EFFECTS OF BREED AND SEX ON THE RELATIVE GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION OF BONE IN PIGS

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. RICHMOND ◽  
S. D. M. JONES ◽  
M. A. PRICE ◽  
R. T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Bone Growth ◽  
Skeletal Maturity ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Thoracic Vertebrae ◽  
Growth Coefficient ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Equal Side ◽  
Pig Carcasses

The growth and distribution of bone from 179 pig carcasses were compared among five breeds (Duroc × Yorkshire (D × Y), Hampshire × Yorkshire (H × Y), Yorkshire (Y × Y), Yorkshire × Lacombe-Yorkshire (Y × L-Y) and Lacombe × Yorkshire (L × Y)) and two sex-types (barrows and gilts) over a wide range in carcass weight. The growth pattern for each bone relative to total side bone was estimated from the growth coefficient, b, in the allometric equation (Y = aXb). Growth coefficients were homogeneous in this study among breeds and between sexes for each bone, indicating that the different breeds and sexes followed similar patterns of relative bone growth as they increased in size. The lowest growth coefficients (b < 1.0) were found among the limb bones (tarsus, femur, and radius/ulna). The thoracic vertebrae, carpus, tibia, humerus, sternum, pelvic and pectoral girdles had growth coefficients not significantly different from 1.0, while the ribs, lumbar and cervical vertebrae, patella and atlas had growth coefficients significantly greater than 1.0. Significant breed and sex differences were found in the weights of individual bones when adjusted to equal side bone weights. However, these were small and may reflect differences in stage of skeletal maturity.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF BREED AND SEX ON THE RELATIVE GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION OF BONE IN CATTLE

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D.M. JONES ◽  
M. A. PRICE ◽  
R. T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Lumbar Vertebrae ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Growth Coefficient ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Limb Bones ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Equal Side

The relative growth and distribution of bone from 256 bovine carcasses were compared among three breed-types (British, up to 30% Charolais and 30–50% Charolais) and three "sexes" (heifers, steers and bulls) over a wide range in carcass weight. The growth pattern for each bone relative to total side bone was estimated from the growth coefficient, b, in the allometric equation (Y = aXb). Growth coefficients were homogeneous among both breed-types and sexes for each bone relative to total side bone, indicating that different breeds and sexes followed similar patterns of relative bone growth as they increased in size. The lowest growth coefficients in the carcass were found in the neck and limb bones all of which had growth coefficients significantly less than 1.0. The thoracic and lumbar vertebrae and the sternum had growth coefficients not significantly different from 1.0 and the ribs, pelvic and pectoral girdles had growth coefficients significantly greater than 1.0. Significant breed-type and "sex" differences were found in the weights of individual bones when adjusted to equal side bone weight. However, these were small and probably reflected differences in stage of maturity.

Growth of bovine tissues 4. Genetic influences on patterns of bone growth and distribution in young bulls

1978 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. T. Berg ◽  
B. B. Andersen ◽  
T. Liboriussen
Keyword(s):  
Bone Growth ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Lumbar Region ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Limb Bones ◽  
Sire Breed

ABSTRACTBone growth patterns and distribution were compared in joints of carcasses from 277 young bulls, progeny of eight sire breeds and two dam breeds, serially slaughtered at 300 kg live weight, 12 and 15 months of age. The growth pattern for bone in a joint was estimated from the allometric equation (Y = aXb). Growth coefficients (b) were homogeneous among breed groups for bone in each joint relative to total side bone indicating that the different breeds followed similar patterns of differential bone growth. Growth impetus of limb bones was lowest in the distal parts, increasing to the proximal regions, with the fore limb showing higher growth impetus than the hind limb. Bones of the whole thoracic region showed a high growth impetus and those of the lumbar region the highest. The cervical vertebrae showed only average growth impetus, maintaining a constant proportion of total bone. Significant sire breed differences were found in the proportion of bone in each joint when adjusted to equal side bone weight but the differences were rather small and probably commercially unimportant. Differences among sire breed groups reflected differences in maturity type, with progeny of Here-ford sires representing early maturity and progeny of Chianina sires the other extreme. Functional association between muscle and bone was not reflected in a similarity of growth patterns, except for the muscles and bones of the limbs.

scholarly journals Klasszikus és modern vizsgálómódszerek a csontérettségi kor és a pubertáskori növekedési csúcs meghatározására

2018 ◽  
Vol 159 (35) ◽  
pp. 1423-1432
Author(s):  
Dorottya Frank ◽  
Leila Rill ◽  
Béla Kolarovszki ◽  
Ákos Károly Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Skeletal Maturity ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Skeletal Age ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Growth Spurt ◽  
Pubertal Growth ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Modern Methods

Abstract: The assessment of skeletal age is of utmost importance not only in the field of anthropology, forensic medicine, pediatrics, endocrinology but also in orthodontics and jaw orthopedics. Bone age refers to the individual’s biological development which can differ within a relatively wide range for the same chronological age. Therefore, accurate assessment of skeletal maturity and pubertal growth plays an important role in establishing a diagnosis for certain diseases. In addition, it is essential for proper timing and success of treatments in many cases. Currently, there are many methods available to determine skeletal age and pubertal growth spurt. During growth, bones undergo significant changes, the sequence of which is strongly determined. These changes can be measured by various methods including radiological examinations. More specifically, these classical methods are often based on the radiological evaluation of morphological changes in the hand bones and cervical vertebrae. Methods based on dental development also exist to assess the biologic maturity of an individual. However, thanks to three-dimensional imaging techniques and molecular diagnostic methods, even more accurate tests can be performed to determine biological maturity. These modern methods rely on the information obtained from the cone-beam computer tomograph records and on the measurements of biomarkers present in different circulatory or other body fluids. The purpose of this summary is to provide an overview of the various classical and modern methods for the assessment of skeletal age that could aid us in many fields of science. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(35): 1423–1432.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF BREED AND SEX ON THE PATTERNS OF FAT DEPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION IN SWINE

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES ◽  
R. J. RICHMOND ◽  
M. A. PRICE ◽  
R. B. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Constant Weight ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sex Type ◽  
Breed Differences

The growth and distribution of fat from 163 pig carcasses were compared among five breeds (Duroc × Yorkshire (D × Y), Hampshire × Yorkshire (H × Y), Yorkshire (Y × Y), Yorkshire × Lacombe-Yorkshire (Y × L-Y) and Lacombe × Yorkshire (L × Y)) and two sex-types (barrows and gilts) over a wide range in carcass weight. The growth pattern of fat and the fat depots were estimated from the allometric equation (Y = aXb) using side muscle weight and side fat weight separately as independent variables. Growth coefficients (b) for intermuscular and subcutaneous fat depots were similar for the hindquarter but the intermuscular depot coefficient was slightly higher for the forequarter. The coefficient for body cavity fat was highest in all comparisons. No significant differences were detected for coefficients among breeds and between sexes using both total muscle and total side fat as independent variables. Significant breed and sex-type differences were found in the fat depots at a constant weight of side muscle. This would indicate that breed differences in fatness seemed to be more influenced by the initiation of fattening at different muscle weights than by any inherent differences in rate of fattening. Significant breed differences were also found in the fat depots at a constant fat weight, indicating that breed may influence fat distribution. Sex-type had no effect on fat distribution when the evaluation was made at constant fatness.

scholarly journals Functional cervicothoracic boundary modified by anatomical shifts in the neck of giraffes

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 150604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megu Gunji ◽  
Hideki Endo
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Cervical Vertebra ◽  
Thoracic Vertebra ◽  
Large Displacement ◽  
Thoracic Vertebrae ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Neck Movement ◽  
Similar Shape ◽  
Seventh Cervical Vertebra ◽  
Longus Colli

Here we examined the kinematic function of the morpho- logically unique first thoracic vertebra in giraffes. The first thoracic vertebra of the giraffe displayed similar shape to the seventh cervical vertebra in general ruminants. The flexion experiment using giraffe carcasses demonstrated that the first thoracic vertebra exhibited a higher dorsoventral mobility than other thoracic vertebrae. Despite the presence of costovertebral joints, restriction in the intervertebral movement imposed by ribs is minimized around the first thoracic vertebra by subtle changes of the articular system between the vertebra and ribs. The attachment area of musculus longus colli , mainly responsible for ventral flexion of the neck, is partly shifted posteriorly in the giraffe so that the force generated by muscles is exerted on the cervical vertebrae and on the first thoracic vertebra. These anatomical modifications allow the first thoracic vertebra to adopt the kinematic function of a cervical vertebra in giraffes. The novel movable articulation in the thorax functions as a fulcrum of neck movement and results in a large displacement of reachable space in the cranial end of the neck. The unique first thoracic vertebra in giraffes provides higher flexibility to the neck and may provide advantages for high browsing and/or male competition behaviours specific to giraffes.

Hox genes and the evolution of vertebrate axial morphology

Development ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.C. Burke ◽  
C.E. Nelson ◽  
B.A. Morgan ◽  
C. Tabin
Keyword(s):  
Hox Genes ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Homeobox Gene ◽  
Paraxial Mesoderm ◽  
Thoracic Vertebrae ◽  
Homeotic Genes ◽  
Evolutionary Variation ◽  
Axial Morphology ◽  
Anterior Posterior ◽  
Anterior Posterior Axis

A common form of evolutionary variation between vertebrate taxa is the different numbers of segments that contribute to various regions of the anterior-posterior axis; cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, etc. The term ‘transposition’ is used to describe this phenomenon. Genetic experiments with homeotic genes in mice have demonstrated that Hox genes are in part responsible for the specification of segmental identity along the anterior-posterior axis, and it has been proposed that an axial Hox code determines the morphology of individual vertebrae (Kessel, M. and Gruss, P. (1990) Science 249, 347–379). This paper presents a comparative study of the developmental patterns of homeobox gene expression and developmental morphology between animals that have homologous regulatory genes but different morphologies. The axial expression boundaries of 23 Hox genes were examined in the paraxial mesoderm of chick, and 16 in mouse embryos by in situ hybridization and immunolocalization techniques. Hox gene anterior expression boundaries were found to be transposed in concert with morphological boundaries. This data contributes a mechanistic level to the assumed homology of these regions in vertebrates. The recognition of mechanistic homology supports the historical homology of basic patterning mechanisms between all organisms that share these genes.

ACCUMULATION OF LIPID IN RIB CUTS FROM BULL AND HEIFER CARCASSES OF TWO BREEDS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES ◽  
M. A. PRICE ◽  
R. T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Content ◽  
Lipid A ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Muscle Sample ◽  
Growth Coefficient ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Independent Variable

A trial is reported comparing the accumulation of lipid in rib cuts from 12 bull and 12 heifer carcasses from two breed types: Hereford (HE) and Dairy Synthetic (DY). Serial slaughter was carried out from weaning (163 ± 15.1 (SD) days) to approximately 16 mo of age. The left side of each carcass was broken in two quarters, and then eight wholesale cuts. Fat samples (subcutaneous, intermuscular, body cavity) and a muscle sample were taken from the rib cut and analyzed for their lipid and energy contents. The rate of accumulation of lipid was estimated from the growth coefficient, b, in the allometric equation (Y = aXb) using total separable fat as the independent variable. Growth coefficients were homogeneous both between breeds and sexes indicating that neither sex nor breed influenced the relative accumulation of lipid. A significant sex difference (P < 0.01) was found when the lipid content of the fat depots and the rib muscle were adjusted to a constant side separable fat. No breed differences (P > 0.05) were found in the lipid content of the fat depots. A significant difference between sexes was also found in the energy content of the fat depots, but no differences were found between breeds, when the data were adjusted to the mean of the total side fat.

THE GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION OF MUSCLE IN BULLS AND HEIFERS OF TWO BREEDS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 669-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES ◽  
M. A. PRICE ◽  
R. T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Growth Coefficient ◽  
Breed Type ◽  
Breed Differences

A trial is reported comparing muscle growth and distribution in 12 bulls and 12 heifers of each of two breed-types: Hereford (HE) and Dairy Synthetic (DY). Serial slaughter was carried out from weaning (163 ± 15.1 days) to approximately 15 mo of age. After slaughter, the left side of each carcass was broken into quarters and then eight wholesale cuts, which were separated into fat, muscle and bone. The growth pattern of muscle in each cut relative to total side muscle was estimated from the growth coefficient, b, in the allometric equation (Y = aXb). Growth coefficients were homogeneous among breeds and sexes, indicating that neither breed nor sex influenced relative muscle growth. Some significant (P < 0.05), though minor, sex and breed differences were found when muscle weight distribution was adjusted to constant side muscle weight. Notably DY heifers had significantly (P < 0.05) more muscle in the high-priced cuts (sum of round, sirloin, loin and rib) than either HE heifers or bulls of either breed-type. When muscle weight was adjusted to constant side weight, bulls were found to have a greater weight of muscle in the high-priced cuts than heifers, and DY animals to have more than HE animals.

Latitude and Relative Growth in the Razor Clam, Siliqua Patula

1931 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-249
Author(s):  
F. W. WEYMOUTH ◽  
H. C. McMILLIN ◽  
WILLIS H. RICH
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Absolute Growth Rate ◽  
Mathematical Expressions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Absolute Growth

1. The present paper is a study of the growth of a clam (Siliqua patula) under natural conditions and over a wide range of latitude. 2. Various constants derived from the growth data are compared for the different localities. For this species, over the range considered, growth in the southern localities as compared with the northern is initially more rapid but less sustained, leads to a smaller total length and is associated with a shorter life span. 3. Reasons are presented for considering the relative growth-rate as a particularly significant constant leading to more sound biological conclusions than the use of the absolute growth-rate. 4. On the basis of the relative growth-rate, current mathematical expressions for the course of growth are discussed and a formula used which emphasises Minot's conception of a growth-rate constantly declining with age. This expression L = Be-ce-ce-kt, in which L = length at time t, e = base of natural logarithms, and B, c and k are constants, is found to graduate the extensive data in clam growth with significant accuracy.

The face and superficial neck

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin E. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Vertebral Column ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Spinous Process ◽  
Odontoid Process ◽  
Cervical Vertebra ◽  
Intervertebral Discs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Thoracic Vertebrae ◽  
The Face

The surface anatomies of the face and neck and their supporting structures that can be palpated have been described in Chapter 20. It is now time to move to the structures that lie under the skin but which cannot be identified by touch starting with the neck and moving up on to the face and scalp. The cervical vertebral column comprises the seven cervical vertebrae and the intervening intervertebral discs. These have the same basic structure as the thoracic vertebrae described in Section 10.1.1. Examine the features of the cervical vertebra shown in Figure 23.1 and compare it with the thoracic vertebra shown in Figure 10.3. You will see that cervical vertebrae have a small body and a large vertebral foramen. They also have two distinguishing features, a bifid spinous process and a transverse foramen, piercing each transverse process; the vertebral vessels travel through these foramina. The first and second vertebrae are modified. The first vertebra, the atlas, has no body. Instead, it has two lateral masses connected by anterior and posterior arches. The lateral masses have concave superior facets which articulate with the occipital condyles where nodding movements of the head take place at the atlanto-occipital joints. The second cervical vertebra, the axis, has a strong odontoid process (or dens because of its supposed resemblance to a tooth) projecting upwards from its body. This process is, in fact, the body of the first vertebra which has fused with the body of the axis instead of being incorporated into the atlas. The front of the dens articulates with the back of the anterior arch of the atlas; rotary (shaking) movements of the head occur at this joint. The seventh cervical vertebra has a very long spinous process which is easily palpable. The primary curvature of the vertebral column is concave forwards and this persists in the thoracic and pelvic regions. In contrast, the cervical and lumbar parts of the vertebral column are convexly curved anteriorly. These anterior curvatures are secondary curvatures which appear in late fetal life. The cervical curvature becomes accentuated in early childhood as the child begins to support its own head and the lumbar curve develops as the child begins to sit up.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document