scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF SOURCE AND LEVEL OF ENERGY AND LEVEL OF PROTEIN INTAKE ON SOW PERFORMANCE DURING GROWTH, GESTATION, AND LACTATION: I. GAIN, ENERGY REQUIREMENTS, AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Bowland
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Gain Energy ◽  
Nutritional Effects ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

From an average initial weight of 44 lb to the end of the second lactation, 60 sows (littermates from 12 litters) were fed two levels and two sources of energy and two levels of protein in 5 ration groups. To 215 lb liveweight a restriction of energy, with or without protein restriction, resulted in slower gains, improved efficiency of energy (total digestible nutrients or apparent digestible energy) utilization and lower backfat thickness. Sows fed rations formulated to meet U.S. N.R.C. nutrient requirements, and allowed no access to pasture, performed similarly during two gestation and lactation cycles when they were fed ad libitum during growth and 6 lb per day during gestation or when they were restricted in feed intake by 20% during growth and 8% during gestation. During lactation all sows were fed at an energy level based on the number of suckling pigs. The addition of 20% extra protein to the ration of sows fed at a restricted level, full-feeding sows during gestation that had been restricted during growth, or the addition of 15% stabilized tallow to supply 20% of the energy in the rations during growth and reproduction had no significant effect on conception rates, number, or weight of pigs born alive or weaned. Sows fed the ration containing tallow at an intake to equalize energy consumption with sows full-fed the control ration were heavier at the end of the experiment than the other sows.Within lots, there were significant positive correlations between weight gain during the first gestation and loss during the first lactation, gain during the first and second gestation, gain during gestation and litter birth weight as well as litter weaning weight, litter birth weight and litter weaning weight, and number of pigs born alive following each gestation. Between lots, which gives an indication of nutritional effects, gain in weight during gestation was negatively correlated (r = −.73) with the number of pigs born alive.

ELECTRONIC COMPUTATION OF GROWING AND FINISHING RATIONS FOR PIGS TO MEET U.S. N.R.C. (1959) NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS WITH AND WITHOUT A MARGIN OF SAFETY

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Bowland
Keyword(s):  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Castrate Male ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi Muscle ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Gain Energy ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Margin Of Safety ◽  
Breeding Groups

Sixty-four castrate male pigs from four breeding groups were individually fed from 50 pounds to market weight of 195 pounds. From 50 to 110 pounds, comparison was made between linear programmed, least cost rations meeting minimum nutrient requirements and those with a 15 per cent margin of safety for protein, lysine, methionine, calcium, phosphorus, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, vitamins B12, A and D. From 110 to 195 pounds, each group was subdivided to compare rations meeting minimum nutrient requirements with those containing 16 per cent protein and corresponding increases in lysine and methionine.Feed intake was not influenced by ration or breeding. Rate of gain, nitrogen digestibility, and efficiency of feed and digestible energy utilization were improved by the margin of safety in nutrients during the growing period and by the higher protein level in the finishing period. Pigs previously receiving the ration with a margin of safety gained more slowly on the 16 per cent protein finisher than those previously receiving the minimum standard ration. Carcass measurements were not significantly changed by ration although area of longissimus dorsi muscle and total R.O.P. score tended to be increased for pigs finished on the 16 per cent protein ration. Breeding groups varied in rate of gain, energy digestibility, efficiency of feed utilization and carcass measurements. For rate of gain during the growing period there was an interaction between ration and breeding group.

PSV-1 Injectable trace mineral supplementation on grazing beef cows: Effect on subsequent offspring birth weight and weaning weight

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 309-309
Author(s):  
Stefania Pancini ◽  
John Currin ◽  
Jamie L Stewart ◽  
Sherrie Clark ◽  
Tracey Redifer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Trace Mineral ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Mineral Supplementation ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Additional Mineral

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of an injectable multi-mineral complex supplementation on grazing beef cows on subsequent offspring birth weight (BW) and adjusted weaning weight (AWW). Experiment 1 included 1,128 Angus crossbred multiparous suckled cows, from 9 locations in Virginia, that were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: 1) One dose of an injectable trace mineral (6 mL; Multimin® 90, Multimin USA, Ft. Collins, CO) at 71.4±16.8 d of lactation (n = 560); or 2) a negative control with no trace mineral injection (n = 568). In experiment 2, 986 Angus crossbred multiparous suckled cows, at 7 locations in Virginia, were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: 1) Two doses of an injectable trace mineral (6 mL; Multimin® 90) at 118.3±17 days before calving and at 67.7±17.4 d of lactation (n = 494); or 2) negative control with no trace mineral injection (n = 492). All cows had ad libitum access to forage and water, and received additional mineral supplementation in form of mineral blocks. Calves were weaned at approximately 7 months of age, and 205-day AWW was calculated based on birth day, age of weaning and age of dam. No differences between treatments were detected for BW (33.7±1.01 kg; P = 0.50) and AWW (212.2±5.0 kg; P = 0.25) when only one dose of injectable trace mineral was administered to the dam at early lactation. Similarly, when two doses of injectable trace mineral were administrated BW (35.6±1.1 kg; P = 0.70) and AWW (259.4±6.1 kg; P = 0.83) did not differ between treatments. In conclusion, one or two doses of injectable trace mineral administrated at late gestation and/or during lactation had no effect on offspring BW and AWW.

INFLUENCE OF FEED ALLOWANCE DURING PREGNANCY ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF EWES AND GROWTH OF SUCKLED AND ARTIFICIALLY REARED LAMBS

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 533-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. LODGE ◽  
D. P. HEANEY
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Artificial Rearing ◽  
Ad Libitum

Eighty mature ewes (Rambouillet × Columbia type) were allocated on the basis of initial weight among four pregnancy treatments: (T1) fed a maintenance level throughout; (T2) fed the same total as T1 but distributed so as to increase exponentially from 15% below maintenance post-mating to 57% above maintenance by parturition; (T3) fed 80% of maintenance throughout; (T4) the same as T3 except ewes were resheared after mating. At lambing each treatment group was subdivided so that half the ewes reared their lambs, while those from the other half were reared, from within 16 h of birth, on milk replacer to 7 wk of age. Postpartum feed allowances for the ewes were ad libitum for the first 35 days, after which those not lactating were reduced to maintenance while those suckling lambs were given a recommended allowance for lactation. From 9 to 12 wk, all were fed a maintenance level. All ewes lost weight from conception to immediate postpartum but there were highly significant differences between treatments, with treatment 2 losing the least (4.5%) and treatment 4 losing the most (25%). Lamb birth weights were also significantly different, with treatment 2 heavier and treatments 3 and 4 lighter than treatment 1. Among suckled lambs, survival was 100% on treatments 1 and 2 but only 67 and 44%, respectively, on treatments 3 and 4. With artificial rearing, survival on treatments 1 to 4, respectively, was 45, 80, 56 and 30%. Birth weight did not influence survival among artificially reared lambs but suckled lamb survivors were approximately 50% heavier at birth than those which died. Suckled lambs were 33% heavier at 12 wk than artificially reared lambs, partly through faster early growth but mainly through a growth check in the latter following termination of milk replacer at 7 wk.

The nutritional consequences of foraging in primates: the relationship of nutrient intakes to nutrient requirements

1991 ◽  
Vol 334 (1270) ◽  
pp. 161-170 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Food Selection ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
High Nutrient ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
High Dietary Protein ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

Many studies have examined the proportion of time that primates devote to feeding on various types of food, but relatively little is known about the intake rates associated with each food. However, the nutritional consequences of foraging can only be interpreted by comparing nutrient intakes with estimated nutrient requirements. The energy available to primates from ingested foods will depend both on the composition of the food and the extent to which various constituents, including fibre fractions, are digested. Both human and non-human primates have relatively low requirements for protein as a consequence of slow growth rates, small milk yields and relatively dilute milk. Because the nutrient demands of growth and reproduction are spread out over time, it appears that primates do not need to seek out foods of particularly high nutrient density, except perhaps during weaning. Although food selection in some species of primates appears to be correlated with the protein concentration of foods, it is unlikely that high dietary protein levels are required, at least when foods of balanced amino acid composition (such as leaves) are included in the diet.

Restricted fetal growth and the response to dietary cholesterol in the guinea pig

1999 ◽  
Vol 277 (6) ◽  
pp. R1675-R1682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen L. Kind ◽  
Peter M. Clifton ◽  
Arkadi I. Katsman ◽  
Maria Tsiounis ◽  
Jeffrey S. Robinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Cholesterol Metabolism ◽  
Cholesterol Homeostasis ◽  
Cholesterol Feeding ◽  
Plasma Total Cholesterol ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition ◽  
Prenatal Growth ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Size At Birth

Epidemiological studies suggest that retarded growth before birth is associated with increased plasma total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations in adult life. Thus perturbations of prenatal growth may permanently alter cholesterol metabolism. To determine directly whether restriction of prenatal nutrition and growth alters postnatal cholesterol homeostasis, the plasma cholesterol response to cholesterol feeding (0.25% cholesterol) was examined in adult guinea pig offspring of ad libitum-fed or moderately undernourished mothers. Maternal undernutrition (85% ad libitum intake throughout pregnancy) reduced birth weight (−13%). Plasma total cholesterol was higher prior to and following 6 wk cholesterol feeding in male offspring of undernourished mothers compared with male offspring of ad libitum-fed mothers ( P< 0.05). The influence of birth weight on cholesterol metabolism was examined by dividing the offspring into those whose birth weight was above (high) or below (low) the median birth weight. Plasma total cholesterol concentrations prior to cholesterol feeding did not differ with size at birth, but plasma total and LDL cholesterol were 31 and 34% higher, respectively, following cholesterol feeding in low- compared with high-birth weight males ( P < 0.02). The response to cholesterol feeding in female offspring was not altered by variable maternal nutrition or size at birth. Covariate analysis showed that the effect of maternal undernutrition on adult cholesterol metabolism could be partly accounted for by alterations in prenatal growth. In conclusion, maternal undernutrition and small size at birth permanently alter postnatal cholesterol homeostasis in the male guinea pig.

scholarly journals The effects of breed, sire and environmental factors on the birth and weaning weight of lambs

2020 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 70-78
Author(s):  
S. Kramarenko ◽  
◽  
A. Kramarenko ◽  
S. Lugovoy ◽  
D. Balan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Size Type

The effects of breed, sire and environmental factors on the birth and weaning weight of lambs The aim of this study was to determine the effect of some important factors influencing on the birth and weaning weight variability in lambs. Data from 2603 ewes was included in the analysis, where 3961 lambs were obtained during the five years of the research. Data was tested using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the GLM procedure of Minitab Release 13.1. Our results presented significant influence on the year of lambing, breed, ram genotype, age of a dam, type of a birth (litter size), sex of a lamb and on the birth weight and weaning weight of lambs. Keywords: birth and weaning weight of lambs; ram genotype; year of lambing; age of ewes; litter size (type of birth); sex of a lamb; the Ascanian fine-fleece breed.

scholarly journals Evaluación fenotípica y genética para características de crecimiento en la raza criolla colombiana Costeño con Cuernos

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Alfredo Martínez ◽  
Juan Esteban Pérez ◽  
Teófilo Herazo
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Variance Components ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Phenotypic Correlation ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Number Of Births

<p>Se establecieron componentes de varianza, así como parámetros fenotípicos y genéticos, respecto de las variables ‘peso al nacimiento’, ‘peso al destete’ (ajustado a los 270 días) y ‘peso a los 480 días’ en un hato del ganado criollo colombiano Costeño con Cuernos. Se analizaron 2.281 registros de pesos al nacer, 1.722 de pesos al destete  y 1.086 de pesos ajustados a los 480 días utilizando la metodología de máxima verosimilitud restringida (DFREML). También se ajustó un modelo animal que incluyó efectos genéticos directos, maternos y de ambiente permanente, asumiendo como efectos fijos el año de nacimiento, el sexo del ternero y el número de partos de la madre; finalmente, se estimaron los parámetros genéticos ‘heredabilidad’, ‘repetibilildad’ y se establecieron correlaciones genéticas y fenotípicas. Se reportan bajas estimaciones de heredabilidad de los efectos directos, que varían entre 0,17 ± 0,001 y 0,21 ± 0,074 para los pesos al nacer y al destete, respectivamente; así mismo, fue baja la heredabilidad de los efectos genéticos maternos con relación al peso al nacimiento, aunque estos estimados aumentaron respecto de los pesos al nacer y al destete. Las correlaciones entre efectos directos y maternos fueron negativas, pero el mayor valor se encontró para el peso al nacimiento (-0,89). La contribución del ambiente permanente como proporción de la varianza fenotípica total fue baja y disminuyó a medida que aumentó la edad del animal.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Genetic and phenotypic evaluation to characterize growth traits of the native Colombian breed Costeño con Cuernos</strong></p><p>For a herd of native Colombian breed of cattle -Costeño con Cuernos (CCC)- estimates of variance components for phenotypic and genetic parameters were obtained for birth weight, weight at weaning (adjusted to 270 days) and weight at 480 days. Using the restricted maximum likelihood (REMI) methodology, 2281 birth weight records (PN), 1722 weaning weight records and 1086 weight records adjusted to 480 days were analyze by fitting a model which included direct and maternal genetics effects as well as permanent environmental effects, assuming that fixed effects were year of birth weight, calf gender and the mother number of births. The genetic parameters for heritability, repeatability, genetic and phenotypic correlation were estimated and genotypic and phenotypic correlation was established. Heritability estimates for direct effects are low and range from 0.17 ± 0.001 and 0.21 ± 0.074 for birth and weaning weight respectively; while estimates for maternal genetics effects were also low for PN, they were higher for weaning weight and weight at 480 days. There was a negative correlation between direct and maternal effects, and the higher value was for PN (-0.89). The contribution of the variable permanent environment measured as the contribution of the phenotypic variance was low and diminished as animal age increased.</p>

scholarly journals PSVII-9 Evaluating Performance Trends of the Four Most Represented Breeds of Bulls in the Utah Beef Improvement Performance Test

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 304-304
Author(s):  
Matthew D Garcia ◽  
Madelyn Kunzler ◽  
Kim Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Initial Test ◽  
Final Test ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Red Angus ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract This study evaluated changes in performance of bulls enrolled in the Utah Beef Improvement Association’s (UBIA) annual performance tests conducted in accordance with central bull test standards established by the Beef Improvement Federation. Breeds with over 500 bulls enrolled over the period of 2004 to 2018 were included in the evaluation. The breeds with greater than 500 animals evaluated included the Angus, Red Angus, Hereford and Simmental Breeds. Traits evaluated included birth weight, initial weight, a 205-day adjusted weaning weight, final test weight, average daily gain, adjusted yearling weight, and weight per day of age. The mixed model procedure of SAS and interval regression analyses were utilized to evaluate the yearly rate of change for each breed and to determine if that rate of change was significantly different (P &lt; 0.05) between the evaluated breeds. When evaluating all breeds represented across years, significant differences (P &lt; 0.05) were observed for rate of change when evaluating birth weight and 205-day adjusted weaning weight. However, no differences were observed between breeds with more than 500 animals represented. Significant differences (P &lt; 0.05) for rate of change were observed when comparing the top four represented breeds, for average daily gain, initial test weight, final test weight, adjusted yearling weight and weight per day of age. Specifically, a declining trend was noted for all breeds when evaluation all significant traits. When evaluating the previously described traits, the Angus breed was significantly different in its rate of decline when compared to the Red Angus and Hereford breeds. The lone increasing trend was observed in the Hereford breed which had a positive increasing trend for initial test weight which was significantly different (P &lt; 0.05) from both the Angus and Red Angus breeds but not significantly different from the Simmental breed.

scholarly journals Some Environmental Factors Affecting Birth Weight, Weaning Weight and Daily Live Weight Gain of Holstein Calves

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
pp. 617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erdal Yaylak ◽  
Hikmet Orhan ◽  
Alim Daşkaya
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Weaning Age ◽  
Humidity Index ◽  
Holstein Calves

The present study was conducted to determine some environmental factors affecting birth weight, weaning weight and daily live weight gain of Holstein calves of a livestock facility in Izmir, Turkey. The data on 2091 calves born between the years 2005-2010 were used to assess the relevant parameters. Effects of calving year, calving month, calf gender and the interaction between calving year and calving month on calves’ birth weights were highly significant. The overall mean of birth weights was 39.6±0.15 kg. In addition, effects of calving year, calving month, gender, birth weight, weaning age, calving year x calving month, calving year x gender and calving year x calving month x gender interactions on weaning weight (WW) and daily live weight gain (DLWG) were highly significant. The overall means of WW and DLWG were respectively found to be 79.7±0.20 kg and 525±2.5 g. A one kilogram increase in birth weight resulted in an increase of 0.89 kg in weaning weight and a decrease of 1.26 g in daily live weight gain. Prenatal temperature-humidity index (THI) affected birth weight of calves (R2=0.67). Increasing THI from 50 to 80 resulted in 3.8 kg decrease in birth weight.

scholarly journals The Comparison of Milk and Reproductive Performance of Saanen and Saanen × Hair Goat Crossbreds (F1, B1 & B2) and Growth Performance of their Kids in Semi-Intensive Production System

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 871
Author(s):  
Mesut Yıldırır ◽  
Orhan Karadağ ◽  
Mustafa Yilmaz ◽  
Mehmet Akif Yüksel ◽  
Tamer Sezenler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Production System ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Intensive Production

The aims of this study were to evaluate the traits of reproductive, milking and growth performance of Saanen and Saanen × Hair crossbreds (F1, B1 and B2) raised at the Bandırma Sheep Research Institute. The data were collected from 868 goats for reproductive performance and milk yield and from 1077 kids for survival performance between 2009-2012. Milk components (fat, protein, lactose and non-fat dry matter) of goats (n=162) and body weight changes of kid’s (n=64) were evaluated for one year in 2012. Estrus rates and survival rates were similar among all genotypes. Kidding rate was significantly higher in F1 goats than Saanen goats. Saanen goat had the lowest average mean daily milk yield compared with other genotypes. The effect of year and age were significant on milk yield. Goats in F1 and B1 genotypes had higher milk protein percentage and non-fat dry matter content in comparison with Saanen and B2 genotype. Milk fat and lactose contents were similar among genotypes. Birth weight and monthly live weight were similar between genotypes while weaning weight, six month live weight and yearling live weight were higher in B1 kids in comparison with Saanen kids. The effect of dam age and birth type were significant on birth weight, monthly live weight and weaning weight. The findings related to performance characteristics in goat genotypes investigated show that B1 genotype could be recommend for semi-intensive production system in the Western Anatolia.

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