THE INFLUENCE OF BREED ON THE EFFICIENCY OF GROWTH AND MUSCLE DEPOSITION IN BULLS AND HEIFERS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.D.M. JONES ◽  
M.A. PRICE ◽  
R.T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Beef Production ◽  
Constant Amount ◽  
Constant Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Daily Gain

Two breeds (Hereford (HE), and Dairy Synthetic (DY)), and two sexes (bulls and heifers) were compared for various measures of efficiency in beef production. DY animals had greater (P < 0.001) birthweights, and greater weaning weights (P < 0.001) than HE animals. At weaning, 16 animals of each breed-sex combination were grouped four to a pen and fed a high-concentrate cereal diet ad libitum to one of two slaughter weights (485 kg, 575 kg). Average daily gain and liveweight gained per 100 MJ dietary energy (DE) was greater (P < 0.05) for DY bulls than HE bulls. Average daily gain, but not liveweight gained per 100 MJ DE was greater (P < 0.05) for DY heifers than HE heifers. There were no differences (P < 0.05) in muscle gain per unit of liveweight among breed-sex combinations. At a constant liveweight DY bulls produced significantly (P < 0.05) more muscle than HE bulls, and DY heifers, significantly more (P < 0.05) than HE heifers. Muscle gain per 100 MJ DE was highest for DY bulls and lowest for DY heifers. For a constant amount of feed energy (23 241 MJ DE) DY bulls produced 20.1 kg (16%) more muscle than HE heifers. The overall results thus indicate that breed and sex cause important differences in the amount of carcass muscle produced for a constant energy intake.

THE INFLUENCE OF DIETARY ROUGHAGE LEVEL ON EFFICIENCY OF GROWTH AND MUSCLE DEPOSITION IN BULLS AND STEERS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 369-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES ◽  
M. A. PRICE ◽  
R. T. BERG ◽  
R. T. HARDIN
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Beef Production ◽  
Constant Amount ◽  
Constant Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Sex Type ◽  
Intermediate Results ◽  
Daily Gain

Bulls and implanted steers fed three dietary roughage levels (20% 50%, and 80% alfalfa-brome hay) were compared for various measures of efficiency in beef production. Cattle were about 1 yr of age at the start of the trial and bulls were heavier than steers (290 kg vs. 269 kg). There were four pens, each containing three cattle in every sex × dietary roughage combination. Animals in a pen were slaughtered when pen means approximated 450 kg or 580 kg. Increasing the level of roughage in the diet (20% to 80%) resulted in a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in both daily gain and liveweight gain per 100 MJ DE. The 50% roughage diet produced intermediate results. At a constant liveweight there was no significant (P < 0.05) effect of dietary roughage level on carcass muscle. Bulls produced 9% more muscle than steers at a constant liveweight. Muscle gain per 100 MJ DE decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with roughage level, and was higher for bulls than steers. For a constant amount of feed energy (24 148 MJ DE) bulls fed the 20% roughage diets produced 26.8 kg more carcass muscle (P < 0.05) than bulls fed the 80% roughage diet. Similarly, steers fed the 20% roughage diet produced 16.1 kg more carcass muscle (P < 0.05) than steers fed the 80% roughage diet. Bulls produced 23% more muscle than steers for a constant digestible energy intake (24 148 MJ DE). The overall results thus indicate that dietary roughage and sex-type cause large differences in the amount of carcass muscle produced for a constant energy intake.

Effect of energy intake on performance, nutrient and tissue gain and protein and energy utilization in growing boars

1995 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Quiniou ◽  
J. Noblet ◽  
J. van Milgen ◽  
J.-Y. Dourmad
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Balance Technique ◽  
Protein And Energy Utilization ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Daily Gain

AbstractTwenty crossbred (Large Wliite × Piétrain) boars were used to investigate the effect of energy intake (0·71, 0·80, 0·90, 1·00 ad libitum) and body weight (BW) on growth performance, and rates of protein (PD) and lipid (LD) deposition between 40 and 100 kg BW. Daily crude protein intake was kept constant. Total PD and LD were measured according to the comparative slaughter technique (CST) during total experiment and according to nitrogen and energy balance technique at 45, 65, 80 and 94 kg mean BW. Average daily gain increased linearly with metabolizable energy (ME) intake (+36 g/MJ ME) whereas food conversion ratio was not affected by energy level (28·0 M] ME per kg BW gain). Daily PD increased from 126 to 171 g/day, and LD from 70 to 187 glday between 0·71 ad libitum and ad libitum ME intake. Maintenance ME requirement was constant when expressed per kg BW'60 (992 kJ/day). PD varied with ME intake above maintenance (MEp) according to a linear-plateau relationship. The slope decreased with BW (+11·5 g/MJ MEp at 65 kg BW and +9·0 g/MJ MEp at 94 kg BW). LD was linearly related to MEp (+16 g/M} MEp). The LD: PD ratio in marginal empty BW gain was constant within BW class, but increased from 1/5 to 1/9 between 65 and 94 kg BW.

Effects of plane of nutrition, diethylstilboestrol implantation and slaughter weight on the performance of Israeli-Friesian intact male cattle

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Levy ◽  
Z. Holzer ◽  
Y. Folman
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Slaughter Weight ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Dressing Percentage ◽  
Daily Gain

SummaryThe effects of two levels of energy intake, ad libitum and 80% of ad libitum, of diethylstilboestrol implantation and no such treatment, and of two slaughter weights (‘450’ and ‘490’ kg), on the performance of Israeli-Friesian intact male cattle were studied.Average daily gain was 1130 g and 959 g and daily carcass gain was 630 g and 553 g for animals on ad libitum and 80% of ad libitum energy intake, respectively. Average daily gain was 1038 g and 944 g and daily carcass gain was 595 g and 562 g, for diethylstilboestrol-treated and untreated animals, respectively. Slaughter weight had little effect on rate of gain.The differences in conversion ratio of ME into live weight between treatments were small. Diethylstilboestrol-treated animals were slightly more efficient.The non-implanted animals on the restricted plane of nutrition and which had been slaughtered at ‘490’ kg had a significantly higher dressing percentage, a higher percentage of fat trim and less bone than animals slaughtered at ‘450’ kg body weight on both levels of nutrition.Among the diethylstilboestrol-implanted male calves, however, the animals fed at 80% of ad libitum feed and killed at ‘450’ or ‘490’ kg live weight had significantly more fat trim in the carcass and less bone than the animals fed ad libitum.

Interrelationships between dietary ractopamine,energy intake, and sex in pigs

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 565 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Dunshea ◽  
P. J. Eason ◽  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
R. H. King
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Crossbred Pigs ◽  
Daily Gain

A major constraint to protein deposition in the pig is energy intake. Ractopamine (RAC) isa b-agonist which has been shown to increase protein deposition under both ad libitum and restrictive feeding regimes. To assess the interactions between energy intake, sex, and dietary RAC, 104 crossbred pigs (52 boars and 52 gilts) were used in a slaughter-balance experiment conducted over the growth phase of 60-90 kg liveweight. To obtain initial body composition, 4 pigs of each sex were slaughtered at 60 kg. The remaining 96 pigs were allocated to a 2 6 2 factorial experiment. The respective factors were sex (boar or gilt), dietary digestible energy (DE) intake (21·2, 24·7, 28·2, 32·7, 36·7MJ DE/day and ad libitum), and dietary RAC (0 and 20 mg/kg of ractopamine.HCl). Average daily gain increased with DE intake and was faster for boars than gilts. Dietary RAC increased averagedaily gain in both boars and gilts independent of DE intake. Neither dietary RAC nor sex had any effect on ad libitum feed intakes while effects on feed : gain ratio reciprocated growth rates. Protein deposition increased with DE intake and was higher in boars than in gilts. Although protein deposition was increased by dietary RAC in both boars and gilts across the range of DE intakes investigated,ad libitum feed intakes were necessary to maximise protein deposition. Fat deposition increased with DE intake and was greater in gilts than in boars. Whereas dietary RAC had no effect on the rateof fat deposition or backfat depths, the fat content of the empty body was lower due to increased protein deposition and lower fat : protein ratio. Dietary RAC improves growth performance and carcass composition in both boars and gilts independent of DE intake. However, ad libitum feed intakes maybe necessary if responses are to be maximised.

scholarly journals Determination of Maintenance Energy Requirements for Fattening Castrated Korean Black Goats (Capra hircus coreanae)

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1543
Author(s):  
Sang-Ho Moon ◽  
Yeong Sik Yun ◽  
Na Yeon Kim ◽  
Sanguk Chung ◽  
Qi Man Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Capra Hircus ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Daily Gain

Twelve adult (10 months old) castrated Korean black goats, with an average initial body weight of 24.98 ± 3.7 kg, were used in this experiment to determine their maintenance energy requirements. Dry matter intakes (g/d, p = 0.945) were not affected by energy levels, but metabolic energy intake (kcal/d, p < 0.002) and average daily gain (g/d, p < 0.001) were significantly increased at higher energy levels. Nutrient digestibility was similar in the treatments, but crude fat digestibility increased with the addition of protective fat powder (p = 0.001). The energy required for fattening the castrated Korean black goats was estimated using the correlation between metabolic energy intake per dietary body weight and average daily gain per dietary body weight. The Y-axis intercept value was calculated to be 108.76 kcal/kg BW0.75 (p < 0.05, r2 = 0.6036), which was the metabolic energy requirement for maintaining the lives of the fattening Korean black goats. The estimated energy requirements of the black goat can improve specification techniques, such as the energy level and the amount of feed supply required for domestic black goats.

177 Ad Libitum Consumption of a 1:1 Blend of inorganic:organic Se by Steers Grazing Endophyte-infected Tall Fescue Increases Serum Prolactin and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity, but Not Average Daily Gain

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 94-95
Author(s):  
Kelsie Webb ◽  
Ronald J Trotta ◽  
Phillip Bridges ◽  
James Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Serum Prolactin ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract To test the hypothesis that average daily gain (ADG) and clinical parameters of steers grazing novel non-toxic (NTE) or toxic KY-31 (TE) endophyte-infected tall fescue would be improved by ad libitum intake of vitamin-mineral mixes (V-M) that contain 27 ppm Se as a 1:1 blend of SELPLEX:sodium selenite (MIX) vs sodium selenite (ISe), 32 TE-naïve beef steers depleted of Se were randomly assigned to ad libitum consumption ISe vs MIX for 35 d and fed enough of a NTE/alfalfa/grain diet to achieve 0.57 kg BW gain/d. Within Se-form treatments, 2 steers were randomly assigned to each of 4, 2-acre NTE (ISe = 316 ± 31 kg, MIX = 315 ± 22 kg) or TE (ISe = 316 ± 37 kg, MIX = 314 ± 39 kg) paddocks for 84 d and had ad libitum access to their respective V-M. The MIXED procedure of SAS was used to assess effects of day, Se-form (ISe, MIX) and endophyte (NTE, TE) treatments, and their interactions. Whole blood Se decreased (P &lt; 0.01) 31% from d 0 to 84 and was 6.2% greater (P &lt; 0.01) for MIX steers. Serum prolactin decreased (P &lt; 0.01) 18% for NTE and 48% for TE steers from d 0 to 84 and was 17% greater (P = 0.01) for MIX vs. ISe TE steers. Alkaline phosphatase activity (AP) decreased (P &lt; 0.02) 27% from d 0 to 84 and was 15% greater (P &lt; 0.02) for MIX steers. Serum urea nitrogen increased (P &lt; 0.02) 8.2% from d 0 to 84 for TE but not NTE steers. Average daily gain (kg/d) was less (P &lt; 0.01) in TE (-0.18) vs NTE (0.09) steers. We conclude that the ad libitum intake of MIX ameliorated the negative effects of consuming TE on serum prolactin and AP but not ADG.

scholarly journals Dietary supplementation of artificial sweetener and capsicum oleoresin as a strategy to mitigate the negative consequences of heat stress on pig performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgan E Biggs ◽  
Kellie A Kroscher ◽  
Lidan D Zhao ◽  
Zhenhe Zhang ◽  
Emma H Wall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Artificial Sweetener ◽  
Monocyte Count ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Environmental Treatment ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract Pigs exposed to elevated ambient temperatures exhibit reduced daily gain, alterations in muscle and fat deposition, and decreased health. Negative aspects of gastrointestinal (GI) function, integrity, and permeability also occur. High-intensity sweeteners can ameliorate the negative effects of heat stress (HS) by increasing GI glucagon-like peptide-2 production while capsicum oleoresin has been shown to reduce inflammatory response. The effects of an artificial high-intensity sweetener and capsicum oleoresin (CAPS-SUC; TakTik X-Hit, Pancosma, Switzerland) on growth performance of pigs were examined. Forty-eight pigs (12 wk of age, 43.2 ± 4.3 kg) were assigned to six treatments: thermoneutral conditions (21 ± 1.1 °C; 40% to 70% relative humidity) fed ad libitum with (TN+) or without supplement (TN−), heat stress (35 ± 1 °C; 20% to 40% relative humidity) fed ad libitum with (HS+) or without supplement (HS−), and thermoneutral conditions pair-fed to HS intake with (PFTN+) or without supplement (PFTN−). Supplementation (0.1 g/kg feed) began 2 d prior to the 3-d environmental treatment period. Body weights (BWs) and blood samples were collected on days −1 and 3. Rectal temperature (RT) and respiration rate (RR) were measured thrice daily and the feed intake (FI) was recorded daily. Intestinal sections were collected for histology. Pigs in HS conditions exhibited increased RT (~1.2 °C) and RR (~2.7-fold) compared with TN and PFTN groups (P &lt; 0.01). HS+ animals had increased RR when compared with HS− animals (P &lt; 0.02). Heat stress decreased FI compared with TN. HS and PFTN decreased (P &lt; 0.05) average daily gain compared with TN. Supplement did not alter the BW gain. HS and PFTN decreased (P &lt; 0.05) Gain:Feed compared with TN during environmental treatment. Supplementation with CAPS–SUC increased Gain:Feed by 0.12 (P &lt; 0.05). Circulating glucose concentrations tended to decrease in CAPS–SUC vs. non-supplemented HS and PFTN animals (P ≤ 0.1). Circulating insulin concentrations as well as monocyte count increased in HS compared with PFTN (P &lt; 0.04) but did not differ from TN and likely linked to altered FI. CAPS–SUC increased basophil count (P &lt; 0.02), irrespective of environment. Ileal villus height tended to decrease during HS and PFTN compared with TN (P &lt; 0.08), indicating an effect of intake. Overall, CAPS–SUC supplementation increased pig feed efficiency and may improve immune response.

Metabolic interactions between surplus dietary energy intake and cigarette smoking or its cessation

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (6) ◽  
pp. E1023-E1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Neese ◽  
N. L. Benowitz ◽  
R. Hoh ◽  
D. Faix ◽  
A. LaBua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Excess Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Ad Libitum

Cigarette smoking (CS) alters lipid metabolism and is associated clinically with an atherogenic lipid profile. We recently showed that, under controlled eucaloric dietary conditions, CS stimulates lipolysis without increasing oxidation of fat and that cessation of CS does not result in a rebound tendency to synthesize or store fat. We asked here whether the ad libitum intake of surplus dietary energy interacts with the metabolic effects of CS or its cessation. Eight male heavy smokers were allowed ad libitum food intake in a metabolic ward, 1 wk in CS phase and 1 wk in non-CS phase, followed by 4 wk of outpatient non-CS and a repeat 7-day study. De novo hepatic lipogenesis (DNL), lipolysis, substrate cycling of free fatty acids (FFA), hepatic glucose production, and energy expenditure were measured by using a multiple stable-isotope infusion protocol and indirect calorimetry. Surplus dietary energy intake (> 150% of predicted energy needs) occurred in five of eight subjects (2 subjs > 5,500 kcal/day, 3 subjs > 4,000 kcal/day) with weight gain of 1–4 kg/wk, but with no difference between CS and non-CS phases. Acute CS significantly increased (P < 0.05) serum FFA concentrations (58%), FFA flux (63%), and glycerol flux (36%); nonsignificantly increased extra-adipocyte (hepatic) esterification of FFA (125%, P = 0.10) and resting energy expenditure (4.1%, P = 0.22); and did not change adipocyte reesterification of FFA or whole body oxidation of fat. Basal metabolic parameters (after overnight abstention from CS) did not differ between phases. Fractional DNL correlated significantly with excess energy intake (r2 = 0.39) and with percentage of total energy needs provided by carbohydrate (r2 = 0.47). The absence or presence of CS did not affect the increase in fractional DNL in subjects with excess energy intake, however. We conclude that cessation of CS does not result in a rebound tendency to synthesis or storage of fat, even in the presence of positive short-term energy balance, contrary to previous suggestions. Moreover, stimulation of lipolysis by CS does not increase oxidation of fat and thereby protect against fat deposition under conditions of surplus energy intake. The prevention of weight gain after cessation of CS, whether or not nicotine is provided, should focus on energy balance (calorigenesis as well as intake) rather than specific alterations in lipid metabolism.

GROWTH AND ACTH RESPONSES TO COLD STRESS OF YOUNG PIGS FED AD LIBITUM

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. BROWN ◽  
R. R. HACKER ◽  
G. J. KING
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Seminal Vesicles ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Plasma Acth ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Free Body ◽  
Daily Gain

Twenty-four 6-wk-old pigs were housed in individual metabolism cages and exposed for 6 wk to either 2 C or 20 C with ad libitum feed and water. The pigs at 20 C and 2 C had an average daily gain (ADG) of 544 g and 343 g (P < 0.01), respectively. Feed consumption was similar for both treatments, with feed:gain ratios being significantly lower in the 20 C group during the 1st and 3rd 2-wk periods. Spleen and kidney weights were a larger percent of ingesta-free body weight in pigs housed at 2 C. The percent body weight of livers, thyroids, testicles, seminal vesicles and bulbo-urethral glands were not statistically different between 20 C and 2 C housed pigs. Body protein and ash were 5 and 1.3% lower in the 2 C pigs. Differences in plasma ACTH between treatments within day were significant. Consistently lower levels of plasma ACTH were obtained from pigs housed at 2 C.

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