scholarly journals Development of organs and tissues in lambs raised on Spanish mountain grassland

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Álvarez-Rodríguez ◽  
A. Sanz ◽  
M. Joy ◽  
S. Carrasco ◽  
G. Ripoll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Single Male ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Mountain Grassland ◽  
Body Development ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Three Body

The present study was conducted to establish the pattern of body development in grass-raised Churra Tensina lambs. Forty-nine single male lambs were slaughtered at three body-weight intervals, according to the commercial categories of suckling (11.1 ± 1.0 kg), light (22.1 ± 0.8 kg) and heavy lamb (32.0 ± 2.9 kg). Non-carcass and carcass components were recorded and the half left carcasses were completely dissected. Lambs showed a low growth rate of main organs in relation to empty body weight (BW) (P < 0.01). Skin+ fleece and liver accompanied the rest of mass growth (P > 0.05). The allometric coefficients of forestomachs and large intestine were higher than that of the small intestine (P < 0.05). Joints related to locomotion had early development (P < 0.01), whereas those belonging to the trunk grew at faster rates than did carcass weight (P < 0.01). The fatty tissues had increased growth coefficients (P < 0.01), whereas bone and lean coefficients decreased (P < 0.01) with increasing carcass weight. Intermuscular fat attained greater growth rates in lambs slaughtered at light BW than in heavy lambs (P < 0.01). However, the former group displayed lower relative growth of pelvic-renal, subcutaneous and abdominal fat than the latter (P < 0.01). This trait might reflect improved investment of dietary energy towards deposition of adipose tissue through the increased digestive tract capacity. Key words: Sheep, carcass, non-carcass, tissues, fat depots, allometric growth

Carcass composition in four sheep breeds: the importance of type of breed and stage of maturity

1980 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Wood ◽  
H. J. H. MacFie ◽  
R. W. Pomeroy ◽  
D. J. Twinn
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Omental Fat ◽  
Mature Size

ABSTRACTIn order to investigate the effects of type of breed on carcass composition, an examination was made of 361 lambs from four breeds: Clun Forest and Colbred (termed ewe breeds); and Suffolk and Hampshire (termed ram breeds). The animals were in four carcass weight groups averaging 15, 17, 19 and 21 kg.Percentage subcutaneous fat was influenced more by carcass weight than by breed, whereas both carcass weight and breed had similar effects on percentage lean. At the mean carcass weight of 18 kg, Colbreds, the leanest breed, had a similar value for percentage lean (about 57 % of carcass tissue weight) to the carcasses over all breeds weighing 15 kg; and Cluns, the fattest breed, had a similar value (about 54%) to those weighing 21 kg. Since the ram breeds were intermediate in composition between the two ewe breeds there was no effect of type of breed on carcass composition. The breed differences were related to eventual mature size and to the stage of maturity at each carcass weight, as judged by body length and bone weight measurements. However, Colbreds were bigger and leaner than published estimates of their mature weight suggested. Humerus weight was a good predictor of lean or total fat weight, explaining 83 % ofvariation when used as a predictor along with carcass weight.Type of breed had a marked effect on internal fat deposition, the ewe breeds having heavier weights of both kidney knob and channel fat (KKCF) and caul fat (omental fat) than the ram breeds; and on the length oflimb bones, the ewe breeds having longer but thinner bones than the ram breeds. The order of the relative growth of the tissues and fat depots was: subcutaneous fat > caul fat > KKCF > intermuscular fat > lean > bone. Therefore, the internal fat depots were later maturing than intermuscular fat.The percentage of prime cuts in the carcass was not affected by carcass weight. Colbreds had significantly lower values than the other breeds. Suffolks had the lowest lean to bone ratio.

Effects of three different growth rates on empty body weight, carcass weight and dissected carcass composition of cattle

1974 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 535-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Murray ◽  
N. M. Tulloh ◽  
W. H. Winter
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
General Group ◽  
Relative Growth

SUMMARYA study was made of the effect on body composition of growing Angus steers from 300 to 440 kg at three different rates. The rates were: High (H) 0·8 kg/day, Low (L) 0·4 kg/day and High-Maintenance (HM) 0·8 kg/day followed by a period during which body weight was maintained constant.The animals were individually penned and the different growth rates were achieved by controlling intakes of a pelleted feed. Two animals (part of H treatment) were killed at 300 kg and the remaining 27 animals (nine in each treatment), were killed at common body weights of 330, 363, 400 and 440 kg.Analyses of covariance were used to compare linear regression equations representing results from each treatment. In order to do this, the logarithmic transformation of the allometric equation, y = axb, was used. As a proportion of empty body weight (EBW), hot carcass weight (HCW) was greater in both the HM and L groups than in the H group, indicating a greater offal component of EBW in the H animals. The loss in weight of the dressed carcass during storage at 2 °C for 24 h was similar in all three groups and was 0·98% of HCW. The proportions of HCW in the fore- and hind-quarters were similar in each group.At the same dissected side weight (DSW), the weight of bone was significantly greater in both the HM and L groups than in the H group indicating that bone development was related to both age and carcass weight. There were no significant differences between the groups in the proportions of either muscle or total fat. However, the proportion of kidney and channel fat in the H group was greater than in the HM and L groups and the proportion of subcutaneous fat was also greater in the H than in the L group. The amount of connective tissue in the three groups followed, in general, group differences in bone. Analyses of the dissected components of the separate fore- and hind-quarters showed that the difference between the H and L groups in the proportion of subcutaneous fat in the DSW was due to a relatively greater development of this fat in the fore-quarter of the H animals.No differences were found between treatments in the proportion of ‘expensive muscles’ relative to total side muscle (TSM). However, there were treatment effects on the proportions of TSM formed by certain groups of muscles; two examples are: the proportion of group 4 muscles (abdominal muscles) was higher and the proportion of group 6 muscles (distal muscles of the fore-leg) was lower in the H than in the L treatments. Bone weight distribution was similar in all treatments.There were differences between the H and HM groups in the relative growth ratios for all fat tissues (subcutaneous, intermuscular and kidney and channel fat) compared with total side fat. However, in the H and L groups, the relative growth ratios for corresponding fat categories were similar. The weight of kidney and channel fat in the left side of the carcass was significantly greater than in the right side of the carcass in all treatments.

OFFAL GROWTH IN YOUNG AND MATURE DAIRY COWS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 607-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Weekly Basis ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Commercial Source

Nineteen young and eighteen mature lean Holstein cows were purchased from a commercial source and fed a high energy diet ad libitum based on high moisture corn and haylage. Six young and six mature cows were slaughtered at the start of the trial to give an estimate of the initial weight of the offal components. After 68 days on feed, two young cows and two mature cows were slaughtered on a weekly basis until the conclusion of the trial. The offal components were weighed fresh and the alimentary components emptied of digesta. The growth pattern of each offal component relative to empty body weight was estimated from the allometric equation (Y = aXb). Growth coefficients were homogeneous between young and mature cows, indicating that cow age did not influence the relative growth of offal. The internal organs concerned with vital body functions tended to be related to empty body weight to the power of 0.67, which is proportional to the basal metabolic rate. The internal fat depots, however, all had growth coefficients in excess of one. At a constant empty body weight young cows had heavier hides (P < 0.5) and tended to have less hot carcass weight (5.4 kg) than mature cows.

EFFECTS OF DIETARY ENERGY INTAKE AND SEX ON CARCASS TISSUE AND OFFAL GROWTH IN SHEEP

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES ◽  
T. D. BURGESS ◽  
K. DUPCHAK
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Dietary Energy Intake ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Mesenteric Fat ◽  
Ad Libitum

Forty crossbred lambs (20 rams, 20 ewes) were penned in two groups (equal numbers of each sex) and fed a pelleted ration either ad libitum (H) or 70% of expected ad libitum intake (70% H). Ten lambs (5 rams, 5 ewes) from both groups (H and 70% H) were slaughtered after 40 days on feed while the remaining lambs were slaughtered after 61 days on feed. All lambs were measured for carcass leanness using an EMME machine immediately prior to slaughter. The offal components were weighed fresh and the alimentary tract was emptied of digesta. One side of each carcass was broken into four cuts (leg, loin, rib, shoulder) which were further separated into fat, muscle and bone. EMME numbers only marginally increased the amount of explained variation in the prediction of lean weight over that provided by liveweight alone. Growth coefficients between sexes and intake groups (H, 70% H) for the offal components relative to empty body weight were homogeneous, indicating that sex and dietary energy intake did not affect the relative growth of the offal components. Ram lambs had heavier heads and smaller intestines than ewe lambs, but contained less caul and mesenteric fat than ewe lambs at the same empty body weight. Lambs fed H had a greater weight of pelt, liver and caul fat, but had a lower warm carcass weight and less mesenteric fat than lambs fed 70% H at the same empty body weight. Growth coefficients between sexes and intake groups for the carcass tissues relative to physically separated tissue weights (muscle, bone, fat) were homogeneous, which indicated that sex and intake did not affect the relative growth of the carcass tissues. Ram lamb carcasses had a greater weight of muscle in the shoulder and less muscle in the leg than ewe lamb carcasses at the same carcass muscle weight. Dietary energy intake had small but statistically significant effects on carcass muscle distribution. Lambs fed 70% H produced carcasses with proportionally more muscle in the leg and less muscle in the loin and shoulder than lambs fed H at the same carcass muscle weight. Sex and dietary energy intake had minor effects on carcass bone and fat distribution. Key words: Lambs, carcass, offal, fat, EMME

Studies of fat distribution in the bovine carcass. I. The partition of fatty tissues between depots

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 381 ◽  
Author(s):  
HR Johnson ◽  
RM Butterfield ◽  
WJ Pryor
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Definition Of

(1) Total side fat (total dissected fat plus intramuscular fat) was examined in 23 bovine carcasses in four weight ranges. (2) The partition of fatty tissue between five depots revealed relative rises in intermuscular and subcutaneous depots and relative declines in intramuscular, kidney, and channel fats with increasing carcass weight. (3) Intermuscular and subcutaneous fats reached high levels relative to total side fat at different stages. Intermuscular fat rose quickly to c. 45.0% of total side fat at about 2.0 kg total side fat (c. 56 days) whilst subcutaneous fat reached 29.0% at c. 13.0 kg total side fat (c. 270 days). (4) Intramuscular fat did not show an increase relative to total side fat as carcass weight increased. Its contribution to total fat was greatest in the lightest sides and reached a minimal value at c. 13.0 kg total side fat, which it maintained thereafter. (5) All regressions of the weight of five fat depots on total side fat were highly significant (P < 0.01). (6) There appears to be a need for precise definition of fat distribution patterns in breeds and strains of cattle in order that carcasses of optimum composition might be produced.

Growth rate and its effect on empty body weight, carcass weight and dissected carcass composition of sheep

1976 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Murray ◽  
Olga Slezacek
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Similar Proportion ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Ad Libitum

SummaryThe effect of three different growth rates from 15 to 40 kg live weight on the body composition of lambs was studied. The treatments were: High (H) ad-libitum feed intake, Low (L) restricted feed intake and High–Maintenance–High (HMH) ad-libitum feed intake from 15 to 25 kg followed by a 50-day period during which live weight was maintained constant, which in turn was followed by ad-libitum feeding. The animals were individually penned and fed a pelleted lucerne chaff-cereal grain mixture. Two animals were killed at the start of the experiment (15 kg) and the remaining 27 animals (nine in each treatment) were killed at common live weights of 25, 30, 35 and 40 kg. Analyses of covariance were used to compare linear regression equations representing results from each treatment using the logarithmic transformation of the allometric equation, y = axb.Animals in the H and L treatments had a mean growth rate from 15 kg until slaughter of 0·23 and 0·09 kg/day, respectively. From a live weight of 15 to 25 kg, the HMH group grew at a similar rate as the H group, viz. 0·22 and 0·21 kg/day, respectively. After the 50-day period of maintenance of live weight, the HMH animals killed at 30, 35 and 40 kg showed a marked compensatory growth response to ad-libitum feeding. These HMH animals had a mean growth rate of 0·37 kg/day compared with 0·26 kg/day for H animals over identical live-weight ranges.Empty body weight (EBW) formed a similar proportion of full body weight (FBW) in all three treatments. As a proportion of FBW, hot carcass weight (HCW) was similar in the H and L treatments, while at the 35 and 40 kg slaughter weights HCW was less in the HMH than in the H treatment. HCW also formed a lower proportion of EBW at the 35 and 40 kg slaughter weights in the HMH, than in both the H and L treatments. In the L treatment, HCW formed a greater proportion of EBW than in the H treatment, indicating a greater offal component of EBW in the H animals.The results of carcass dissection studies showed that, at the same dissected side weight (DSW), the amount of muscle, bone, connective tissue and total side fat (TSF) was similar in the three treatments. Although no differences were found between treatments in TSF, there were significant treatment effects on both the subcutaneous and inter-muscular fat depots. Animals in the H treatment had more and less, respectively, subcutaneous and intermuscular fat than the L animals. The amount of intermuscular fat was also greater in the HMH than in the H treatment.

Allometric changes during growth in rabbits

1985 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Deltoro ◽  
Ana M. Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Weight Growth ◽  
Total Fat

SUMMARYDifferential growth from 1 to 20 weeks of age was studied on 320 rabbits from two lines (New Zealand White and California) and both sexes by means of the allometric equation log y = log a + b log x. Regression lines were fitted to the evolution of organs (blood, skin, thymus, heart–lungs, liver, kidneys and alimentary tract), carcass, tissues (bone, lean and fat) and anatomic components (head, breast and ribs, loin, abdominal wall, fore and hind legs) relative to empty body weight; stomach, caecum and intestines relative to alimentary tract; bone and lean groups relative to total bone and lean and fat depots relative to total fat.The convenience for a correct description of relative growth of determining both the quantitative growth, in order to apply the allometric equation only to the real growth period of each component, and the possible existence of allometric changes, is discussed.The results for each component are presented and discussed. There were no significant differences due to line, and sex had a significant influence (P < 0·001) only on the relative growths of total fat, lean content in the loin and hypodermic fat. All the components, with the exception only of thymus, presented a change in their allometric coefficients. These changes for most components, except fat depots, were concentrated in a small interval of time (4–8 weeks of age) between weaning and the inflexion point of the body weight growth curve.

The significance of breed in the prediction of lamb carcass composition from fat thickness measurements

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Wood ◽  
H. J. H. MacFie
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Multiple Regression Equation ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Thickness Measurements

ABSTRACTFat thickness and measurements of the m. longissimus (‘eye’ muscle) were taken at the last rib in 350 lambs' carcasses which were fully dissected. The lambs were from two ewe breeds, Clun and Colbred, and two ram breeds, Suffolk and Hampshire, and the carcass weight range was 15 to 21kg. Castrated males and females, and singles and twins, were evenly represented.Rib fat thickness (J) was a slightly more precise predictor of the weights of lean, subcutaneous fat and subcutaneous plus intermuscular fat, when used in a multiple regression equation along with carcass weight, than fat thickness directly above the greatest depth of the ‘eye’ muscle (C). Both of these were more precise predictors than ‘eye’ muscle width and depth. Accounting for breed, either by allowing for different intercepts or completely different regression lines, did increase the proportion of variation in tissue weights explained by carcass weight and J or C, but to a small and, it was considered, commercially unimportant extent. This was despite differences in conformation between the breeds, reflected in this work by smaller ‘eye’ muscles in the ewe than the ram breeds and also in maturity, which might have been expected to influence tissue, including fat, distribution.The results indicate that breed differences in partition and distribution within and between the carcass fat depots in sheep are smaller than those between the carcass and intra-abdominal fat depots.

Breed and sex effects on the development, distribution of muscle, fat and bone, and the partition of fat in pigs

1987 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fortin ◽  
J. D. Wood ◽  
O. P. Whelehan
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Pelvic Limb

SummaryDissection data from 341 carcasses collected over a period of 7 years at the Institute of Food Research, Bristol (Large White, 138 entire males and 112 females; Pietrain, 41 entire males and 31 females; Iron Age (European Wild Pig × Tamworth), 8 entire males and 11 females) were used to examine the growth of muscle, fat and bone in joints relative to the corresponding total tissue in the side, and the growth of the fat depots relative to total side fat.The musculature of Iron Age pigs was early maturing, as indicated by a particularly slow growth of pelvic limb and fast growth of neck and thorax muscles relative to total side muscle. As a consequence, Iron Age pigs had a lower percentage of pelvic limb and a higher percentage of neck and thorax muscles than the other breeds. Pietrains had proportionately the heaviest pelvic limb muscles, a result which was apparently independent of the overriding effect of maturity. However, considering the large difference in body shape (conformation) between Pietrain and Iron Age pigs, the differences in muscle weight distribution were small. Entire males had faster growing and heavier neck and thorax muscles than females. This was considered to be due to the effects of sex hormones. Entire males had proportionately less muscle in the pelvic limb.Within carcass fat, the order of increasing growth rate relative to total side fat was intermuscular fat <; subcutaneous fat <; perirenal-retroperitoneal fat. Pietrain and Iron Age pigs had higher relative growth rates for subcutaneous fat and lower relative growth rates for intermuscular fat than Large Whites, an indication of earlier maturity in carcass fat development. This was reflected in Iron Age pigs, but not Pietrains, in a particularly heavy weight of subcutaneous fat and light weight of intermuscular fat. Within the subcutaneous and intermuscular fat depots, the highest allometric growth coefficients were generally observed in the forequarter. There were no consistent breed effects on the distribution of subcutaneous fat whereas, in the intermuscular fat depot, Iron Age pigs had less fat in the earlier-maturing thoracic limb, and lumbar and abdominal joint. At the same weight of total side fat (8·80 kg), entire male Pietrains and Large Whites had more intermuscular and less subcutaneous fat than females. There was no sex difference in fat partition in Iron Age pigs.In all breeds, bone in the pelvic limb had the slowest relative growth. Similarly, the femur and the tibia-fibula were the two slowest growing bones of the four major limb bones examined. Otherwise, there was no consistent pattern of relative growth throughout the skeleton. Breed effects on relative growth within the skeleton and on bone distribution were small and considered to be of little commercial significance. Pietrains had the highest muscle: bone ratio in each of the four anatomical joints. Entire males and females had a similar relative growth and distribution of bones. Females had consistently higher muscle:bone ratios.

scholarly journals Estimating my equilibrium energy intake during lockdown: very introspective study

BMJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. m4561
Author(s):  
R A Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Saturday Morning ◽  
Dietary Energy Intake ◽  
Body Weight Data ◽  
Tuesday Afternoon ◽  
Weight Data ◽  
At Home

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the daily dietary energy intake for me to maintain a constant body weight. How hard can it be?DesignVery introspective study.SettingAt home. In lockdown. (Except every Tuesday afternoon and Saturday morning, when I went for a run.)ParticipantsMe. n=1.Main outcome measuresMy weight, measured each day.ResultsSleeping, I shed about a kilogram each night (1.07 (SD 0.25) kg). Running 5 km, I shed about half a kilogram (0.57 (SD 0.15) kg). My daily equilibrium energy intake is about 10 000 kJ (10 286 (SD 201) kJ). Every kJ above (or below) 10 000 kJ adds (or subtracts) about 40 mg (35.4 (SD 3.2) mg).ConclusionsBody weight data show persistent variability, even when the screws of control are tightened and tightened.

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