COPPER TO MOLYBDENUM RATIO AND MOLYBDENUM AND COPPER CONCENTRATIONS IN RUMINANT FEEDS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. MILTIMORE ◽  
J. L. MASON
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Extreme Variability ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Mean Concentration

Molybdenum and Cu concentrations and Cu/Mo ratios were determined on samples of legume hay, grass legume hay, grass hay, sedge hay, oat forage, corn silage and grains throughout British Columbia. In addition, the relationships between Cu distribution and both Mo concentration and the Cu/Mo ratio were determined for all feeds. The critical Cu/Mo ratio was selected as 2.0, and samples with ratios below 2.0 would be expected to cause conditioned copper deficiency. Sedge hays had a mean Cu/Mo ratio of 2.1, which was less than half the mean ratio of 4.4 for grass hays. The mean ratios for the other classes of feed were 5.0 or higher. Notwithstanding the favorable mean ratios, 19% of all samples had ratios below 2.0. The lowest Cu/Mo ratio was 0.1 and the highest was 52.7, which shows extreme variability. Molybdenum concentrations were generally low, with 35% of all samples below 1 ppm Mo. There were no unusually high Mo concentrations, as only 1% of all feeds were above 8.0 ppm Mo and the highest value was 9.9 ppm. Copper concentrations were low. Fourteen percent of all samples were below 3.0 ppm and 95% of all samples were below 10.0 ppm. Legume feeds had a mean Cu concentration of 7.5 ppm, in contrast to sedge hays which had a mean concentration of 3.3 ppm Cu. As Cu concentrations increased in all feeds the Cu/Mo ratios also increased, when all feeds were considered in one compilation. Molybdenum concentrations were high, then decreased, but increased to the same high concentrations as Cu concentrations increased. These data indicate an unexpectedly high and nutritionally important variability in Cu/Mo ratios, and add further support to our previous report of extensive low levels of Cu. Both Cu and Mo analyses are required to predict the need for Cu supplementation. This appears to be the first extensive report on Cu/Mo ratios in feeds.

Radioimmunoassay for human prothrombin.

1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 842-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Krishnan
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Iodine Monochloride ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Antibody Technique ◽  
Antigenic Sites ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

Abstract I describe a radioimmunoassay for human prothrombin, with use of a double-antibody technique. Antiserum raised in rabbits was absorbed with Al(OH)3 and heated to 56 degrees C for 30 min. 125I-labeled prothrombin retaining more than 90% of its biological activity was prepared by the iodine monochloride method. The mean concentration of prothrombin in plasma of 12 normal individuals was 100 +/- 29.4 mg/L (2 SD). Prothrombin values were somewhat lower than those obtained by the Laurell electroimmunoassay or by two-stage biological assay of the same plasma, done the same day. The biological values were converted to protein on the basis of 1960 int. units/mg by comparison with the other two assays. The ability of activation fragments of human prothrombin to inhibit binding of labeled prothrombin to its antibody was evaluated by competitive radioimmunoassay. Although precipitin lines formed with undiluted antiserum against all the fragments tested (F-1, F-1.2, prethrombin-1, and thrombin), none of the fragments competed well with prothrombin, even in 10-fold molar excess. Evidently, the structural integrity of the prothrombin molecule is essential for its maximum binding to the antiserum, and antigenic sites are lost during its activation.

Iodine in California Farm Milk: 1985–19861

1987 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 765-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN C. BRUHN ◽  
ANTOINE A. FRANKE ◽  
T. WYATT SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Daily Production ◽  
Concentration Difference ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Health Agencies ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Maximum Limit

Iodine has been measured in 1572 California farm milk samples, representing 2,725,000 gallons of milk, or about 54% of daily production. The mean iodine concentration in the analyzed samples was 173.3 μg/kg milk, with a standard deviation of 115.8 μg/kg- The volume-corrected mean iodine concentration for all samples was 188.3 μg/kg. Of the farms examined, 13% used neither an iodine teat-dip or backflush; the milk iodine concentration on these dairy farms averaged 147.8 ± 90.2 μg/kg. Of the farms examined, 73% used iodine teat-dip only; milk iodine concentrations averaged 166.7±109.4 μg/kg. Less than 1% of the farms used iodine only in their backflush systems; their milk iodine concentrations averaged 202.3±107.2 μg/kg. Thirteen percent of the farms used both iodine teat-dip and iodine in their backflush systems; their milk iodine concentrations averaged 251.3±153.9 μg/kg. While the concentration difference between farms using iodine in both the teat-dip and backflush system and farms in the other three groups was statistically significant, the mean concentration was still well below the maximum limit of 500 μg/kg imposed by health agencies in some countries. Overall, 30.7% of samples measured has less than 100 μg iodine/kg; 70.1% had less than 200 μg/kg; 88.8% had less than 300 μg/kg; 94.4% had less than 400 μg/kg; and 98.1% had less than 500 μg/kg.

Digestion of food by the grazing sheep. II. The production of ammonia in the rumen

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 397 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Grazing Sheep ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Production Of Ammonia

High concentrations of ammonia have been found in the rumen in grazing sheep at all seasons of the year. It has been established that the mean concentration of ammonia sustained in the rumen during a 24 hr period depends on the crude protein intake. Other factors which may affect the production of ammonia in and its removal from the rumen are also discussed.

The distribution of coenzyme Q in the tissues of the gravid ewe and fetus

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 571-573
Author(s):  
M. Hidiroglou
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Heart ◽  
Fetal Liver ◽  
Coenzyme Q ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Embryonic Life ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

Data on coenzyme Q tissue concentrations were obtained from 26 ewes and their fetuses from 50 days postconception to term. Coenzyme Q concentrations were low in early embryonic life. A significant increase was observed in coenzyme Q concentration in the 4-month-old or older fetal heart and kidney. The mean concentration of coenzyme Q in fetal liver increased also with advance in gestation but with less consistency than in the other tissues.

Radioimmunoassay of atrial natriuretic polypeptide in heat-treated human plasma.

1987 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 674-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Iinuma ◽  
I Ikeda ◽  
T Ogihara ◽  
H Hara ◽  
J Shima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Human Plasma ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Atrial Natriuretic Polypeptide ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
High Salt Intake ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Atrial Natriuretic

Abstract In this simple, sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) of atrial natriuretic polypeptide (hANP) in human plasma, nonspecific interference is minimized by deproteinizing the plasma by heat treatment at 85 degrees C for 10 min. We directly measure alpha-hANP in the supernates by RIA, with use of antiserum that recognizes the N-terminal region of alpha-hANP. The minimal detectable value was 0.4 pg per tube. The intra-assay CV was 6.6% (n = 8). The mean concentration of hANP in plasma of 54 healthy volunteers was 41 (SD 29) ng/L. Concentrations of hANP in plasma increased after saline infusion and high salt intake for one week in patients with essential hypertension. High concentrations were also measured in patients with renal failure and congestive heart failure. This method, which requires no extraction or purification with column chromatography, is especially useful for simultaneous measurement of several samples.

scholarly journals Raindrop Size Distribution Measurements in Tropical Cyclones

2008 ◽  
Vol 136 (5) ◽  
pp. 1669-1685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Tokay ◽  
Paul G. Bashor ◽  
Emad Habib ◽  
Takis Kasparis
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Tropical Cyclones ◽  
Rain Rate ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Extratropical Cyclones ◽  
Raindrop Size Distribution ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Raindrop Size

Abstract Characteristics of the raindrop size distribution in seven tropical cyclones have been studied through impact-type disdrometer measurements at three different sites during the 2004–06 Atlantic hurricane seasons. One of the cyclones has been observed at two different sites. High concentrations of small and/or midsize drops were observed in the presence or absence of large drops. Even in the presence of large drops, the maximum drop diameter rarely exceeded 4 mm. These characteristics of raindrop size distribution were observed in all stages of tropical cyclones, unless the storm was in the extratropical stage where the tropical cyclone and a midlatitude frontal system had merged. The presence of relatively high concentrations of large drops in extratropical cyclones resembled the size distribution in continental thunderstorms. The integral rain parameters of drop concentration, liquid water content, and rain rate at fixed reflectivity were therefore lower in extratropical cyclones than in tropical cyclones. In tropical cyclones, at a disdrometer-calculated reflectivity of 40 dBZ, the number concentration was 700 ± 100 drops m−3, while the liquid water content and rain rate were 0.90 ± 0.05 g m−3 and 18.5 ± 0.5 mm h−1, respectively. The mean mass diameter, on the other hand, was 1.67 ± 0.3 mm. The comparison of raindrop size distributions between Atlantic tropical cyclones and storms that occurred in the central tropical Pacific island of Roi-Namur revealed that the number density is slightly shifted toward smaller drops, resulting in higher-integral rain parameters and lower mean mass and maximum drop diameters at the latter site. Considering parameterization of the raindrop size distribution in tropical cyclones, characteristics of the normalized gamma distribution parameters were examined with respect to reflectivity. The mean mass diameter increased rapidly with reflectivity, while the normalized intercept parameter had an increasing trend with reflectivity. The shape parameter, on the other hand, decreased in a reflectivity range from 10 to 20 dBZ and remained steady at higher reflectivities. Considering the repeatability of the characteristics of the raindrop size distribution, a second impact disdrometer that was located 5.3 km away from the primary site in Wallops Island, Virginia, had similar size spectra in selected tropical cyclones.

scholarly journals Monitoring the form of resistance of populations of schools of culture and culture to the insecticide

2019 ◽  
pp. 149-160
Author(s):  
M. Sekun ◽  
O. Vlasova ◽  
V. Berezovska-Brigas
Keyword(s):  
Active Substance ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Cereal Aphids ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Pollen Beetle ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Mean Concentration

Goal. To study the toxicity of the modern variety of insecticides from different classes of chemical substances at the level of the mean concentration (СК50, %) of the active substance for the common cereal aphids, cabbage flea, rape blossom weevil, common spider mite. Based on these data to determine the rate of resistance of natural populations of these species of phytophagous arthropods to insecticides. Methodology. The sensitivity of phytophagous arthropods was studied on natural populations collected on crops of winter wheat, canola, soybeans in the Kiev region in 2015—2018. For the poisoning of cereal aphids and mites using the method of immersion of the populated lists wheat and soybeans, and flea beetles and pollen beetle — dip them in a gauze bag for 3 seconds in the appropriate solution of insecticides. Were taken 24 hours after poisoning. Toxicological parameters were calculated by using Proban. Results. Identifies the different sensitivity of the natural arthropod populations to current insecticides. In terms of the mean concentration (СК50, %) of the active substance rapeseed pollen beetle were most sensitive to Configure, while the rest of the drugs is almost the same. Over the years research is more resistant to Decis Profi turned ordinary spider mites. This pest was a higher resistance. Conclusions. The sensitivity of arthropods to insecticides of different chemical classes depends on the characteristics of the pest and the properties of the drug. Indicators of resistance are determined by the biology of the phytophage and terms of use of insecticide. The highest PR was observed for polyvoltine species (aphids, mites). Low levels of resistance to phytophagous pyrethroid insecticides can be explained by two factors: a smaller volume of use or reversion (return of chuvstvitelnosti to the initial level).

Deposition of copper in cattle and buffaloes edible tissues slaughtered in Assiut city, Egypt

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-15
Author(s):  
T.H. Youssef ◽  
Y.A. Hefnawy ◽  
H.A. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Copper Content ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Other ◽  
Copper Level ◽  
Edible Tissues ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Concentrations

A total of 168 samples of livers, kidneys and muscles (part of the diaphragm) were screened. The samples were subjected to preparation and for measurement the level of copper (Cu) by using Atomic Absorption/Flaming Emission Spectrophotometer. Buffaloes organs showed variations in their copper content. As for liver, the mean copper concentrations were 11.52 ± 5.41 with a range varied from 2.34 to 21.88 μg/g wet weight. Whereas in buffalo kidneys copper level varied from 2.34 to 15.13 with a mean value of 5.85 ± 4.34 μg/g wet weight. Moreover, the concentrations of copper in buffalo muscles varied from1.56 to 15.50 μg/g wet weight with a mean value of 4.35 ± 3.96. On the other hand, copper in cattle liver varied in its concentrations where the mean value was 11.59 ± 5.79, with a range varied from 3.13 to 25.00 μg/g wet weight. Copper in cattle kidneys varied from 2.50 to 16.3 with a mean value of 4.18 ± 3.12 μg/g wet weight. Besides, the concentrations of copper in cattle muscles were 3.23 ± 2.48, 1.88 and 14.34 μg/g wet weight, respectively as a mean, minimum and maximum. In conclusion, 1% - 26% of the examined samples of both cattle and buffalo were higher than the results obtained by Egyptian Organization Standardization and Quality Control (2008), in addition, livers samples have high concentrations of copper than kidneys and muscles.

Chemoautotrophic symbionts in the gills of the bivalve mollusc Lucinoma borealis and the sediment chemistry of its habitat

1986 ◽  
Vol 227 (1247) ◽  
pp. 227-247 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Gill Tissue ◽  
Elemental Sulphur ◽  
Sulphate Reduction ◽  
Sediment Chemistry ◽  
Dissolved Iron ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Sulphur Species

Lucinoma borealis has enlarged gills, which contain numerous prokaryotes in specialized cells (bacteriocytes) in the subfilamentar region. The gills also contain high concentrations of elemental sulphur and of a c -type cytochrome. Homogenates of gill tissue show ribulosebisphosphate car­boxylase and phosphoribulokinase activity; they also show activity for adenylylsulphate reductase, an enzyme concerned in the oxidation of sulphur, and will phosphorylate ADP on the addition of sulphite or sulphide. Fixation of bicarbonate by gill tissue from starved animals is enhanced in the presence of 100 μm sulphide. The sediment in which the animals live contains 1–6 μg atoms per litre of dissolved iron and hence there is very little dissolved sulphide, 200 nM, or less (80 nmol dm -3 sediment). Thiosulphate concentrations are also low, 300 nM, or less (120 nmol dm -3 sediment). In contrast, there are acid-labile sulphide concentrations up to 14 mmol dm -3 and elemental sulphur concentrations up to 4 mg atom per cubic decimetre of sediment. The mean sulphate reduction rate in the sediment varied seasonally with temperature over the range 1640–4920 nmol sulphate reduced per hour per cubic decimetre. L. borealis was usually found below the region of maximum sulphate reduction. Hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide concentrations were all 160 nmol dm -3 , or less. Despite the low levels of dissolved sulphide the association between prokaryote and host appears to be able to exploit this habitat by the oxidation of reduced sulphur species; ways in which the bivalve may be able to extract these from the sediment are discussed. The bivalves may obtain half their carbon from the autotrophic prokaryotes.

COPPER, ZINC, MANGANESE AND IRON VARIATION IN FIVE FEEDS FOR RUMINANTS

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. MILTIMORE ◽  
J. L. MASON ◽  
D. L. ASHBY
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Minimum Requirement ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Minimum Requirements ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
Recommended Level

Samples of legume hay, grass hay, corn silage, oat forage and grains grown throughout British Columbia were analyzed to determine Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe concentrations and these concentrations were compared with the British Agricultural Research Council minimum requirements for cattle. Approximately 95% of all feeds were below 10 ppm Cu, the recommended minimum for cattle. These data provide the first indication of a general simple copper deficiency in British Columbia, whereas previous reports for British Columbia and Canada concerned pockets of copper deficiency resulting from molybdenum toxicity. Some 95% of the samples were below the minimum recommended level of 50 ppm Zn. Manganese concentrations were somewhat higher, with only 40% of the samples below the recommended minimum of 40 ppm Mn. Twenty-five percent of the grass samples contained above 151 ppm Mn. The average Fe concentration for all feeds was well above the suggested minimum requirement of 30 ppm. Some 15% of the samples were sevenfold the minimum recommended. These analyses suggest the need for greatly increased levels of Cu and Zn supplementation for cattle on winter feed. There is also need for Mn supplementation where legume hays and corn silages are fed in British Columbia.

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