factors of growth rate were less than 0.1 at optimum growth temperature. Photoluminescence peak originated from InGaAs/GaAs quantum wire was significantly distinct from other peaks, suggesting an effective reduction of InGaAs lateral dimension.

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