scholarly journals Hydrogel and Organic Amendments to Increase Water Retention in Anthroposols for Land Reclamation

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie S. Miller ◽  
M. Anne Naeth
Keyword(s):  
Water Retention ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
Crushed Rock ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Application Method ◽  
Water Holding

Using waste materials from industrial activities to build anthroposols (soils built or altered by humans) can provide soil for reclamation and reduce amounts of materials stored in landfills. Mines and other large industrial disturbances requiring anthroposols usually have large amounts of nonorganic waste materials with low water holding capacity and large amounts of coarse fragments. Thus, water holding capacity is a key property to build into anthroposols as all aspects of revegetation are strongly influenced by soil water content. This research assessed the effectiveness of hydrogel and organic amendments to increase the water retention in common mine wastes used to build anthroposols for reclamation in three greenhouse experiments. Waste materials were crushed rock, lakebed sediment, and processed kimberlite, from a northern diamond mine in Canada. Amendments were hydrogel, sewage, salvaged soil, and peat. Pots were filled with the material and weighed and saturated, followed by periodic weighing until the weight was near constant. Water retention was consistently highest in processed kimberlite, with and without amendments. Water retention increased most with hydrogel in processed kimberlite and crushed rock. Hydrogel application method impacted the initial water retention, but over time, the effect was limited. Water retention in lakebed sediment showed little difference relative to no amendment addition and had lowest increases relative to other substrates. Type of waste material and amendment, application rate, and application method impacted water retention and can be adapted to build anthroposols in the field using waste materials suitable for reclamation.

Amendments to improve plant response under simulated water-limited conditions in diamond mine Anthroposols

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Valerie S. Miller ◽  
M. Anne Naeth
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Mine Waste ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Plant Response ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
Crushed Rock ◽  
Plant Establishment ◽  
Elymus Trachycaulus ◽  
Application Rates

Development of Anthroposols for land reclamation requires consideration of a variety of factors to support plant establishment and growth. Water limitation is a key challenge when using mine waste as a growth medium, and these materials also have poor structure and lack organic matter and nutrients. These greenhouse experiments assessed effectiveness of treatments composed of hydrogel and organic amendments to increase plant establishment and growth under water-limited conditions in mine waste materials (crushed rock, lakebed sediment, and processed kimberlite) from a diamond mine in northern Canada. Amendments were hydrogel, peat, sewage, and soil, mixed with waste materials (substrates) at four application rates, and seeded with slender wheat grass (Elymus trachycaulus). One experiment assessed germination response with limited watering during germination, and the other experiment assessed growth response with adequate water during germination followed by restricted water. Substrate had the greatest effect on germination, with processed kimberlite and crushed rock being most successful, at least 10% higher than lakebed sediment. Sewage amendment resulted in the largest plants (mean 0.22 g in lakebed sediment, 0.40 g in crushed rock and processed kimberlite, 0.05 g no amendment); sewage had a limited effect on germination. Highest organic amendment application generally improved plant response. Hydrogel did not improve plant growth, although it increased germination up to 63% in processed kimberlite. Type of mine waste, amendment, and rate of application impacted germination and plant growth and can be altered to build a suitable Anthroposol for reclamation.

Impact of Biochar on Water Holding Capacity of Two Chinese Agricultural Soil

2014 ◽  
Vol 941-944 ◽  
pp. 952-955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dao Yuan Wang ◽  
Deng Hua Yan ◽  
Xin Shan Song ◽  
Hao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Agricultural Soil ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Walnut Shell ◽  
Retention Characteristics ◽  
Water Holding

Adding biochar to agricultural soil has been suggested as an approach to enhance soil carbon sequestration. Biochar has also been used as a soil amendment to reduce nutrient leaching, reduce soil acidity and improve water holding capacity. Walnut shells and woody material are waste products of orchards that are cheap, carbon-rich and good feedstock for production of biochar. The effectiveness of biochar as an amendment varies considerably as a function of its feedstock, temperature during pyrolysis, the biochar dose to soil, and mechanical composition. Biochar was produced from pyrolysis of walnut shell at 900 °C and soft wood at 600 to 700 °C. We measured the effect of these different parameters in two types of agricultural soil in Jilin and Beijing, China, a silt clay loam and a sandy loam, on the soils’ particle size distribution and water retention characteristics. Biochars with two different doses were applied to each soil type. Soil field capacity and permanent wilting point were measured using a pressure plate extractor for each combination of biochar and soil type. The results show that the effect of biochar amendment on soil water retention characteristics depend primarily on soil particle size distribution and surface characteristics of biochar. High surface area biochar can help raise the water holding capacity of sandy soil.

scholarly journals Comparison of three models fitting the soil water retention curves in a degraded alpine meadow region

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Pan ◽  
Shuai Hou ◽  
Yujie Liu ◽  
Qinghua Tan
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Alpine Meadow ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Curve Shape ◽  
Soil Water Retention ◽  
Soil Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
Gardner Model

AbstractSoil water retention curve (SWRC) plays an important role in simulating soil water movement and assessing soil water holding capacity and availability. Comparison of fitness between different models to determine the best SWRC model of specific regions is required. In this study, three popular models, van Genuchten, Brooks Corey and Gardner model, were selected for comparing in a degraded alpine meadow region on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Fitness, error distribution along with key parameters were compared. For each soil horizon, the soil moisture content at all soil water potentials decreased consistently with degradation, thereby integrally moving the SWRCs of all soil depths downward with degradation. The differences in SWRCs across various degradation degrees diminished along with soil depth and soil water potential. The Adj.r2 values of van Genuchten, Brooks Corey and Gardner models ranged in 0.971–0.995, 0.958–0.997, and 0.688–0.909, respectively. The van Genuchten and Brooks Corey models significantly (p < 0.05) outperformed the Gardner model, and have no significant differences in fitness. The fitness of all three models showed no significant changes with degradation. Regardless of degradation degree and soil depth, the fitting error of van Genuchten and Brooks Corey models was mainly distributed in the higher (from –100 hPa to –500 hPa) and lower (below –10000 hPa) potential sections. With regard to the parameters of van Genuchten and Brooks Corey models, the field capacity (θs), and permanent wilting moisture were highly coherent with Adj.r2 values of higher than 0.98, while the curve shape parameter (θr), and air entry pressure of the Brooks Corey model were much lower than those of the van Genuchten model with Adj.r2 values of lower than 0.91. The SWRCs with varying degrees of degradation are best fitted by both van Genuchten and Brooks Corey models but cannot be fitted by Gardner model. Soil water holding capacity decreased with degradation especially in the top soil (0 cm to 30 cm), but the curve shape of all SWRCs did not change significantly with degradation.

scholarly journals Infiltration and water retention of biological soil crusts on reclaimed soils of former open-cast lignite mining sites in Brandenburg, north-east Germany

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella Gypser ◽  
Maik Veste ◽  
Thomas Fischer ◽  
Philipp Lange
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Biological Soil Crusts ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Lignite Mining ◽  
Mining Sites ◽  
Soil Crusts ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
Open Cast

AbstractInvestigations were done on two former open-cast lignite mining sites under reclamation, an artificial sand dune in Welzow Süd, and a forest plantation in Schlabendorf Süd (Brandenburg, Germany). The aim was to associate the topsoil hydrological characteristics of green algae dominated as well as moss and soil lichen dominated biological soil crusts during crustal succession with their water retention and the repellency index on sandy soils under temperate climate and different reliefs.The investigation of the repellency index showed on the one hand an increase due to the cross-linking of sand particles by green algae which resulted in clogging of pores. On the other hand, the occurrence of moss plants led to a decrease of the repellency index due to absorption caused by bryophytes. The determination of the water retention curves showed an increase of the water holding capacity, especially in conjunction with the growth of green algae layer. The pore-related van Genuchten parameter indicate a clay-like behaviour of the developed soil crusts. Because of the inhomogeneous distribution of lichens and mosses as well as the varying thickness of green algae layers, the water retention differed between the study sites and between samples of similar developmental stages. However, similar tendencies of water retention and water repellency related to the soil crust formation were observed.Biological soil crusts should be considered after disturbances in the context of reclamation measures, because the initial development of green algae biocrusts lead to an increasing repellency index, while the occurrence of mosses and a gain in organic matter enhance the water holding capacity. Thus, the succession of biocrusts and their small-scale succession promote the development of soil and ecosystem.

scholarly journals Differentiation of eiincorns by water retention capacity

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 123-129
Author(s):  
Hao Fu ◽  
V.S. Lyutenko ◽  
V.V. Zhmurko ◽  
R. L. Bohuslavskyi
Keyword(s):  
Principal Components ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Einkorn Wheat ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Method Of Principal Components ◽  
Triticum Boeoticum ◽  
Water Holding

Aim. On the basis of multivariate analysis, to differentiate einkorn wheat accessions by the water-holding capacity of leaves and ears and the parameters of these organs at the level of species and genotypes. Methods. The water-holding capacity was assessed by the moisture-yielding coefficient which was determined by the method of N.N. Kozhushko (Kozhushko, 1988). Differentiation of einkorn samples was carried out by the method of principal components in the interpretation of A.V. Korosov (Korosov, 1996). Results. Triticum monococcum UA0300113, Syria, and UA0300282, Hungary were characterized by the lowest specific moisture-yielding coefficients: for the second and flag leaves, respectively, (mg / cm2) 10.9, 7.0 and 11.4, 10.7; ears – the same samples as well as Triticum boeoticum UA0300401, Ukraine-Crimea: (mg / cm) 29.6, 28.2, 25.4. With an increase in the size of the lamina, there is a tendency to a decrease in its specific moisture yield. The samples of eincorn are differentiated into 4 clusters corresponding to the species. Conclusions. T. monococcum UA0300113, Syria, and UA0300282, Hungary are relatively drought tolerant. The complex of features characterizing leaf and spike size in combination with the moisture-yielding coefficients processed by the method of principal components makes it possible to differentiate einkorn oaccessions by species and genotype. Keywords: einkorns, moisture yield, drought resistance, leaf, ear.

scholarly journals Some Functional Properties of Kafirin Extracted from a- High- Tannin Sorghum Cultivar

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abd Elmoneim O. Elkhalifa ◽  
Sarah A. Ahmed ◽  
Sohair M. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
G Protein ◽  
Functional Properties ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Foam Stability ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Emulsifying Activity ◽  
Alkaline Water ◽  
Sorghum Flour ◽  
Water Holding

Kafirin was extracted form a whole high tannins sorghum flour (Fetarita). Different functional properties of produced protein were studied and sorghum flour was used as a control. Results showed that the extracted kafirin has a significant low loose and packed bulk densities compared to the control sorghum flour. The porosity of the control (0.374 g/ml) significantly higher than the extracted kafirin (0.196 g/ml). The Carr index for the kafirin was 20.4%, while it was 39.2% for the sorghum flour Alkaline water retention, as well as water and oil holding capacity of the extracted protein were highly significant than the control, and the results showed that kafirin was highly viscous with a water holding capacity of 2.01 ml H2O/g protein, oil holding capacity of 2.10 ml oil/g protein. There is no significant differences between the emulsifying activity of the kafirin and the control, while the kafirin had high emulsifying stability than the control by 11%. No foam capacity and stability were observed for the control, while the kafirin showed 2.75% foam capacity with no foam stability reported. Results shows that the control sorghum flour took longer time (84.9 sec) to completely be wet in cold water than the extracted kafirin (25.0 sec). SEM results of the kafirin supports the development in functional properties.Keywords: Sorghum, Kafirin, Functional properties; SEM.

scholarly journals Effect of drying temperature on quality of β-glucan in white oat grains

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 775-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandro da Conceição Oliveira ◽  
Maurício Oliveira ◽  
Volnei Luiz Meneghetti ◽  
Simone Mazzutti ◽  
Luciane Maria Colla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Water As Solvent ◽  
Harvest Moisture ◽  
Water Holding

Oats have received attention because of their nutritional characteristics, especially their high-quality content of β-glucan. The drying process reduces water content; therefore they can be preserved for long periods. However, high-temperature drying process may affect the physical, chemical, and functional properties of the grains. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different drying temperatures on β-glucan quality in oat grains. Grains of oats (Avena sativa, L.), cultivar Albasul, harvested at harvest moisture content of 23% were submitted to stationary drying at air temperatures of 25, 50, 75, and 100 ºC until they reached 13% moisture content. The β-glucan content was determined in samples of oat grains and extraction was performed using water as solvent at 90 ºC. The β-glucan extract was evaluated for water holding capacity, water retention capacity, capacity of displacement, and gelation properties. Stationary of oat grains at air temperatures above 25 ºC decreased the water holding capacity, whereas the content of β-glucan and the water retention capacity of β-glucan extract was affected at temperatures above 50 ºC. Physical changes such as increased gelation capacity of the β-glucan extract occurred following drying at air temperature over 75 ºC.

scholarly journals Optimum of interlayers in reconstructed soil with Yellow River sediment for restoring subsided coal mined land to farmland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenqi Hu ◽  
Xiaotong Wang ◽  
Kevin McSweeney ◽  
Yong Li
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
River Sediment ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
The Yellow River ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Yellow River Sediment ◽  
Reconstructed Soil ◽  
Water Holding

Underground coal mining causes land subsidence, a large area of cultivated land is destroyed. The Yellow River interlayer filling reclamation technology is the powerful way to restore cultivated land. Understanding the mechanism of action of interlayers in reconstructed soil filled with Yellow River sediments is essential to achieving sustainable land management in the Yellow River regions. Column experiments and Field experiments were conducted to optimum of interlayers in reconstructed soil with Yellow River sediment for restoring subsided coal mined land. Our findings show that the inclusion of interlayers in the sediment reduced water leakage and moisture evaporation, and improved the water-holding capacity of the material in comparison to conventional reconstructed soil profile (Ck2). When the 30 cm thickness of interlayer, putting 2 interlayers in sediment (T6) was the optimal profile with the highest water-holding capacity. In comparison to CK2, the migration rate of wet front decreases by 32.16%, the cumulative evaporation decreases by 16.29%, the volumetric water content of filling layer (θ_fl) increases by 121.56%, and the water-holding coefficient (CWR) increases by 59.47%. It is also proved by field experiments. The wheat and maize yields of T6 improved 51.84% and 54.80%, respectively, as compared with CK2, that closer to undisturbed farmland (CK1). This study provides a valuable framework for subsided land reclamation regarding the method of placing interlayers into Yellow River sediment for enhancing water retention and productivity.

scholarly journals Pyrolysis Temperature Effects on Biochar–Water Interactions and Application for Improved Water Holding Capacity in Vineyard Soils

Soil Systems ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Marshall ◽  
Richard Muhlack ◽  
Benjamin J. Morton ◽  
Lewis Dunnigan ◽  
David Chittleborough ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Retention ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Retention Performance ◽  
Water Holding

Grapevine cane and stalks were considered for pyrolysis at 400 to 700 °C to produce biochar for increasing the water holding capacity of vineyard soil. Feedstocks were pyrolysed using a continuous feed reactor and the resulting biochars characterized in terms of physico-chemical properties, including water retention performance. Hydrophobicity was found in biochar from both feedstocks pyrolysed at 400 °C, but not at higher temperatures. At low soil matric potential, the pyrolysis temperature was the defining variable in determining water retention whereas at higher pressures, the feedstock was the more important variable. Available water content (AWC) of biochar increased with increasing pyrolysis temperatures, with optimal results obtained from grapevine cane at a pyrolysis temperature of 700 °C, which had an AWC 23% higher than a typical clay type soil. Principal component analysis showed variability in water retention of these biochars to be closely associated with the zeta potential, as well as the carbon and ionic content, suggesting that surface charge and hydrophobicity are key properties determining water holding capacity. Pure biochars were superior in water retention performance to typical sandy soils, and so biochar amendment of these soil types may improve water holding (particularly at field capacity). Further study with pot or field trials is recommended to confirm water retention behaviour and assess the feasibility of application under different viticultural scenarios.

POSTMORTEM pH CHANGE AS RELATED TO TENDERNESS AND WATER-HOLDING CAPACITY OF MUSCLE FROM STEER, BULL AND HEIFER CARCASSES

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. MARTIN ◽  
H. T. FREDEEN
Keyword(s):  
Water Retention ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi ◽  
Ph Change ◽  
Ph Measurements ◽  
Muscle Properties ◽  
Stress Effects ◽  
Water Retention Properties ◽  
Water Holding

The patterns of postmortem pH change for four major bovine muscles, the semimembranosus, adductor, longissimus dorsi, and brachialis, were examined on carcasses from 130 bulls, 54 steers, and 40 heifers reared and slaughtered contemporaneously. Various muscle properties were related to rate and extent of pH change. Regression of pH on time for each of the four muscles was similar, although each of the four muscles differed (P < 0.05) at all pH recordings. Carcasses were designated fast-, medium-, and slow-glycolyzing on the basis of pH readings recorded within 2 h postmortem. Only 5 and 11% of the steers and heifers, respectively, were classed "slow" whereas approximately 30% of the bull carcasses fell into this category. This classification did not differentiate carcasses of any sex with respect to tenderness (shear values) or to water-holding capacity. Considerable sex heterogeneity of correlation coefficients was evident, with those from bulls generally being of greatest magnitude because of the tendency for bulls to be stressed by shipping and handling during the immediate pre-slaughter period. Where preslaughter stress effects were not important, postmortem pH measurements were not useful predictors of tenderness or water retention properties of muscle.

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