ACCUMULATION OF LIPID IN RIB CUTS FROM BULL AND HEIFER CARCASSES OF TWO BREEDS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES ◽  
M. A. PRICE ◽  
R. T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Content ◽  
Lipid A ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Muscle Sample ◽  
Growth Coefficient ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Independent Variable

A trial is reported comparing the accumulation of lipid in rib cuts from 12 bull and 12 heifer carcasses from two breed types: Hereford (HE) and Dairy Synthetic (DY). Serial slaughter was carried out from weaning (163 ± 15.1 (SD) days) to approximately 16 mo of age. The left side of each carcass was broken in two quarters, and then eight wholesale cuts. Fat samples (subcutaneous, intermuscular, body cavity) and a muscle sample were taken from the rib cut and analyzed for their lipid and energy contents. The rate of accumulation of lipid was estimated from the growth coefficient, b, in the allometric equation (Y = aXb) using total separable fat as the independent variable. Growth coefficients were homogeneous both between breeds and sexes indicating that neither sex nor breed influenced the relative accumulation of lipid. A significant sex difference (P < 0.01) was found when the lipid content of the fat depots and the rib muscle were adjusted to a constant side separable fat. No breed differences (P > 0.05) were found in the lipid content of the fat depots. A significant difference between sexes was also found in the energy content of the fat depots, but no differences were found between breeds, when the data were adjusted to the mean of the total side fat.

Model of spontaneous obesity in aging male Wistar rats

1990 ◽  
Vol 259 (6) ◽  
pp. R1117-R1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. D. Newby ◽  
M. DiGirolamo ◽  
G. A. Cotsonis ◽  
M. H. Kutner
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Lipid A ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Body Lipid ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Relationship Of

We analyzed retrospectively data from 148 chow-fed male Wistar rats killed between the age of 6 wk and 2 yr while varying in body weight from 136 to 917 g. The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship of body weight and body lipid content with the composition and cellularity of the epididymal and retroperitoneal fat depots. A positive linear association was found between body weight and body water or fat-free dry residue, whereas total body lipid exhibited a curvilinear relationship with body weight. The weight of the epididymal pads was linearly related to body weight but not to body lipid. In contrast, retroperitoneal pad weight was exponentially related to body weight and paralleled total body lipid. A strong linear correlation was found between total body lipid and weight (r = 0.959) or depot lipid content (r = 0.967) of the retroperitoneal fat pads. In this rat model of aging and spontaneous obesity, significant regional differences exist in adipose depot composition and cellularity. A practical outcome of this study is a simple and accurate prediction of body lipid content from the gravimetric determination of the retroperitoneal fat depots.

THE ACCUMULATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FAT IN EWE AND RAM LAMBS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Growth Coefficient ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
Kidney Fat ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Ram Lambs ◽  
Total Fat

Sixteen ewes and 22 rams (crossbred lambs) were grouped by sex and fed a diet based on grain and hay. All animals were slaughtered over a 4-wk period to give a range of slaughter weights (24.0–61.8 kg). After slaughter, one side of each carcass was broken into the four primal wholesale cuts (leg, loin, rib, shoulder) with the rest of the carcass discarded as trim. The four wholesale cuts were separated into fat (subcutaneous fat (SF), intermuscular fat (IF), kidney fat (KF) and body cavity fat (BCF)) muscle and bone. Depot fat accretion in the carcass was investigated using the allometric equation with side weight and side fat weight as the independent variables. Total rate of fat deposition relative to side weight was higher in ewes than rams, and ewes had more total fat than rams when comparisons were made at the same side weight (10.03 kg). However, growth coefficients for depot fat accumulation in a side and in the wholesale cuts relative to side fat were homogeneous between sexes indicating that sex did not affect the relative accumulation of fat. SF, however, had the highest growth coefficient (1.23) and IF the lowest (0.74). At equal total side fat ewes had significantly more IF in a side than rams, but overall the differences in the distribution of fat in the wholesale cuts were minor and commercially unimportant. It was concluded that the ewes had a faster rate of fat deposition than rams but both sexes followed the same pattern of differential fat accumulation, and that the distribution of fat was dependent mainly on the total amount of fat in a carcass. Key words: Fat, lambs, carcass

Changes in body components of autumn-calving Holstein-Friesian cows over the first 29 weeks of lactation

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Gibb ◽  
W. E. Ivings ◽  
M. S. Dhanoa ◽  
J. D. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Concentrate Level

AbstractChanges in body composition of 54, second to fourth parity, autumn-calving Holstein-Friesian dairy cows offered grass silage ad libitum and 3(L), 6(M) or 9(H) kg concentrate dry matter per day were measured by serial slaughter at 0, 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 19, 24 and 29 weeks post partum.Concentrate level had a significant effect on the fresh weights of many of the body fractions with the differences generally being greater between L and M than between M and H. Increasing concentrate level generally reduced the extent of weight loss of body fractions in early lactation and enhanced subsequent repletion. Empty body weight decreased to week 8 and then increased steadily over the remaining 21 weeks, but within this pattern different organs were concomitantly increasing and decreasing. Carcass weight and the weights of the internal fat depots showed a decline over the first 8 weeks and a subsequent increase, udder weight declined throughout, weights of various sections of the digestive tract showed an initial increase then remained steady, whilst liver weight increased throughout.In week 0 the carcass accounted for proportionately 0-61 of the total energy in the body (6278 MJ), of which fat and crude protein (CP) comprised proportionately 0·67 and 0·33, respectively. In early lactation mobilization of fat and CP in the carcass was reduced with increasing level of concentrate. In the non-carcass fraction increasing concentrate level led to a higher weight of CP in the metabolically active organs such as the digestive tract and udder but had little effect on the weight of fat. Nevertheless, there was generally a positive effect of concentrate level on energy content. Total weights of fat, CP and water in the body declined to week 8 then increased over the following 21 weeks. Although weight of CP in the liver increased throughout lactation and weight of fat was elevated in weeks 0 and 2, the energy content of the liver remained fairly constant.Estimates of the change in net energy (NE) associated with live-weight loss and with live-weight gain showed a slight though non-significant difference between the two, despite evidence of a higher concentration of fat associated with gain than with loss, and CP concentration being the same in both cases. The mean value was 19·3 MJ/kg live-weight change.

FATTENING PATTERNS IN CATTLE. 2. FAT DISTRIBUTION AMONG THE WHOLESALE CUTS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 851-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES ◽  
M. A. PRICE ◽  
R. T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Variable Coefficients ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Grading System ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Fat Accretion ◽  
Total Fat

A trial is reported comparing fat distribution in carcasses from bulls and heifers of two breed-types: Hereford (HE) and Dairy Synthetic (DY). Twelve bulls and twelve heifers of each breed were grouped four to a pen at weaning (163 ± 15.1 (SE) days), and serially slaughtered from that time to approximately 16 mo of age. After slaughter, one side of each carcass was broken into eight wholesale cuts, which were separated into fat (subcutaneous fat (SF), intermuscular fat (IF), and body cavity fat (BCF)), muscle and bone. Depot fat accretion in each cut was investigated using the allometric equation with side fat weight as the independent variable. Coefficients for SF were significantly higher in the rib, chuck and flank for HE carcasses than for DY carcasses and higher in the rib and flank for heifers than for bulls. At equal total side fat, HE carcasses had significantly more SF in the brisket and in the loin than DY animals. Heifers had significantly more fat in the loin than bulls. Differences among coefficients for IF relative to total fat were minor for both breed and sex. At equal total side fat, HE carcasses had less fat distributed intermuscularly than DY carcasses and had less IF in the brisket than heifers. The results are discussed in relation to the Canadian beef grading system.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF BREED AND SEX ON THE PATTERNS OF FAT DEPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION IN SWINE

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES ◽  
R. J. RICHMOND ◽  
M. A. PRICE ◽  
R. B. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Constant Weight ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sex Type ◽  
Breed Differences

The growth and distribution of fat from 163 pig carcasses were compared among five breeds (Duroc × Yorkshire (D × Y), Hampshire × Yorkshire (H × Y), Yorkshire (Y × Y), Yorkshire × Lacombe-Yorkshire (Y × L-Y) and Lacombe × Yorkshire (L × Y)) and two sex-types (barrows and gilts) over a wide range in carcass weight. The growth pattern of fat and the fat depots were estimated from the allometric equation (Y = aXb) using side muscle weight and side fat weight separately as independent variables. Growth coefficients (b) for intermuscular and subcutaneous fat depots were similar for the hindquarter but the intermuscular depot coefficient was slightly higher for the forequarter. The coefficient for body cavity fat was highest in all comparisons. No significant differences were detected for coefficients among breeds and between sexes using both total muscle and total side fat as independent variables. Significant breed and sex-type differences were found in the fat depots at a constant weight of side muscle. This would indicate that breed differences in fatness seemed to be more influenced by the initiation of fattening at different muscle weights than by any inherent differences in rate of fattening. Significant breed differences were also found in the fat depots at a constant fat weight, indicating that breed may influence fat distribution. Sex-type had no effect on fat distribution when the evaluation was made at constant fatness.

Proximate composition of male and female African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and tilapia (Tilapia zilli) in Jega river, Kebbi state, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 01 (02) ◽  
pp. 28-35
Author(s):  
W. M. Namaga ◽  
B. Yahaya ◽  
M. A. Salam
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Fibre Content ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Juvenile Female ◽  
Significant Difference

Fish is highly nutritious, tasty, and easily digestible. It is much sought after by a broad cross-section of the world’s population, particularly in developing countries as it provides the cheapest protein source. Nigeria is blessed with numerous inland freshwater rivers and lakes scattered all over the country. This freshwater habitat consists of many species of fish that have successfully dominated all niches over time and have for many reasons remained unstudied. The situation concealed a lot of scientific information particularly on food security and safety to the inmates and the country at large. Jega River which transcended many States in the North-Western part of Nigeria to open into the river Niger is one of such rivers largely uncared for, study-wise. African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and Tilapia (Tilapia zillii) have been wisely selected for the present proximate composition studies. The juveniles of these fishes were purchased from local fishermen in Mariner Waje landing site of the river which flows by Jega town, a local government area in Kebbi State, Nigeria. For the study, the methodology approved by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) was used to determine the proximate composition of the fishes. The highest percentage crude protein content of 49.18 ± 0.30% was observed in juvenile female C. gariepinus; while the lowest protein content of 39.22± 0.50% was observed in juvenile male T. zilli. The highest percentage lipid content of 11.75± 1.50% was observed in juvenile female tilapia; while the lowest percentage lipid content of 6.25± 0.29% was observed in male African catfish. The highest percentage fibre content of 4.00 ± 0.29% was observed in male and female C. gariepinus, while the lowest percentage fibre content of 0.75± 0.29% was observed in male tilapia. There were variations (p< 0.05) when the protein and lipid contents of both the species were compared with each other. There was also a significant difference (p< 0.05) when the carbohydrate contents were compared between the fish species, but there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) when the fibre content was compared within the species. The analyses showed that both the male and female fish species studied had high protein contents.

The effectiveness of a training program using communicative theory in developing some concepts of Web 3 for educational technology specialists.

2021 ◽  
pp. 68-96
Author(s):  
سيد طنطاوي
Keyword(s):  
Training Program ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Education Technology ◽  
Large Effect Size ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Communicative Theory ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Technology Specialists ◽  
Technology Specialist

The aim of this research is to develop some concepts of web3 for the education technology specialist, to present a proposed training program for web3 technology, to define the concepts and technology of web3. There is a statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average scores of education technology specialists in the pre and post applications to test the web3.0 concepts in favor of the post application. In light of the significance of the differences using the "T" tests, the square of ETA (2η) was calculated using the equation Eta square (2 η) to find the magnitude of the effect of the independent variable (training program) in the dependent variable (development of web3.0 concepts), and by calculating the value of the square of ETA (2)) (Al-Amiri, 2006, 233), reached (0.98), which indicates that the training program has a significant impact on the acquisition of some concepts of web3.0, where this value shows that the training program contributed (98%) of the total variance In developing these concepts,It is a large percentage indicating the effectiveness of the training program in developing web3.0 concepts for the target research sample, which is the education technology specialist (if the effect size = 0.2 is the effect is weak, and if the impact size = 0.5, the effect is moderate, and if the impact size is = 0.8 The effect is significant), (Asr, 2003). From the above it is clear that the training program contributed to the development of the targeted web3.0 concepts for education technology specialists, as it found a difference between the median of the pre and post applications to test the concepts of the web3.0 in favor of the post application at the research group, which averaged (51,85) compared to (16) , 75) for pre-application, with a large effect size of (0.98) according to the ETA square measure (2η) of the effect size.

scholarly journals The occurrence of Contracaecum sp. larvae (Nematoda : Anisakidae) in the catfishClarias gariepinus (Burchell) from Lake Chivero, Zimbabwe

2004 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Barson
Keyword(s):  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Condition Factor ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Parasite Prevalence ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Males And Females

Clarias gariepinus were collected from Lake Chivero, Zimbabwe, and examined for nematode parasites from November 2000 to May 2002. Of the 202 specimens collected, 42.6 % were infected with third-stage larvae of Contracaecum sp. in the body cavity. The intensity of the infection was 1-7 worms per fish (mean intensity = 2.2). Seasonal variation in the prevalence of the parasite was not obvious and there was no significant difference in the prevalence of infection between males and females (c2 = 2.228; P > 0.05). No significant relationship between host size and prevalence was established. There was also no significant relationship between intensity and the body condition factor (r = 0.11; P > 0.05). The low parasite prevalence may have been caused by the disruption of the infection cycle since piscivorous birds, which are the final hosts of the parasite, do not feed on C. gariepinus in Lake Chivero.

Using photography to estimate above-ground biomass of small trees

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Brandon R. Hays ◽  
Corinna Riginos ◽  
Todd M. Palmer ◽  
Benard C. Gituku ◽  
Jacob R. Goheen
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Biomass Estimation ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Tree Biomass ◽  
East African ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
Herbivore Exclusion ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Allometric Relation

Abstract Quantifying tree biomass is an important research and management goal across many disciplines. For species that exhibit predictable relationships between structural metrics (e.g. diameter, height, crown breadth) and total weight, allometric calculations produce accurate estimates of above-ground biomass. However, such methods may be insufficient where inter-individual variation is large relative to individual biomass and is itself of interest (for example, variation due to herbivory). In an East African savanna bushland, we analysed photographs of small (<5 m) trees from perpendicular angles and fixed distances to estimate above-ground biomass. Pixel area of trees in photos and diameter were more strongly related to measured, above-ground biomass of destructively sampled trees than biomass estimated using a published allometric relation based on diameter alone (R2 = 0.86 versus R2 = 0.68). When tested on trees in herbivore-exclusion plots versus unfenced (open) plots, our predictive equation based on photos confirmed higher above-ground biomass in the exclusion plots than in unfenced (open) plots (P < 0.001), in contrast to no significant difference based on the allometric equation (P = 0.43). As such, our new technique based on photographs offers an accurate and cost-effective complement to existing methods for tree biomass estimation at small scales with potential application across a wide variety of settings.

AN EVALUATION OF THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DIETARY PARAMETERS AND RUMEN LIQUID TURNOVER RATE

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
ESSI EVANS
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Ration Composition

Data were accumulated from published sources and were combined in order to estimate the effects of level of feed intake, dietary energy concentration, energy intake level and dietary forage percentage on rumen liquid turnover rates in sheep and cattle. The effects of the dietary parameters on liquid turnover rates were estimated by regression analysis, where all possible combinations of independent variables were considered. It was found that rumen liquid turnover rates increased (P < 0.05) as feed intake increased with both sheep (r = 0.610) and cattle (r = 0.715). From multiple regression analyses it was learned that the inclusion of independent variables that were related to the physical composition of the diet along with variables for intake improved the estimation of liquid turnover rates, although the independent variable related to ration composition differed between sheep and cattle. With data from sheep experiments, elevations in the digestible energy content of the diet depressed (P < 0.05) liquid turnover rate. Based upon data from cattle, decreases in the forage portion of the diet had a similar depressing (P < 0.05) effect.

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