Digestion of food by the grazing sheep. II. The production of ammonia in the rumen

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 397 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Grazing Sheep ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Production Of Ammonia

High concentrations of ammonia have been found in the rumen in grazing sheep at all seasons of the year. It has been established that the mean concentration of ammonia sustained in the rumen during a 24 hr period depends on the crude protein intake. Other factors which may affect the production of ammonia in and its removal from the rumen are also discussed.

COPPER TO MOLYBDENUM RATIO AND MOLYBDENUM AND COPPER CONCENTRATIONS IN RUMINANT FEEDS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. MILTIMORE ◽  
J. L. MASON
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Extreme Variability ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Mean Concentration

Molybdenum and Cu concentrations and Cu/Mo ratios were determined on samples of legume hay, grass legume hay, grass hay, sedge hay, oat forage, corn silage and grains throughout British Columbia. In addition, the relationships between Cu distribution and both Mo concentration and the Cu/Mo ratio were determined for all feeds. The critical Cu/Mo ratio was selected as 2.0, and samples with ratios below 2.0 would be expected to cause conditioned copper deficiency. Sedge hays had a mean Cu/Mo ratio of 2.1, which was less than half the mean ratio of 4.4 for grass hays. The mean ratios for the other classes of feed were 5.0 or higher. Notwithstanding the favorable mean ratios, 19% of all samples had ratios below 2.0. The lowest Cu/Mo ratio was 0.1 and the highest was 52.7, which shows extreme variability. Molybdenum concentrations were generally low, with 35% of all samples below 1 ppm Mo. There were no unusually high Mo concentrations, as only 1% of all feeds were above 8.0 ppm Mo and the highest value was 9.9 ppm. Copper concentrations were low. Fourteen percent of all samples were below 3.0 ppm and 95% of all samples were below 10.0 ppm. Legume feeds had a mean Cu concentration of 7.5 ppm, in contrast to sedge hays which had a mean concentration of 3.3 ppm Cu. As Cu concentrations increased in all feeds the Cu/Mo ratios also increased, when all feeds were considered in one compilation. Molybdenum concentrations were high, then decreased, but increased to the same high concentrations as Cu concentrations increased. These data indicate an unexpectedly high and nutritionally important variability in Cu/Mo ratios, and add further support to our previous report of extensive low levels of Cu. Both Cu and Mo analyses are required to predict the need for Cu supplementation. This appears to be the first extensive report on Cu/Mo ratios in feeds.

RESPONSE FROM COPPER AND SELENIUM WITH VITAMIN E INJECTIONS TO CATTLE PASTURED ON MINERAL AND ORGANIC GROUNDWATER SOILS

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. MILTIMORE ◽  
J. L. MASON ◽  
J. M. McARTHUR ◽  
C. C. STRACHAN ◽  
J. B. CLAPP
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Good Drainage ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Inorganic Sulfate

An experiment, using a total of 127 cattle on one ranch over a 2-yr period and 82 cattle at two separate locations on a second ranch in 1 yr, tested injections of copper (Cu) and injections of selenium (Se) with vitamin E, separately and in combination. Injections of 100 mg Cu as copper calcium edetate resulted in an increased overall daily gain of 118 g or 22%. The injections of Se and vitamin E did not significantly increase gain and there was no synergistic effect when the two materials were given together. The crude protein, inorganic sulfate, S, P, Ca, K, Mg, Cu, Mo, Fe, Mn, Zn, and B concentrations were determined on grass from the experimental pastures and from grass growing in fields around one ranch. These latter forages were collected in seven paired locations with one member forage of each set being harvested from an organic groundwater soil and the other from an adjacent clay soil where there was good drainage. Forage growing on well-drained soils had a Cu/Mo ratio of 1.9, which was almost treble the 0.7 ratio found in forage grown on the groundwater soil. Cu levels in hair from cattle on ranch B, given only Cu injections, averaged 13.4 ppm Cu on an oven-dry weight basis, which was 54% higher in Cu than hair from the control cattle. The mean concentration of Se in hair of cattle receiving Se with vitamin E was 60 ppm, which was not significantly different from the control at 58 ppm.

Radioimmunoassay of atrial natriuretic polypeptide in heat-treated human plasma.

1987 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 674-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Iinuma ◽  
I Ikeda ◽  
T Ogihara ◽  
H Hara ◽  
J Shima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Human Plasma ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Atrial Natriuretic Polypeptide ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
High Salt Intake ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Atrial Natriuretic

Abstract In this simple, sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) of atrial natriuretic polypeptide (hANP) in human plasma, nonspecific interference is minimized by deproteinizing the plasma by heat treatment at 85 degrees C for 10 min. We directly measure alpha-hANP in the supernates by RIA, with use of antiserum that recognizes the N-terminal region of alpha-hANP. The minimal detectable value was 0.4 pg per tube. The intra-assay CV was 6.6% (n = 8). The mean concentration of hANP in plasma of 54 healthy volunteers was 41 (SD 29) ng/L. Concentrations of hANP in plasma increased after saline infusion and high salt intake for one week in patients with essential hypertension. High concentrations were also measured in patients with renal failure and congestive heart failure. This method, which requires no extraction or purification with column chromatography, is especially useful for simultaneous measurement of several samples.

Effects of energy and protein intake on ovulation rate associated with the feeding of lupin grain to Merino ewes

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
IC Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Initial Level ◽  
Ovulation Rate ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Multiple Ovulation ◽  
Additional Protein ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Australian Merino

Five rations formulated from varying amounts of pasture hay and oat, lupin and pea grains were fed to South Australian Merino ewes at different controlled levels of digestible energy and crude protein intakes. Ovulation was recorded by laparoscopy or laparotomy 17 days and 34 days after the commencement of the experiment, An increase in protein intake supplied by lupin grain increased the ovulation rate through an increased incidence of multiple ovulation only when the initial level of feeding supplied low protein and energy intakes, and not when the initial level of feeding provided moderate intakes of protein and energy. The response in ovulation rate was evident within the first 17 days after protein intake was increased, and did not change further during the second 17-day period. Particularly in November/ December, when a proportion of ewes failed to ovulate, the mean ovulation rate of ewes fed at low protein and energy intakes was increased more by additional protein and energy together than by additional protein alone. It is suggested that increased protein intake per se stimulates the ovulation rate only when the initial intake is close to the maintenance requirement, and that energy, either by itself or together with protein, subsequently becomes the limiting factor.

Variability in the composition of commercial pig diets with particular reference to minerals

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (96) ◽  
pp. 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
EP Hilliard ◽  
GR Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Wide Variability ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Amino Acid Contents ◽  
Mean Concentration

Samples of 28 pig diets fed to grower pigs in 24 commercial piggeries in Victoria were analysed for proximate constituents, fibre components, energy, Ca, P, K, Mg, Na, Cu, Zn, Fe, Cd, Pb and As. Vitaminmineral premixes, salts used in the premixes, and some other additives were analysed for Cd and Pb. There was a wide variability in the composition of all components in the diets except gross energy. 'Home mix' diets tended to have lower contents of ash and fibre, compared with diets supplied by feed manufacturers. Comparisons with recommended nutrient requirements showed that 8 diets were apparently deficient in crude protein (less than 16%) and only 7 diets contained sufficient crude protein to meet the requirements of pigs up to 50 kg liveweight (20% or more). However, amino acid contents were not determined. One diet was deficient in Na, six diets were deficient in Ca, and eight diets had Ca : P ratios less than 1:1. Seven diets contained Cu at levels recommended for growth promotion (125-250 mg kg-1) ; 20 diets contained added Cu but at levels insufficient for growth promotion. All diets contained excessive amounts of Zn and Fe (up to 317 and 701 mg kg-1 respectively) ; the mean concentration of Zn was three times the recommended requirement and the mean concentration of Fe was six times the recommended requirement. Concentrations of Cd occurred up to 0.61 mg kg-1 and of Pb up to 5.53 mg kg-1. One diet contained 32.41 mg As kg-1 but the next highest concentration was 1.07 mg kg-1. Vitamin-mineral premixes contained up to 81 mg Cd kg-1 and up to 1292 mg Pb kg-1. Copper sulphate contained 376 mg Cd kg-1; copper oxide contained 2550 mg Pb kg-1; zinc oxide contained 114 mg Pb kg-1.

Relationships Between Aerosol Particles and Airborne Bacteria and their Dependence on Environmental Factors in a Dairy Calf House

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1819-1828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Aminul Islam ◽  
Atsuo Ikeguchi ◽  
Takanori Naide
Keyword(s):  
Indoor Air ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Airborne Bacteria ◽  
Dairy Calf ◽  
Outdoor Temperature ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

Abstract. The quality of indoor air dramatically affects the health of animals and humans. An investigation was conducted into the relationships among the total number of aerosol particles and different types of airborne bacteria and their dependence on indoor and outdoor environmental factors, including air temperature and relative humidity (RH), in the indoor air of a dairy calf house in Tochigi, Japan, during the summer season. The concentrations of aerosol particles, the concentrations of airborne total aerobic bacteria (, , and spp.) in the indoor air, and the indoor and outdoor temperature and RH were evaluated from 14 weekly measurements. The mean concentration of small aerosol particles (0.3 to 2.0 µm) was higher than the mean concentration of large aerosol particles (2.0 to 10.0 µm) in the summer season. The mean concentration of airborne total aerobic bacteria was higher than the concentrations of airborne , , and spp. Airborne and were positively correlated with the number of 2.0 to 10.0 µm aerosol particles, i.e., high concentrations of 2.0 to 10.0 µm particles were correlated with high concentrations of airborne and . Airborne total aerobic bacteria did not correlate with the number of aerosol particles of any size, but spp. was negatively correlated with the number of 1.0 to 2.0 µm aerosol particles, i.e., high concentrations of 1.0 to 2.0 µm particles were correlated with low concentrations of airborne spp. The indoor temperature and indoor and outdoor RH did not correlate with any airborne bacteria. The outdoor temperature was negatively correlated with spp., i.e., high outdoor temperature was correlated with a low concentration of spp. in the indoor air of the dairy calf house. Both indoor and outdoor temperatures were positively correlated with the number of 0.5 to 5.0 µm aerosol particles, and indoor RH was negatively correlated with the number of 5.0 to 10.0 µm aerosol particles. These findings will be important for elucidating the role of aerosol particles in the transmission of airborne bacteria and ultimately for the mitigation of aerosol particles and airborne bacteria in dairy houses. HighlightsThe number of fine aerosol particles increased with increasing temperatures.Environmental factors had a less critical effect on airborne bacteria than aerosol particles.Airborne E. coli strongly positively correlated with 5.0 to 10.0 µm aerosol particles.Airborne Salmonella spp. negatively correlated with 1.0 to 2.0 µm aerosol particles.Relative humidity did not affect any airborne bacteria. Keywords: Aerosol particle number, Airborne bacteria, Dairy calf, Indoor air, Relationship, Summer season.

scholarly journals Passage of nutrients into the duodenum and their postruminal digestion in cows fed crushed and ground maize

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 190-198
Author(s):  
Z. Čerešňáková ◽  
M. Chrenková ◽  
A. Sommer
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Starch Degradation ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

In an in vivo experiment the 2 × 2 Latin square method and Cr as a marker were used to determine ruminal degradation and postruminal digestion of nutrients from a feed ration containing 3 kg of crushed or ground maize (CM vs. GM). The experiment included 4 cows with rumen fistulae and duodenal T-cannulae. Amino acid passage to the duodenum was also determined. The mean concentration of ammonia nitrogen in the rumen fluid was 11.6 ± 6.22 and 11.5 ± 6.41 mg/100 ml in the CM and GM ration, respectively. Crushing considerably decreased starch degradation in the rumen where starch passage reached 33.5% with CM and only 21.5% with GM. Both post-ruminal (82.2% vs. 85.5%) and total digestibility of starch (94.0% vs. 96.8%) was high. The passage of other nutrients was not influenced by crushing. With both feed rations higher amounts of crude protein and amino acids passed to the duodenum than were ingested (127.8% vs. 130.4% and 118.1% vs. 124.5%, respectively). In comparison with intake the highest increase was observed in essential lysine (156.5% and 165.0%, respectively) and glycine (261.1% and 280.2%, respectively). Apparent crude protein digestibility was at the level of 68.5% (CM) and 67.2% (GM).  

scholarly journals Influence of Crude Protein Intake on the Duration of Delivery and Litter Size in Sows

2008 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Tydlitát ◽  
A. Vinkler ◽  
L. Czanderlová
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
High Intake ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pregnancy And Delivery ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D

The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of different intakes of crude protein during the period from 94 to 100 days of pregnancy to the parturition, lengths of pregnancy and delivery, number and birth weights of piglets and concentrations of progesterone, 17-β estradiol and cortisol on days 100, 110 and 114 of pregnancy in sows. Daily feed intake of the sow represented 2.5 kg of complete mixtures containing 13% (group A, n = 23), 15% (group B, n = 52), 18% (group C, n = 10) and 21% (group D, n = 10) of crude protein. Lengths of pregnancy in experimental groups were not significantly different. The mean durations of delivery synchronously increased with the intake of crude protein; significant difference was found between groups A (4.5 h) and D (8.6 h) (p < 0.05). Total numbers of piglets in experimental groups were not significantly different. Numbers of live piglets decreased and numbers of stillborn piglets increased from groups A to D. Significant difference was found between numbers of stillborn piglets in group A compared to groups C, D; and group B compared to groups D, C (p < 0.05). The average birth weights of piglets did not differ between experimental groups. No statistical differences in hormone concentrations were found between experimental groups. High intake of crude protein in sows before parturition prolonged delivery and increased the number of stillborn piglets.

Instant 99mTc-Labelled Glucoheptonate Kit for Kidney Imaging

1983 ◽  
Vol 22 (05) ◽  
pp. 246-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Al-Hilli ◽  
H. M. A. Karim ◽  
M. H. S. Al-Hissoni ◽  
M. N. Jassim ◽  
N. H. Agha
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Organ Distribution ◽  
Stable Complex ◽  
Scintillation Camera ◽  
Ph Adjustment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Kidney Imaging ◽  
Mean Concentration

Gelchromatography column scanning has been used to study the fractions of reduced hydrolyzed 99mTc, 99mTc-pertechnetate and 99mTc-chelate in a 99mTc-glucoheptonate (GH) preparation. A stable high labelling yield of 99mTc-GH complex in the radiopharmaceutical has been obtained with a concentration of 40-50 mg of glucoheptonic acid-calcium salt and not less than 0.45 mg of SnCl2 2 H2O at an optimal pH between 6.5 and 7.0. The stability of the complex has been found significantly affected when sodium hydroxide solution was used for the pH adjustment. However, an alternative procedure for final pH adjustment of the preparation has been investigated providing a stable complex for the usual period of time prior to the injection. The organ distribution and the blood clearance data of 99mTc-GH in rabbits were relatively similar to those reported earlier. The mean concentration of the radiopharmaceutical in both kidneys has been studied in normal subjects for one hour with a scintillation camera and the results were satisfactory.

PROGESTERONE IN THE HUMAN PERIPHERAL BLOOD IN THE PREOVULATORY PERIOD OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

1967 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benno Runnebaum ◽  
Josef Zander
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Human Peripheral Blood ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Progesterone Secretion ◽  
Graafian Follicle ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

ABSTRACT Progesterone was determined and identified in human peripheral blood during the preovulatory period of the menstrual cycle, by combined isotope derivative and recrystallization analysis. The mean concentration of progesterone in 1.095 ml of plasma obtained 9 days before ovulation was 0.084 μg/100 ml. However, the mean concentration of progesterone in 1.122 ml of plasma obtained 4 days before ovulation was 0.279 μg/100 ml. These data demonstrate a source of progesterone secretion other than the corpus luteum. The higher plasma-progesterone concentration 4 days before ovulation may indicate progesterone secretion of the ripening Graafian follicle of the ovary.

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