RESPONSE OF LACTATING EWES TO SNOW AS A SOURCE OF WATER

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. DEGEN ◽  
B. A. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Reduced Water

Eight Suffolk-cross ewes, each nursing a ram-lamb, were kept in a snow-covered field and were individually offered 2 kg of dehydrated alfalfa pellets daily. Half the ewes were denied water from the 4th to 14th wk of lactation but had access to snow as a water source (snow ewes), while the others were offered water during the daily feeding period (water ewes). The ewes readily accepted snow as their source of water. The total water turnover of the snow ewes was approximately 35% less than that of the water ewes; however, this reduced water intake did not affect their milk yield, total body water, or hemactocrit. The liveweight and total body solids of the ewes and energy content of the milk were not significantly different in the two groups. The weight gain of the lambs from the two groups of ewes was not significantly different, averaging 118 and 105 g/day for lambs from the water and snow ewes, respectively.

Tritiated water for estimating total body water and water turnover rate in birds

1981 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 1183-1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Degen ◽  
B. Pinshow ◽  
P. U. Alkon ◽  
H. Arnon
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Chukar Partridges

The use of tritiated water (TOH) to estimate total body water (TBW) and total water turnover rate was validated in chukar partridges (Alectoris chukar) and sand partridges (Ammoperdix heyi). For six chukar partridges weighing between 315 to 475 g, TOH equilibration with body fluids was less than 45 min after intramuscular or intravenous injections. Mean TOH space in eight chukar partridges was 99.8% of the mean TBW measured by desiccation with individuals ranging between 97.9 and 103.2%. TOH space best approximated TBW when TBW was calculated by using the mean body mass for a bird weighed at TOH injection and at TOH equilibration. Total water intake as estimated by TOH ranged between 90.7 and 113.3% of measured water intake in three sand and three chukar partridges, birds ranging in mass from 145 to 446 g. We conclude that the TOH method provides accurate estimations of TBW and water turnover rates in birds. For birds of up to 500-g body mass, we recommend 45 min for TOH equilibration with body fluids, and intramuscular injections of 0.05 muCi TOH/g body mass for TBW estimations and 0.1 muCi TOH/g body mass for water turnover estimations.

A note on milk intake of piglets measured by tritium dilution

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. Yang ◽  
B. Howard ◽  
W. V. Macfarlane
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Suckling Piglets ◽  
Total Body

ABSTRACTThe milk intake of two litters of suckling piglets was measured by the turnover of tritium-labelled body water. The estimated intakes of a litter of seven piglets agree with the current knowledge of milk yield from sows, which generally rises to a maximum at the 3rd week and then declines. With a litter of four, intake rose continuously from the 1st to the 6th week. Since piglets are often weaned at 3 weeks of age, this method has few disadvantages n i practical use. During the estimation of water turnover the total body water of individual piglets can also be obtained so that information on body composition (solids, protein, fat and ash) can be derived. The efficiency of conversion of milk by piglets can thus be calculated.

scholarly journals New and simple equations to estimate the energy and fat contents and energy density of humans in sickness and health

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 631-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Sutcliffe ◽  
Grant S. Knight ◽  
Jaime C. Pinilla ◽  
Graham L. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Frame Size ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Body Energy

Two formulas were derived to estimate the energy content of the human body which use only body mass, total body water by 3H2O dilution space and body minerals assessed by anthropometry. The formulas were tested in a body composition database of 561 patients and 151 normal volunteers using established metabolizable energy values for protein, fat and glycogen. Total body protein was determined by in vivo neutron activation analysis (IVNAA), body water by dilution of tritium and body minerals from skeletal frame size. Body glycogen was assumed to be 14.6 % of the mineral component. Body fat was obtained by difference, body mass less the sum of water, protein, minerals and glycogen. The standard deviation in the estimate of body energy content was 30 MJ or 4.1 % of the energy content of reference man. Two formulas for body energy content were derived by regression with body mass, total body water and body minerals or height. Two formulas for energy density and formulas for percentage body fat were similarly derived.

Changes in Maternal Body Composition Resulting from Twin Pregnancies

1970 ◽  
Vol 19 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 98-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian MacGillivray
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Maternal Response ◽  
Singleton Pregnancy ◽  
Protein Mass ◽  
High Weight Gain ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Twin Pregnancies

The maternal response in terms of changes in weight, plasma volume, total body water, intravascular protein mass and urinary oestriol excretion to a singleton pregnancy has been shown to be related to the size of the baby produced. Twin pregnancies have been studied to assess the maternal response to the double load, to see whether a much greater response is required compared to a singleton pregnancy. It is hoped that this study will eventually show not only what can be considered to be a physiological response to a twin pregnancy, but will show how the maternal organism sometimes fails to respond normally to the double load.Observations were made at 30 to 32 weeks and again between 36 and 39 weeks of pregnancy in 14 primigravid twin pregnancies and 17 multigravid twin pregnancies, as well as in singleton primigravidae. For the purposes of comparison the singleton pregnancies have been divided up by the amount of weight gain during pregnancy. High weight gain was defined as 600 g/week or more during the 20th to 30th weeks. Normal weight gain was 360-540 g/week and low weight gain 320 g/week or less. The observations made were plasma volume using dye T. 1842 (Evan's Blue); total body water using deuterium oxide and measuring in an infrared spectrophotometer; the intravascular protein mass; the red cell mass; and the urinary oestriol excretion.

scholarly journals Assessing a Tool for Self-Monitoring Hydration Using Urine Color in Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women: A Cross-Sectional, Online Survey

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (Suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 23-29
Author(s):  
Marion Rigaud ◽  
Camila Sevalho Corçao ◽  
Erica T. Perrier ◽  
Sabine Boesen-Mariani
Keyword(s):  
Total Body Water ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Urine Color ◽  
Intent To Use ◽  
Total Body

Background: Pregnant and breastfeeding women experience great changes in their total body water content and water dynamics. To support the accretion of total body water during pregnancy and compensate for the water lost through breast milk during breastfeeding, increased adequate intakes (AI) for total water have been established by various health authorities. Despite this widespread advice, several studies suggest that pregnant and breastfeeding women do not meet the AI for total water, suggesting the need to raise women's awareness on the importance of adequate water intake, particularly during pregnancy and breastfeeding, as well as to provide them with a simple means of monitoring their hydration on a day-to-day basis. A urine color (UC) scale recently has been validated for hydration monitoring in pregnant and breastfeeding women. Summary: We sought to develop a version of a tool based on the UC scale, using only images or illustrations, which could be understood by users of various nationalities and spoken languages. Pregnant and breastfeeding women (n = 1,275) from Brazil, Mexico, and Poland were shown 3 versions of the tool. Understanding, appreciation, simplicity and intent to use were evaluated using a questionnaire consisting of 26 items. Key Messages: Among the 3 versions tested, one tool emerged as the most highly understood (88% spontaneous understanding) and was highly appreciated by users (mean [SD]: 8.40 [2.20] out of 10). There were no differences between countries. Furthermore, 83% reported being very likely to use the tool daily. These results suggest that a simple tool based on the UC scale will help pregnant and breastfeeding women meet the AI for total water.

The effect of dehydration on Sudanese desert sheep and goats

1986 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. El-Hadi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Extracellular Space ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Fluid Compartments ◽  
Total Body

SUMMARYChanges in body weight and body temperature were observed in Sudanese desert sheep and goats, which had been subjected to the summer sun (20 °C min. to 42 °C max.), given water normally and then deprived of water for 3 days. Tritiated water was also used to measure total body water and water turnover in these animals together with measurements of plasma and extracellular space, intracellular fluid volume and blood osmolality. The body weight and the size of the fluid compartments decreased in the two species at varying degrees associated with haemoconcentration. The extent of some changes was more marked in sheep than in goats, suggesting better adaptation of the former species to desert life.

TOTAL BODY WATER AND SOLIDS IN SIX- TO SEVEN-YEAR-OLD CHILDREN: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE SEXES

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-489
Author(s):  
Ladislav P. Novak
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Significant Extent ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Skinfold Measurements ◽  
Absolute Quantity ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Mean Differences

Total body water of the boys in this study was higher by 1.63 1 and by 3.75% than total water, expressed either in absolute or relative values, of the girls. These mean differences between the sexes were significant. The absolute quantity of body solids was higher in the girls by 0.44 kg. This difference was statistically insignificant. However, body solids expressed as a percentage of body weight were found to be higher by 3.75% in the girls, a difference which was statistically significant. The relative estimate of fatness by five skinfold measurements revealed all the skinfolds to be smaller in the boys. In particular, the upper arm and the thigh skinfolds were smaller in the boys to a statistically significant extent. The relative estimate of muscle mass made from the three calculated diameters showed that the boys had slightly greater musculature on their limbs. However, none of these differences proved to be statistically significant.

The effect of frequency of feeding on the utilization of roughage diets by sheep

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 813 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Frequent Feeding ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Range Of Values

A diet of 800 g of lucerne pellets was fed to three sheep at 24 hr intervals and compared with a diet of 100 g of lucerne pellets fed to the same three sheep at 3 hr intervals. There were no significant differences in digestibility and nitrogen balance. It was suggested that the significant (P < 0.05) difference in body weight gain may have been due to an increase in total body water. Increasing the frequency of feeding decreased the range of values observed between feeding for pH and VFA concentrations. There were no changes in the molar proportions of the VFA or in the proportion of the digested energy accounted for by the VFA. The results suggest that the sheep did not benefit substantially from frequent feeding.

scholarly journals Energy balance and body reserves in rabbit females selected for longevity

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 205
Author(s):  
H. Garreau ◽  
C. Larzul ◽  
F. Tudela ◽  
J. Ruesche ◽  
V. Ducrocq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Reserves ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Reproductive Life ◽  
Total Body

<p>The aim of this study was to compare the energy balance and dynamic of body reserves in rabbit females divergently selected for longevity. One hundred and twenty-nine females from a high longevity line (HL) and 131 females of a low longevity line (LL) were studied from the 1<sup>st</sup> to the 3<sup>rd</sup> kindling. Litter size and weight and female body weight were measured at kindling (1<sup>st</sup>, 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup>), insemination (2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup>) and at weaning (1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup>). The total body electric conductivity (TOBEC) method was used to estimate the body reserves in all females at artificial insemination and at weaning, and at kindling in females that achieved parturition. Energy balance between the 11<sup>th</sup> and the 21<sup>th</sup> d of lactation was also calculated for these females. No significant difference was found for fertility or for the number of offspring born alive and weaned. However, the total number of offspring born was higher in the LL line than in the HL line at the 2<sup>nd</sup> parturition (+1.12±0.46 g; P&lt;0.05). Consequently, the number of stillborn offspring was higher in the LL line. LL females were 4% heavier than HL females at the first parturition (P&lt;0.05), but then HL females had a higher live weight gain than LL females from the 1st parturition to the 2<sup>nd</sup> artificial insemination (+107.0±29 g; P=0.049), leading to a similar weight between the lines at the 2<sup>nd</sup> artificial insemination. There was no significant difference between lines for estimated energy used for growth between the 11<sup>th</sup> and the 21<sup>th</sup> d of lactation, or for estimated milk production (2365±30 g in HL line vs. 2398±30 g in LL line), estimated using the weight gain of the kits between the 11<sup>th</sup> and 21<sup>st</sup> d of lactation, for feed intake measured during this period (351±5 g/d in HL line vs. 359±5 g/d in LL line) or for energy balance (–6.11±0.3 MJ in HL line vs. –6.30±0.3 MJ in LL line). However, body energy content was higher in HL females than in LL (+2.72±0.64 MJ; P=0.001). In conclusion, selection for higher functional longevity results in a better ability of females to use body reserves in their early reproductive life.</p>

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